House change detection based on DSM of aerial image in urban area

The change of house often brings on the change of DSM in an area over different periods. If we can apply information of the height of houses to reinforce the house change detection, the reliability and efficiency of detection methods will be improved greatly.From this viewpoint, a new approach taking advantage of both height data from an image pair and image data is proposed to detect the house change in urban area and is called "data fusion technology".     

Pattern detection in airborne LiDAR data using Laplacian of Gaussian filter

Methods for feature detection in laser scanning data have been studied for decades ever since the emergence of the technology.However,it is still one of the unsolved problems in LiDAR data processing due to difficulty of texture and structure information extraction in unevenly sampled points.The paper analyzes the characteristics of Laplacian of Gaussian(LoG) Filter and its potential use for structure detection in LiDAR data.A feature detection method based on LoG filtering is presented and ex-perimented on the unstructured points.The method filters the elevation value(namely,z coordinate value) of each point by convo-lution using LoG kernel within its local area and derives patterns suggesting the existence of certain types of ground ob-jects/features.The experiments are carried on a point cloud dataset acquired from a neighborhood area.The results demonstrate patterns detected at different scales and the relationship between standard deviation that defines LoG kernel and neighborhood size,which specifies the local area that is analyzed.     

Monitoring Seasonal Variations of Ionospheric TEC Using GPS Measurements

The regional ionospheric model is adopted to determine satellite-plus-receiver differential delay. The satellite-plus-receiver differential delay is estimated as constant values for each day. Dual-frequency GPS pseudo-ranges observables are used to compute vertical TEC (VTEC). All the monthly mean VTEC profiles are represented by graphs using GPS data of the Beijing IGS site between 2000 and 2004. The monthly averaged values and amplitudes of VTEC are also represented by graphs. The results indicate that the VTEC has seasonal dependency. The monthly averaged values and amplitudes of VTEC in 2000 are about 2 times larger than that in 2004. The maximum VTEC values are observed in March and April, while the minimum VTEC values are observed in December. The seasonal variations trend is found to be similar after polynomial fitting between 2000 and 2004.     

Integration of remote sensing and GIS in monitoring the dynamics of land cover in Oroba-Kibos catchment area, Kenya

Land cover in Kenya is in a state of fl ux at different spatial and temporal scales. This compromises environmental integrity and socioeconomic stability of the population hence increasing their vulnerability to the externalities of environmental change. The Oroba-Kibos catchment area in western Kenya is one locality where rapid land use changes have taken place over the last 30 years. The shrubs, swamps, natural forests and other critical ecosystems have been converted on the altar of agriculture, human settlement, fuel wood and timber. This paper presents the results of a study that aimed at providing spatially-explicit information for effective remedial response through (a) Mapping the land cover; (b) Identifying the spatial distribution of land cover changes; (c) Determining the nature, rates and magnitude of the land cover changes, and; (d) Establishing the drivers of land use leading to land cover changes in Oroba-Kibos catchment area. Bi-temporal Landsat TM imagery, fi eld observation, household survey and ancillary data were obtained. Per-fi eld classifi cation of the Landsat TM imagery was performed in a GIS and the resultant land cover maps assessed using the fi eld observation data. Post-classifi cation comparison of the maps was then done to detect changes in land cover that had occurred between 1994 and 2008. SPSS was used to analyze the household survey data and attribute the detected land cover changes to their causes. The fi ndings showed that 9 broad classes characterize the catchment area including the natural forests, swamps, natural water bodies, woodlands, shrublands, built-up lands, grasslands, bare lands and croplands. Croplands are dominant and accounted for about 65% (57122 ha) of the total land in 1994, which increased at the rate of 0.89% to 73% (64772 ha) in 2008, while natural water bodies has the least spatial coverage accounting for about 0.6% (561 ha) of the total land in 1994, which diminished at the rate of 3.57% to 0.3% (260 ha) in 2008. Climate, altitude, access and rights to land, demographic changes, poverty, political governance, market availability and economic returns are the interacting mix of proximate and underlying factors that drive the land cover changes in Oroba-Kibos catchment area.     

Visualization and damage assessment for flooded area

A practical method for visualizing flood area and evaluating damage is presented, which consists of two technical approaches: self-programming and adapting commercial GIS platforms. The low-cost and easy-to-use GIS-Based model developed by self-programming can meet current requirements of most local authorities, especially in developing countries. In this model, two cases, non-source flood and source flood, are distinguished and the Seed-spread algorithm suitable for source-flood is discussed; The flood damage is assessed by overlaying the flood area range with thematic maps and other related social and economic data. and all the-matic maps are converted to raster format before overlay analysis. Two measures are taken to improve the operation efficiency of speed seed-spread algorithm. The accuracy of the model mainly depends on the resolution and precision of the DEM data, and the accuracy of registering all raster layers and the quality of attribute data.     

