黄土高原典型半干旱区水热变化及其土壤水分响应

利用黄土高原典型半干旱代表区68 a(1937-2004年)降水、气温资料和34 a(1971-2004年)土壤湿度资料,研究黄土高原半干旱区水热变化及土壤水分响应。结果表明:黄土高原半干旱区在近70 a中气温以下降为主,3-6月降水存在显著增多趋势,气温、降水倾向具有明显时段差异。干旱年份或少雨时段长周期振荡加强、短周期衰减;相对冷的时期气温振荡周期明显,反之不明显。干旱是该地区土壤的基本气候特征,生长期土壤水分波动式下降,蓄水期土壤水分波动式上升,总体上以下降为主,20世纪70年代中后期土壤水分较好,80年代土壤水分较差,90年代末到21世纪初转好。土壤水分对短期降水变化、降水气温气候变化及短周期振荡都存在明显响应。     

不同植被类型的土壤水分对黄土高原的影响

Water stored in deep loess soil is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth in the semi-arid area of the Loess Plateau, but planted shrub and forest often disrupt the natural water cycle and in turn influence plant growth. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of main vegetation types on soil moisture and its inter-annual change. Soil moisture in 0–10 m depth of six vegetation types, i.e., crop, grass, planted shrub of caragana, planted forests of arborvitae, pine and the mixture of pine and arborvitae were measured in 2001, 2005 and 2006. Soil moisture in about 0–3 m of cropland and about 0–2 m of other vegetation types varied inter-annually dependent on annual precipitation, but was stable inter-annually below these depths. In 0–2 m, soil moisture of cropland was significantly greater than those of all other vegetation types, and there were no significant differences among other vegetation types. In 2–10 m, there was no significant moisture difference between cropland and grassland, but the soil moistures under both of them were significantly higher than those of planted shrub and forests. The planted shrub and forests had depleted soil moisture below 2 m to or near permanent wilting point, and there were no significant moisture differences among forest types. The soil moisture of caragana shrub was significantly lower than those of forests, but the absolute difference was very small. The results of this study implicated that the planted shrub and forests had depleted deep soil moisture to the lowest limits to which they could extract and they lived mainly on present year precipitation for transpiration.     

干旱半干旱区土壤水分研究进展

土壤水分调控着陆表-大气相互作用过程,是土壤-植物-大气连续体水分和能量交换的重要影响因子,也是影响生态系统水文、生物和生物化学过程的关键因素,是陆地生态系统中不可或缺的组成部分.本文简要回顾和评述了土壤水分点、面尺度的监测、分析方法,系统阐述了干旱半干旱区土壤水分的国内外研究进展,并结合目前的研究进展,提出了未来干旱...     

陇中黄土高原土壤水分变化特征及其机理分析

基于兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站（SACOL）2010年全年的观测资料,对陇中黄土高原半干旱区土壤水分的年变化和日变化特征进行了研究,并通过计算水汽通量与蒸散量,探讨了土壤-地表-大气间水分的交换和运移机理。结果表明：土壤湿度的季节变化主要受降水影响,各季节的平均土壤湿度均呈现出表层和深层低、中间层高的特点,最高值出现在地下10 cm附近;在无降水的情况下,土壤5~20 cm处的含水量呈现出夜间逐渐降低、白天逐渐上升的波形变化,这种变化与土壤水汽通量具有很好的一致性,而水汽通量的方向则受温度梯度的影响;在白天,地表温度高于气温与较深层地温,水汽在向空气蒸散的同时也由地表流向土壤深部,夜晚地表温度则低于较深层地温,水汽由土壤深部流向地表。因此土壤内部的水分蒸发主要出现在夜晚,且主要发生在地表40 cm以内的土壤孔隙中,而白天地表的实际蒸发主要存在土壤浅层0~5 cm,5 cm以下土壤水分的蒸发十分微弱。本研究结果对于改进半干旱区陆面计算模式以及当地的生态环境建设具有一定的参考价值。     

黄土高原半干旱区生态环境恢复的对策研究

黄土高原半干旱地区生态环境的恢复与重建是西部大开发再造秀美山川、实现人与自然和谐发展的必然要求.阐述了黄土高原的生态现状及其自然地理特征,分析了影响黄土高原生态环境治理和发展的主要问题,并根据黄土高原的实际情况,提出不同生态环境条件下促进生态环境恢复的可行对策,即注重协调人地关系,建立雨水资源利用技术体系,建立统一的管理与培训体系,科学发展小城镇.     

