Spatial Data Infrastructure Requirements for Mobile Location Based Journey Planning

A growing number of services are now being offered over mobile devices. They typically combine positioning technology, wireless technology and spatial analysis methods applied to detailed geographical, time based data to offer services in support of time critical, spatial, mobile decision making. A collection of research issues need to be addressed in the successful delivery of such services that extend beyond issues of sophisticated network algorithms. Specifically, careful attention needs to be given to: (1) people and user environments; (2) access to networks; (3) policy, privacy and liability; (4) standards and interoperability; and (5) data quality. Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is the collective term for these interconnected issues and has been a traditional area of research associated with geographic information science. In this paper the particular SDI requirements for the successful delivery of Location Based Services (LBS) are explored through the development of a prototype LBS for journey planning. The initial implementation and testing of this prototype has revealed that the SDI context is well suited as a framework within which to examine the related LBS issues. From a more technical perspective, the testing has revealed that data structure and the means by which large data sets are mined (in order to gather information to present to users) is critical to the success of timely information delivery over limited bandwidth media.     

一种基于位置的移动服务系统的设计与实现

基于位置的移动服务需要设计高效、稳定和可扩展的体系结构与开发方式，提出了一种基于Web服务的LBS体系结构（WS-LBS），并设计了WS-LBS系统框架，实现了空间信息服务的构建与发布机制，扩展了终端用户，实现了一个WS-LBS原型系统。     

The Implications of Including Women's Daily Lives in a Feminist GIScience

In this paper, we argue that a feminist geographical analysis that examines women as active agents in their daily lives, pays attention to the multiplicity of women's experiences in relational space, and values knowledge for transformative purposes, provides insights as to how GIScience might develop in the near future. We draw upon our research with two different community organizations in North Philadelphia to show how a feminist geographical analysis can shape the conceptualization of a community GIS. We argue that collaborative work with community organizations based on “a view from below” necessitates alternative institutional arrangements while providing rich data to better understand the intersection of daily life and information and communication technologies (ICT) as experienced, in the particular case of our work, by poor women. Our research illustrates that understanding ICT frameworks from the perspective of women and in the context of their daily lives has important implications for GIScience.     

基于地理本体空间特征的属性关系推理方法

目前,利用地理本体进行实体空间关系的表达与计算是地理信息领域的研究热点.针对这一热点,本文提出了基于地理本体空间特征的属性关系推理方法.首先,分析了空间关系计算的相关基础理论;其次,研究了基于OWL语言的地理本体空间关系表达方法;最后,以"山脉"为目标地理实体进行验证.实验表明:该方法能够有效提取地理实体的空间关系信息...     

Geospatial Human‐environment Simulation through Integration of Massive Multiplayer Online Games and Geographic Information Systems

This article reports on the initial development of a generic framework for integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with Massive Multi‐player Online Gaming (MMOG) technology to support the integrated modeling of human‐environment resource management and decision‐making. We review Web 2.0 concepts, online maps, and games as key technologies to realize a participatory construction of spatial simulation and decision making practices. Through a design‐based research approach we develop a prototype framework, “GeoGame”, that allows users to play board‐game‐style simulations on top of an online map. Through several iterations we demonstrate the implementation of a range of design artifacts including: real‐time, multi‐user editing of online maps, web services, game lobby, user‐modifiable rules and scenarios building, chat, discussion, and market transactions. Based on observational, analytical, experimental and functional evaluations of design artifacts as well as a literature review, we argue that a MMO GeoGame‐framework offers a viable approach to address the complex dynamics of human‐environmental systems that require a simultaneous reconciliation of both top‐down and bottom‐up decision making where stakeholders are an integral part of a modeling environment. Further research will offer additional insight into the development of social‐environmental models using stakeholder input and the use of such models to explore properties of complex dynamic systems.     

Mobile Space-Time Envelopes for Location-Based Services

The convergence and miniaturisation of a range of information and communication technologies, together with increasing bandwidth availability and near ubiquity of mobile phones, are giving rise to a technological environment in which location‐based services (LBS) can realistically develop. In this paper we review the nature of location‐based services and the implications for data and spatial queries. In doing so, we put forward a research agenda that arises for geographical information science and engineering. Central to LBS are problems of response time and the information utility of responses to queries and any pushed alerts, where information utility refers to content, timeliness and geographical footprint. Within a publish/subscribe model of LBS provision, we propose mobile space‐time envelopes as a novel approach to event brokerage. These envelopes simultaneously provide ‘soft clip’ pruning of candidate data sets in anticipation of queries, and provide the trigger that subscribers are pertinently in‐range for alerts. We present the geometrical, algebraic and algorithmic concepts of mobile space‐time envelopes and provide an example of these mobile envelopes in action. We conclude with a discussion of how this initial implementation could be further developed to incorporate added spatio‐temporal intelligence.     

