长水机场低云低能见度天气过程714KaDP型云雾雷达释用

714KaDP型云雾雷达具备30km内的低云和雾监测和预警能力,是专门针对影响机场运行的低云低能见度(两低)天气研制的国内首部毫米波脉冲多普勒雷达。昆明长水机场的试验验证表明,通过提供的云雾基本产品和二次产品,实现了机场两低天气生消演变的有效探测,显著提升了对严重影响空管正常运行的两低天气的监测预警能力。雷达探测发现,714KaDP型云雾雷达对机场及周边低云和雾的生消、演变、移动有着非常敏锐的捕捉能力,特别适合具有明显平流特征的低云和雾(锋面雾、低云平流、辐射雾平流等)的监测和预警,本文介绍了雷达特性、安装位置以及对锋面雾、平流低云和辐射平流混合雾过程的雷达产品分析方法,为提前预警、实时跟踪和云消雾散二次放行决策提供支撑提供了参考。      

An example of the comparison of middle troposphere instability indices in the prognostic model with the thunderstorm activity data

Presented is a review of thunderstorm forecast methods based on atmospheric instability indices. Described are the main potential sources of thunderstorm observations. Obtained are the estimates of the accutacy of the WWLLN global network that registers lightnings. Compared are the Meteosat-9 infrared images of convective clouds, the model maps of cloudiness, and some instability indices computed using the WRF-ARW model.     

四川广汉机场云的周期性变化特征

基于1986-1995年民航广汉机场气象台逐日逐时人工观测资料,利用统计分析,带通滤波方法、功率谱分析和小波分析等方法,分析了广汉机场云的周期性变化。结果表明：广汉机场主要受层积云Sc、积云Cu两种低云影响,且二者具有相反的日变化特征,碎层云Fs、雨层云Ns、碎雨云Fn等出现频率很低。广汉机场云量的变化明显具有60-120d的准季节周期、30-60d季节内周期和10-20d准双周振荡。     

四川广汉机场云的周期性变化特征

基于1986—1995年民航广汉机场气象台逐日逐时人工观测资料,利用统计分析,带通滤波方法、功率谱分析和小波分析等方法,分析了广汉机场云的周期性变化特征。结果表明：广汉机场主要受层积云Sc、积云Cu两种低云影响,且二者具有相反的日变化特征,碎层云Fs、雨层云Ns和碎雨云Fn等出现频率很低。广汉机场云量的变化明显具有60—120 d的准季节周期、30—60 d季节周期和10—20 d准双周振荡。     

Satellite observations and numerical simulation results for the comprehensive analysis of ash cloud transport during the explosive eruptions of Kamchatka volcanoes

Ash clouds resulting from explosive volcanic eruptions pose a real threat to human life (for aircraft flights, airport operations, etc.); therefore, the detection, monitoring, and forecast of their movement is an urgent and important issue. The features and examples of application of the new tool developed on the basis of "Monitoring of Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka and the Kurile Islands" information system (VolSatView) are described. It allows the integrated monitoring and forecasting of ash cloud transport using the data of remote sensing and mathematical modeling as well as the assessment of the parameters of explosive events.     

青藏高原墨脱地区云降水综合观测及初步统计特征分析

为加深对雅鲁藏布大峡谷水汽通道入口处云和降水三维结构及微物理特征的认识,在第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究专题和国家重点研发计划项目的支持下,中国气象科学研究院于2019年在西藏墨脱地区建立了野外观测试验基地,开展了水汽、云和降水的综合观测,先后布设了先进的Ka波段云雷达、微波辐射计、X波段双偏振相控阵雷达、降水现象仪、K波段微雨雷达等设备,获取了高时、空分辨率的云和降水的宏、微观数据。文中简单介绍了此次观测的情况,并利用云雷达2019年的观测数据和降水现象仪2019年6月至2020年6月的观测数据对云的宏观特征及雨滴谱特征进行了统计分析。从云的宏观特征来看,该地区云的发生率较高,云廓线占2019年云雷达观测廓线的67%,降水云廓线占总云廓线的45%。旱季和雨季云底高度的频率分布在垂直方向均有两个高值区,分别为0—1 km和2—3 km,且超过40%的云底高度低于1 km,这可能是墨脱降水云较多造成的。接近60%的云顶高度在4—7 km。总的来说,墨脱地区以中云和低云为主,云通常在下午到晚上形成,早上到中午慢慢消散;从雨滴谱分布特征来看,该地区平均的雨滴谱谱宽和大雨滴的浓度随雨强的增大而增大,降水以中、小粒子为主,中、小粒子浓度超过粒子数浓度的99%。对流云降水的特点是粒子直径较小,而数浓度较高。粒子质量加权平均直径（D_m）的范围在1.0—1.6 mm（平均1.38 mm）,标准化截距参数（lgN_w）的范围在3.6—4.5（平均4.01）,表现出海洋性对流降水的特征。此外,该地区降水的lgN_w呈现双峰特征,分别对应于对流云和层状云降水。      