黄土高原半干旱区集水农业的自然基础及最适宜集水类型的划分

黄土高原半干旱区的降水为集水农业发展提供了条件,但是,集水不仅取决于降水,还受地貌、地表组成物质、土地利用等因素制约。通过分析地貌条件和土地类型对集水的影响,提出了集水适宜度指标体系。同时,在综合分析影响集水的自然因素的基础上,划分出各集水地域类型,为确定集水有效区、集水工程规模及布局提供理论依据,使各地可因地制宜发展集水农业,避免造成不必要的损失。     

黄土高原西部荒漠草原植被恢复的土壤水分管理研究

针对兰州地区荒漠草原带具有代表性的三种地带性植被：草本植被短花针茅、灌木植被珍珠猪毛菜、荒漠锦鸡儿,对其0~2.0 m的土壤含水量进行了比较,同时对草本和灌木植被的根系进行了测定。结果表明：天然植被对土壤含水量的影响在1 m以上。随着土壤深度的不断加深,土壤含水量呈减少趋势而后趋于稳定。短花针茅区1 m以上含水量比珍珠猪毛菜和荒漠锦鸡区平均高1.08和1.21个百分点;1 m以下土壤含水量变化情况是:珍珠猪毛菜区最高,荒漠锦鸡儿区最低。本文在分析了兰州地区荒漠草原区土壤水分动态的基础上,提出了这一地区植被恢复的对策。     

乌兰布和沙漠白刺灌丛土壤水分及物理特性的研究

以乌兰布和沙漠流动沙地白刺灌丛土壤为研究对象,在灌丛阴面、阳面垂直方向挖取100cm深土壤剖面,对土壤水分及其土壤物理特性进行研究。结果表明,乌兰布和沙漠白刺灌丛阴阳面土壤水分具有季节性变化。6～9月阳面沙土含水量呈下降趋势（1．10％～0．72％）,而阴面呈上升趋势（1．05％～2．90％）。阳面各土层贮水量0～20cm为1．22～4．66mm、20～60cm为3．90～6．37mm、60～100cm为5．55～7．86mm,而阴面：0～20cm为4．38～4．96mm、20～60cm为16．30～17．08mm、60～100cm为11．44～17．07mm。阳面除表层外,其他各层土壤孔隙度、田间持水量、最大持水量均低于阴面,阳面各层的土壤容重除了表层其它层均高于阴面。     

干旱半干旱区草原灌丛化的原因及影响-争议与进展

灌丛化作为全球干旱半干旱区草原普遍发生的现象,其定义为草原生态系统中灌木/木本的生物量、密度、盖度的增加以及草本的生物量、密度、盖度的减少。草原灌丛化是气候变化和人类活动多种因素综合作用的结果。过度放牧被认为是引发草原灌丛化的主要原因之一。最新的研究结果表明过度放牧并不能导致草原灌丛化,但过度放牧后实施休牧却改变了草本与灌木的种间作用,有可能导致灌木的扩张。灌木入侵草原长期以来被认为是草原的退化,结论来源于干旱区土壤沙化的情形,在沙化的灌木林中,土壤碳库被局限于灌木株丛及其周边,使草原的碳截留和储存降低。但最近的全球性集成研究表明草原中灌木覆盖率盖度增加对生态系统可以产生积极作用,灌木可以增加土壤水分的下渗,有利于生态系统的水分储存和和养分的转化(如加强氮的矿化过程)。草原灌丛化对生态系统结构和功能影响存在景观尺度和斑块尺度上的差异。进一步研究适应灌丛化过程的管理机制,综合不断变化的气候条件因素和地域因素,采取合理的草原管理策略,对于全球草原区生产具有极其重要的意义。     

黄土高原西部弃耕地植被恢复与土壤水分调控研究

选择黄土高原半干旱偏旱区2 a、3 a、4 a、5 a、7 a、9 a、12 a、20 a的弃耕台地和天然台地,调查各弃耕地和天然台地的植物种类、数量、盖度、频度和地上生物量,定期采样分析各样地0~100 cm土层土壤水分。结果表明：农田弃耕后植被沿天然植被方向演替,在演替过程中,植物种类数量逐渐增加,但在弃耕9 a后开始减少,20 a后接近于天然台地;更耐旱的多年生草本和小灌木种增加;除7~9 a波状变化外,植被盖度和地上生物量呈逐渐减少趋势,弃耕初期的植被盖度和地上生物量显著大于弃耕12 a后和天然台地;12 a和20 a弃耕地0~100 cm土层含水量高于其他弃耕地和天然台地,弃耕初期表层土壤含水量较高,天然台地含水量居中,但其植被对水分利用的时间延长,范围扩大,表明天然台地植被的水分利用率提高,植被群落更加稳定。     