Development of a Speech-Based Augmented Reality System to Support Exploration of Cityscape

When people explore new environments they often use landmarks as reference points to help navigate and orientate themselves. This research paper examines how spatial datasets can be used to build a system for use in an urban environment which functions as a city guide, announcing Features of Interest (FoI) as they become visible to the user (not just proximal), as the user moves freely around the city. Visibility calculations for the FoIs were pre‐calculated based on a digital surface model derived from LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data. The results were stored in a text‐based relational database management system (RDBMS) for rapid retrieval. All interaction between the user and the system was via a speech‐based interface, allowing the user to record and request further information on any of the announced FoI. A prototype system, called Edinburgh Augmented Reality System (EARS), was designed, implemented and field tested in order to assess the effectiveness of these ideas. The application proved to be an innovative, ‘non‐invasive’ approach to augmenting the user's reality.     

A Spatio‐Temporal Graph Model for Marine Dune Dynamics Analysis and Representation

Defining a model for the representation and the analysis of spatio‐temporal dynamics remains an open domain in geographical information sciences. In this article we investigate a spatio‐temporal graph‐based model dedicated to managing and extracting sets of geographical entities related in space and time. The approach is based on spatial and temporal local relations between neighboring entities during consecutive times. The model allows us to extract sets of connected entities distant in time and space over long periods and large spaces. From GIS concepts and qualitative reasoning on space and time, we combine the graph model with a dedicated spatial database. It includes information on geometry and geomorphometric parameters, and on spatial and temporal relations. This allows us to extend classical measurements of spatial parameters, with comparisons of entities linked by complex relations in space and time. As a case study, we show how the model suggests an efficient representation of dunes dynamics on a nautical chart for safe navigation.     

基于空间认知的校园本体的构建

空间认知是地理学与认知科学的交叉学科,研究人们知识表达和推理的特点。借助Protégé工具文章介绍了认知科学被引入地理学的发展过程,并以首都师范大学校园为研究范围,在空间认知试验基础上,以本体理论作为依据,选择OWL作为建模语言,借助Protégé工具,探讨了知识库的建立方式、地理语义的表达、信息的共享和传递,对知识的形式化表达进行了简单的尝试。     

基于移动Agent的分布式地理信息查询

提出了基于移动Agent的分布式地理信息查询的新思路，给出了构建基于移动Agent的分布式地理信息查询系统的方法，并利用移动Agent开发平台Aglets开发了一个分布式地理信息查询原型系统，实现了分布式地理信息的透明访问。     

Temporal logic and operation relations based knowledge representation for land cover change web services

Providing land cover spatio-temporal information and geo-computing through web service is a new challenge for supporting global change research, earth system simulation and many other societal benefit areas. This requires an integrated knowledge representation and web implementation of static land cover and change information, as well as the related operations for geo-computing. The temporal logic relations among land cover snapshots and increments were examined with a matrix-based three-step analysis. Twelve temporal logic relations were identified and five basic spatial operations were formalized with set operators, which were all used to develop algorithms for deriving implicit change information. A knowledge representation for land cover change information was then developed based on these temporal logic and operation relations. A prototype web-service system was further implemented based on OWL-DL. Both online access and conversion of land cover spatio-temporal information can be facilitated with such a web service system.     

Modeling and Communicating the Conceptual Intent of Geo‐Analytical Tasks for Human‐GIS Interaction

One of the fundamental issues of geographical information science is to design GIS interfaces and functionalities in a way that is easy to understand, teach, and use. Unfortunately, current geographical information systems (including ArcGIS) remains very difficult to use as spatial analysis tools, because they organize and expose functionalities according to GIS data structures and processing algorithms. As a result, GIS interfaces are conceptually confusing, cognitively complex, and semantically disconnected from the way human reason about spatial analytical activities. In this article, we propose an approach that structures GIS analytical functions based on the notion of “analytical intent”. We describe an experiment that replaces ArcGIS desktop interface with a conversational interface, to enable mixed‐initiative user‐system interactions at the level of analytical intentions. We initially focus on the subset of GIS functions that are relevant to “finding what's inside” as described by Mitchell, but the general principles apply to other types of spatial analysis. This work demonstrates the feasibility of delegating some spatial thinking tasks to computational agents, and also raises future research questions that are key to building a better theory of spatial thinking with GIS.     