Management of spatio-temporal data of Cadastral Information System in China

Cadastral Information System (CIS) is designed for the office automation of cadastral management. With the development of the market economics in China, cadastral management is facing many new problems. The most crucial one is the temporal problem in cadastral management. That is, CIS must consider both spatial data and temporal data. This paper reviews the situation of the current CIS and provides a method to manage the spatiotemporal data of CIS, and takes the CIS for Guangdong Province as an example to explain how to realize it in practice.     

A vector-based method for the extraction of catchment from grid DEMs

The methodology of catchment extraction especially from regular grid digital elevation models (DEMs) is briefly reviewed. Then an efficient algorithm, which combines vector process and traditional neighbourhood raster process, is designed for extracting the catchments and subcatchments from depressionless DEMs. The catchment area of each river in the grid DEM data is identified and delineated, then is divided into subcatchments as required. Compared to traditional processes, this method for identifying catchments focuses on the boundaries instead of the area inside the catchments and avoids the boundary intersection phenomena. Last, the algorithm is tested with a set of DEMs of different sizes, and the result proves that the computation efficiency and accuracy are better than existent methods.     

数值流形方法及在川滇地区地壳运动研究中的应用

The numerical manifold method （NMM） can calculate the movements and deformations of structures or materials. Both the finite element method （FEM） for continua and the discontinuous deformation analysis （DDA） for block systems are special cases of NMM. NMM has separate mathematical covers and physical meshes： the mathematical covers define only fine or rough approximations; as the real material boundary, the physical mesh defines the integration fields. The mathematical covers are triangle units; the physical mesh includes the fault boundaries, joints, blocks and interfaces of different crust zones on the basis of a geological tectonic background. Aiming at the complex problem of continuous and discontinuous deformation across the Chinese continent, the numerical manifold method （NMM） is brought in to study crustal movement of the Stchuan-Yunnan area. Based on the GPS velocity field in the Sichuan-Yunnan area, a crustal strain and stress field is simulated and analyzed. Moreover, results show that the NMM is a more suitable method than DDA in simulating the movement of the Sichuan-Yunnan area. Finally, a kind of mechanism of crustal motion in the Sichuan-Yunnan area is discussed in the paper.     

Verification of Net Primary Production Estimation Method in the Mongolian Plateau Using Landsat ETM＋ Data

We plan to estimate global net primary production (NPP) of vegetation using the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-Ⅱ (ADEOS-Ⅱ) Global Imager (GLI) multi-spectral data. We derive an NPP estimation algorithm from ground measurement data on temperate plants in Japan. By the algorithm, we estimate NPP using a vegetation index based on pattern decomposition (VIPD) for the Mongolian Plateau. The VIPD is derived from Landsat ETM multi-spectral data, and the resulting NPP estimation is compared with ground data measured in a semi-arid area of Mongolia. The NPP estimation derived from satellite remote sensing data agrees with the ground measurement data within the error range of 15% when all above-ground vegetation NPP is calculated for different vegetation classifications.     

Deeply integrating Linked Data with Geographic Information Systems

The realization that knowledge often forms a densely interconnected graph has fueled the development of graph databases, Web‐scale knowledge graphs and query languages for them, novel visualization and query paradigms, as well as new machine learning methods tailored to graphs as data structures. One such example is the densely connected and global Linked Data cloud that contains billions of statements about numerous domains, including life science and geography. While Linked Data has found its way into everyday applications such as search engines and question answering systems, there is a growing disconnect between the classical ways in which Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are still used today and the open‐ended, exploratory approaches used to retrieve and consume data from knowledge graphs such as Linked Data. In this work, we conceptualize and prototypically implement a Linked Data connector framework as a set of toolboxes for Esri's ArcGIS to close this gap and enable the retrieval, integration, and analysis of Linked Data from within GIS. We discuss how to connect to Linked Data endpoints, how to use ontologies to probe data and derive appropriate GIS representations on the fly, how to make use of reasoning, how to derive data that are ready for spatial analysis out of RDF triples, and, most importantly, how to utilize the link structure of Linked Data to enable analysis. The proposed Linked Data connector framework can also be regarded as the first step toward a guided geographic question answering system over geographic knowledge graphs.     

VBA在GIS数据更新中的应用

在目前的GIS领域中,高精度的数据采集以及实时、高效的数据更新,一直是研究的主要课题之一.针对这种情况,介绍了GIS数据的基本概念和组织方式,阐述了利用VBA这种基于面向对象的编程环境,建立属性数据和图形数据的接口,充分发挥地理数据的时效特征,并结合实例将VBA与其他开发语言(如Auto Lisp等)进行了比较.     