不同植被类型对厚层黄土剖面水分含量的影响

为了研究不同植被类型土壤水分差异和土壤水分的年际变化特征, 对陕西省绥德县境 内的农地、天然草地、人工柠条林、人工侧柏林、人工油松林、人工油松侧柏混交林地0~10 m 土壤剖面的土壤水分含量进行了测定与分析。农地土壤约在3 m 以上、其他植被类型约在 2 m 以上土层的土壤含水量随年降雨量的大小存在年际变化, 且农地土壤含水量显著高于其 他植被类型, 其他植被类型间无显著性差异。0~2 m 土层农地土壤水分在不同测定年份始终在易效水以上, 但其他植被类型的土壤水分随降雨量的不同变化于难效- 无效水与易效水之间。农地3 m、其他植被类型约2 m 以下的土壤含水量无显著性年际变化。农地与天然草地 土壤含水量显著高于其他人工林植被, 但二者含水量之间无显著差异, 土壤水分都属易效水 范围。人工柠条灌木林土壤水分显著低于其他植被类型, 人工侧柏林、人工油松林和人工油 松侧柏混交林之间土壤含水量无显著性差异。人工柠条林土壤水分属于难效-无效水范围, 人工乔木林接近难效-无效水范围。     

Soil moisture of different vegetation types on the Loess Plateau

Water stored in deep loess soil is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth in the semi-arid area of the Loess Plateau, but planted shrub and forest often disrupt the natural water cycle and in turn influence plant growth. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of main vegetation types on soil moisture and its inter- annual change. Soil moisture in 0–10 m depth of six vegetation types, i.e., crop, grass, planted shrub of caragana, planted forests of arborvitae, pine and the mixture of pine and arborvitae were measured in 2001, 2005 and 2006. Soil moisture in about 0–3 m of cropland and about 0–2 m of other vegetation types varied inter-annually dependent on annual precipitation, but was stable inter-annually below these depths. In 0–2 m, soil moisture of cropland was significantly greater than those of all other vegetation types, and there were no significant differences among other vegetation types. In 2–10 m, there was no significant moisture difference between cropland and grassland, but the soil moistures under both of them were significantly higher than those of planted shrub and forests. The planted shrub and forests had depleted soil moisture below 2 m to or near permanent wilting point, and there were no significant moisture differences among forest types. The soil moisture of caragana shrub was significantly lower than those of forests, but the absolute difference was very small. The results of this study implicated that the planted shrub and forests had depleted deep soil moisture to the lowest limits to which they could extract and they lived mainly on present year precipitation for transpiration.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同深度土壤水分对降雨的响应及其稳定性

通过采用点面结合的方法,分析黄土高原地区降雨影响下不同深度土壤水分的时空变化,从土壤水分复杂的"变异性"中提取相对的"不变性".结果表明:20 cm以上土壤水分无明显规律,难以表征不同植被类型或空间位置上的土壤水分差异;小于30 mm的降雨基本不会引起40 cm以下土壤水分明显波动;100 cm深处,各采样点的土壤水分...     

Erosion environment in the sediment-rich area on the Loess Plateau

Based on the investigation and analysis of characteristics of precipitation, natural environment, socio-economic factors and soil erosion, this paper indicates that the precipitation is the main driving force for the soil erosion in the sediment-rich area, its variability determines the characteristics of soil and water loss; the natural conditions such as the drainage systems, geological and topographic features, the composition of soil and land surface materials, vegetation and climate determine the seriousness of soil and water loss; irrational socio-economic activities of human beings usually accelerated soil and water loss; meanwhile, the low preservation rate and inferiority of soil and water conservation measures made it impossible to make rapid progress on soil and water loss control. Furthermore, the characteristics of erosion environment endowed this area with more sediment that is the main reason for the flooding disasters by the Yellow River. Therefore, more emphasis should be placed on the enhancement of soil and water conservation. The soil loss prediction models will provide scientific basis for the planning of soil and water conservation, the designing of soil and water conservation measures and the valuation of effects of soil and water loss control. According to the analysis of the previous studies on soil loss prediction, and the water-sediment variation features, it is thought that study on soil loss prediction under various rainfall conditions and soil-water conservation measures should be carried out.     

Erosion environment in the sediment-rich area on the Loess Plateau

Based on the investigation and analysis of characteristics of precipitation, natural environment, socio-economic factors and soil erosion, this paper indicates that the precipitation is the main driving force for the soil erosion in the sediment-rich area, its variability determines the characteristics of soil and water loss; the natural conditions such as the drainage systems, geological and topographic features, the composition of soil and land surface materials, vegetation and climate determine the seriousness of soil and water loss; irrational socio-economic activities of human beings usually accelerated soil and water loss; meanwhile, the low preservation rate and inferiority of soil and water conservation measures made it impossible to make rapid progress on soil and water loss control. Furthermore, the characteristics of erosion environment endowed this area with more sediment that is the main reason for the flooding disasters by the Yellow River. Therefore, more emphasis should be placed on the enhancement of soil and water conservation. The soil loss prediction models will provide scientific basis for the planning of soil and water conservation, the designing of soil and water conservation measures and the valuation of effects of soil and water loss control. According to the analysis of the previous studies on soil loss prediction, and the water-sediment variation features, it is thought that study on soil loss prediction under various rainfall conditions and soil-water conservation measures should be carried out.     