新媒体语境下地理信息科学专业学生的空间思维培养

空间思维是地理科学认知学习与研究的基本思维模式。为满足新媒体融合背景下地理信息科学专业的素质人才培养需求,本文设计了包括地理空间模拟体验、空间信息地图绘读、隐喻信息语义认知和地理系统综合分析等针对空间思维能力训练的教学内容;明晰了地理空间思维在信息感知与整理、隐含信息挖掘、信息表达视觉化、行业服务支撑、空间治理决策等新媒体信息深度挖掘方向上的应用。本文研究有利于本科学生充分利用新媒体学习工具、系统化专业知识体系和提高自身地理空间思维素养,可以为地理信息科学本科专业教学提供有益的探索。     

深度挖掘“天地图”的教育功能

“天地图”是国家测绘地理信息局主导建设的国家地理信息公共服务平台和地理信息综合服务网站,可向社会公众提供权威、可信、统一的在线地理信息服务。同时,在其他领域的作用和价值也同样不可小视,尤其是地理知识教育、国家版图教育、爱国主义教育、红色教育等教育功能的应用、服务具有广阔的发展空间。文章以“天地图”现有应用板块“伟业宏图”为例,探讨深度挖掘“天地图”的高校马克思主义红色教育功能的应用价值及策略。     

Database structure for the integration of RS with GIS based on semantic network

The integration of remote sensing (RS) with geographical information system (GIS) is a hotspot in geographical information science. A good database structure is important to the integration of RS with GIS, which should be beneficial to the complete integration of RS with GIS, able to deal with the disagreement between the resolution of remote sensing images and the precision of GIS data, and also helpful to the knowledge discovery and exploitation. In this paper, the database structure storing the spatial data based on semantic network is presented. This database structure has several advantages. Firstly, the spatial data is stored as raster data with space index, so the image processing can be done directly on the GIS data that is stored hierarchically according to the distinguishing precision. Secondly, the simple objects are aggregated into complex ones. Thirdly, because we use the indexing tree to depict the relationship of aggregation and the indexing pictures expressed by 2-D strings to describe the topology structure of the objects, the concepts of surrounding and region are expressed clearly and the semantic content of the landscape can be illustrated well. All the factors that affect the recognition of the objects are depicted in the factor space, which provides a uniform mathematical frame for the fusion of the semantic and non-semantic information. Lastly, the object node, knowledge node and the indexing node are integrated into one node. This feature enhances the ability of system in knowledge expressing, intelligent inference and association. The application shows that this database structure can benefit the interpretation of remote sensing image with the information of GIS.     

知识的综合发现:理论、概念及应用

提出了知识的综合发现思想，重点以空间对象关联中的相邻关系与空间特征属性为知识综合发现的研究对象，对相关问题进行了讨论，并提出了一个高效的知识综合发现算法。实例结果表明，本算法是高效的，发现的知识是有效、可理解的。     

地学可视化探讨

提出了关于地学可视化的研究框架。地学可视化包括地图可视化、地理信息系统（ Ｇ Ｉ Ｓ） 可视化及其在专业应用领域的可视化。地图可视化与 Ｇ Ｉ Ｓ可视化是地学可视化理论和技术的２ 个基础部分。地学多维图解是从非可视化角度提出的,关于图的地学知识表达、获取及其图的地学问题解的求证原理和方法,是地学可视化的高一级发展阶段。地图可视化中的信息表达交流模型和地理视觉认知决策模型的研究,将从理论上促进地学多维图解模型的进一步发展。基于虚拟现实技术和计算机网络技术的虚拟地理环境是地学可视化、地学多维图解理论和技术发展的最后集成系统。     

基于本体属性的基础地理信息概念语义相似性计算模型

语义相似性对于知识自动共享与集成起着非常重要的作用。在许多地理信息的应用领域,通常直接将分类体系作为领域(或任务)本体,并基于此计算概念间的语义距离以实现相似度计算。该方法虽然能够快速、简便地计算概念间的语义相似度,但是有时却因为分类体系的改变而造成相同概念间的相似度产生差异,甚至可能是错误的计算结果。本文面向基础地理信息领域,利用属性枚举方法表达概念的本质语义特征,从基础地理信息概念的内涵出发,提出基于本体属性的语义相似性计算模型。该模型将每个概念表达为本体属性集合,利用相关本体属性的相似性,结合权重信息计算概念的相似性。最后从基础地理信息概念中提取出100组样本,计算概念间的语义相似度并验证基于本体属性模型的有效性。实验结果表明基于本体属性的模型能更合理地计算出基础地理信息概念的相似度。     

地名制图应用研究——以地名普查成果为例

地名凝结了区域文化及历史过程,蕴涵丰富的文化信息。如何挖掘地名文化信息是一个有趣又重要的问题。结合文本知识、专业知识、先验知识、专家知识与第二次全国地名普查成果数据,通过建立知识库及提取规则,采用数据制图、模型制图、知识制图等制图方法实现中国大陆方言地名、地名通名制图。结果表明,制图结果可以得到相关地名的空间分布范围,揭示区域地名通名的高频词汇特征,可以为区域地名管理、规划、保护与利用提供知识支撑。     

基于SVG模版的网络地理信息服务应用研究

SVG对矢量图形的描述与地理信息系统对现实世界的某些抽象描述一致,空间数据可以转换成SVG文档来进行存储、传输和表现。在此提出一种基于SVG的空间数据组织方法,并在此基础上分析了基于DOM和脚本语言的地理信息交互的实现,最后通过一种基于SVG模版的网络地理信息服务原型及其具体实施验证了以SVG文档实现网络地理信息服务的可行性和实用性。