用SVG技术构建基于GML的WebGIS

WebGIS是Internet技术与GIS相结合的产物,WebGIS为公众获取GIS数据和地理信息服务提供了一个有效的工具。但是目前许多WebGIS应用都依赖于GIS软件,由于GIS软件和数据格式多种多样,从而难以互操作,缺乏灵活性。本文以实现GIS在互联网上的传播为研究目的,探讨将SVG与GML结合应用于WebGIS的解决方案和应用模式,并详细分析了系统实现的体系结构和相关技术,着重论述了GML与SVG之间的转换方法。     

GIS在移动蜂窝网络中的应用研究

GIS在移动蜂窝网络规划中有重要应用,本文旨在研究以最低的投资和维护费用,确定GIS最佳解决方案用以改善蜂窝网络的传播质量。本文利用GIS能将蜂窝网络数据库中空间与非空间数据相结合的优势,提供必要的参数,更准确地预测蜂窝网络的覆盖范围。本文研究对象为越南胡志明市的部分区域,实验成功开发出预测移动蜂窝网络覆盖范围的基础地理信息系统模型,实现了预测信号强度的可视化,分析了场强覆盖范围,并显示了研究区域中每个小区站的可能切换区域。实验结果表明,GIS模型在移动通信尤其对小区站覆盖范围预测是非常有用的。     

基于VB和ArcObjects的组件式地理信息系统开发

以世界宣明会项目信息管理系统为例,介绍了在VB,ArcGIS和SQLServe环境下,利用AO组件集成开发GIS管理信息系统的方法。给出了有针对性的系统总体设计和数据库设计,编程实现了模块化的系统主要功能和关键技术,使图形数据和属性数据紧密关联,实现了图形、属性以及相关信息的一体化管理。     

大庆市房产地理信息系统开发的若干关键技术研究

针对大庆市房屋产权市场交易管理业务的需要,提出了大庆市房产地理信息系统三层结构模型(Client+SDE+Oracle9i)的开发模式。对系统开发过程中的图文一体化、工作流技术与GIS功能的无缝集成、B/S和基于Web的C/S混合多层体系等关键技术进行了深入研究和探讨,结合大庆市房产地理信息系统的设计目标,提出具体的解决方案,实现房产空间图形数据与属性数据的无缝集成。     

Seamless integration of spatial statistics and GIS: The S-PLUS for ArcView and the S+Grassland Links

The extension of the functional capacity of geographic information systems (GIS) with tools for statistical analysis in general and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) in particular has been an increasingly active area of research in recent years. In this paper, two operational implementations that combine the functionality of spatial data analysis software with a GIS are considered more closely. They consist of linkages between the S-PLUS software for data analysis and two different GIS implementations, the ArcView desktop system, which is mostly vector-oriented, and the primarily raster-based Grassland open GIS environment. We emphasize conceptual and technical issues related to the software implementation of these approaches and suggest future directions for linking spatial statistics and GIS. Received: 14 January 1999 / Accepted: 11 May 1999     

浦东新区老龄人口就医现状空间分析

依据上海市第五次人口普查的资料,采用GIS(地理信息系统)空间分析技术,对浦东新区医院的空间分布进行了研究。仅从距离的角度对看病远的区域进行了划分,求出了这些区域内的老龄人口数;而且对现有医院的床位数和其潜在的老年病人数进行了比较,对比较结果进行了图示化的描述。     

桂林市三维地形立体显示与分析系统

“桂林市三维地形立体显示与分析系统”利用了GIS和RS技术开发研制。它以数字化的地形图为核心数据源,建立数字高程模型,以卫星遥感数字图像为三维景观的表层粘模。具有二维平面—三维立体图对照显示、地形数据与专业图像数据迭合显示和任意调整观察(飞行)参数等功能,并可以按预设的路线模拟飞行观察。还具有绘制剖面、分析地形坡度、求算面积和土石方量(或水库库容)、综合背景查询和工程适宜性评价等功能,有较高的实用价值。     

基于GIS有利成矿信息的综合

以“数字地球”的思想为指导 ,从信息数字化的角度出发 ,阐述了GIS提取地质信息的原理、地质信息综合的方法 ,介绍了线型异常的找矿有利度和各面型异常的找矿有利度分析方法 ,提出了圈定地质异常的模型和各种有利成矿信息的综合圈定成矿靶区的方法 ,并以云南维西地区为例 ,利用上述原理圈定了成矿靶区