Spatial variability of soil moisture content and its relation to environmental indices in a semi-arid gully catchment of the Loess Plateau, China

The degree of spatial variability of soil moisture and the ability of environmental attributes to predict that variability were studied at the Da Nangou catchment (3·5 km²) in the semi-arid loess area of China. Soil moisture measurements were performed biweekly at five depths in the soil profile (0–5 cm, 10–15 cm, 20–25 cm, 40–45 cm and 70–75 cm) from May to October 1998 and from May to September 1999 using Delta-T theta probe. Results indicated that with increasing soil depth, the mean soil moisture content increases significantly for five layers and the coefficients of variation (CV) also increases with depth from 10–15 cm. It was observed that heavier rains and higher mean moisture contents are often associated with lower spatial variability (CV). Environmental attributes such as land use and topography play controlling roles in the spatial distribution of soil moisture content. However, the relative roles of these environmental indices vary with soil depth. The dominant controls on spatial variability of the time-averaged soil moisture changes from land use, aspect, relative elevation and hillslope position in the surface soil (0–5 cm) to relative elevation, hillslope position and aspect in the subsurface soil (10–15 cm, 20–25 cm), and to land use, relative elevation and slope gradient at larger depths (40–45 cm, 70–75 cm). The dynamic behavior of influences of different environmental indices on the layer-averaged soil moisture depends on several factors. In general, the correlation of soil moisture with slope gradient shows a more significant increase following a greater amount of antecedent precipitation (except for the extremely heavy storms), and declines afterwards. The relation of soil moisture with relative elevation and hillslope position exhibits an opposite trend. It was observed that the influence of land use corresponds to the difference in vegetative characteristics, with a stronger influence in June and August with a greater difference in vegetation. A significant influence of cos(aspect) was found during early spring and autumn with a rapid transient in solar irradiation. Finally, it was found that the sample size is adequate to estimate the catchment mean soil moisture at all five depths and on all 10 observations in 1999 (81 sites), while it is only enough for the upper soil layers (0–5 cm and 10–15 cm) in 1998 (26 sites).     

基于SMOS的黄土高原区域尺度表层土壤水分时空变化

用SMOS土壤水分数据、MODIS植被指数数据和TRMM月降水数据,通过对黄土高原区域尺度表层土壤水分含量时空变化的研究,对表层土壤水分的时空变化特征及其对降水的响应进行了分析。结果表明：黄土高原表层土壤水分空间分布主要表现为西部和东北部低、东南部较高。青海石质高山区及山西西南部等区域土壤水分含量与整个区域存在差异。黄土高原西部与河套平原部分区域表层土壤水分含量季节性变化较大。在不同降水条件下,土壤水分含量与降水量相关性呈显著差异。     

Capacity of soil loss control in the Loess Plateau based on soil erosion control degree

The capacity of soil and water conservation measures, defined as the maximum quantity of suitable soil and water conservation measures contained in a region, were determined for the Loess Plateau based on zones suitable for establishing terraced fields, forestland and grassland with the support of geographic information system (GIS) software. The minimum possible soil erosion modulus and actual soil erosion modulus in 2010 were calculated using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), and the ratio of the minimum possible soil erosion modulus under the capacity of soil and water conservation measures to the actual soil erosion modulus was defined as the soil erosion control degree. The control potential of soil erosion and water loss in the Loess Plateau was studied using this concept. Results showed that the actual soil erosion modulus was 3355 t?km^-2?a^-1, the minimum possible soil erosion modulus was 1921 t?km^-2?a^-1, and the soil erosion control degree was 0.57 (medium level) in the Loess Plateau in 2010. In terms of zoning, the control degree was relatively high in the river valley-plain area, soil-rocky mountainous area, and windy-sandy area, but relatively low in the soil-rocky hilly-forested area, hilly-gully area and plateau-gully area. The rate of erosion areas with a soil erosion modulus of less than 1000 t?km^-2?a^-1 increased from 50.48% to 57.71%, forest and grass coverage rose from 56.74% to 69.15%, rate of terraced fields increased from 4.36% to 19.03%, and per capita grain available rose from 418 kg?a^-1 to 459 kg?a^-1 under the capacity of soil and water conservation measures compared with actual conditions. These research results are of some guiding significance for soil and water loss control in the Loess Plateau.