Investigation of high-depth cumulonimbus clouds characteristics after seeding to increase precipitation

Analyzed is the development of three cumulonimbus clouds seeded with the crystallizing reagent in Saudi Arabia. Continuous satellite and radar observations of the clouds were carried out during the five-hour period. Obtained are the data on the dynamics of cumulonimbus clouds and their anvils. The vertical development of cumulonimbus clouds and the increase in the radar reflectivity and amount of precipitation were observed after the seeding. The significant increase in the precipitation was observed in all three cases. The results obtained in the present analysis are in agreement with theoretical concepts of the seeding effects on dynamic properties of clouds and precipitation characteristics. They demonstrate a big potential of seeding for increasing the precipitation falling from cumulonimbus clouds.     

Observational Characteristics of Cloud Vertical Profiles over the Continent of East Asia from the CloudSat Data

The CloudSat satellite data from June 2006 to April 2011 are used to investigate the characteristics of cloud vertical profiles over East Asia(20°-50°N,80°-120°E),with particular emphasis on the profiles of precipitative clouds in comparison with those of nonprecipitative clouds,as well as the seasonal variations of these profiles.There are some obvious differences between the precipitative and nonprecipitative cloud profiles.Generally,precipitative clouds mainly locate below 8 km with radar reflectivity in the range of-20 to 15 dBZ and maximum values appearing within 2-4-km height,and the clouds usually reach the ground;while nonprecipitative clouds locate in the layers of 4-12 km with radar reflectivity between-28 and 0 dBZ and maximum values within 8-10-km height.There are also some differences among the liquid precipitative,solid precipitative,and possible drizzle precipitative cloud profiles.In precipitative clouds,radar reflectivity increases rapidly from 11 to 7 km in vertical,implying that condensation and collision-coalescence processes play a crucial role in the formation of large-size drops.The frequency distribution of temperature at-15℃ is consistent with the highest frequency of radar reflectivity in solid precipitative clouds,which suggests that the temperatures near-15℃ are conductive to deposition and accretion processes.The vertical profiles of liquid precipitative clouds show almost the same distributions in spring,summer,and autumn but with differences in winter at mainly lower levels.In contrast,the vertical profiles of solid precipitative clouds change from spring to winter with an alternate double and single high-frequency core,which is consistent with variations of the frequency distribution of temperature at-15℃.The vertical profiles of nonprecipitative clouds show a little change with season.The observations also show that the precipitation events over East Asia are mostly related to deep convective clouds and nimbostratus clouds.These results are expected to be useful for evaluation of weather and climate models and for improvement of microphysical parameterizations in numerical models.     

天山西部地区冰雹云的卫星光谱特征及监测应用

针对冰雹灾害多发的新疆天山西部地区,利用2007年和2008年5一10月14次MODIS卫星过境资料,选取共计45个云系样本数,进行冰雹云、强对流云团和薄卷云的光谱特征提取和雹暴指数计算与分析。结果表明,冰雹云的热红外亮度温度（CH31、CH32、CH35）均〈240K,中红外波段反射率（CH20）相对较低〈30％,可见光和短红外波段反射率（CH1和CH6）均〉80％,雹暴指数≥0．35,得到了有利于冰雹云的卫星遥感客观判识指标。     

柴达木低涡特征及其预报

利用天气图和甘肃河西东部台站观测资料,统计分析了柴达木低涡的特征概况,归纳出柴达木低涡发生、发展的演变规律,选取相关性较好的预报因子,用隶属函数方法建立预报方程,对河西地区东部低云降水预报取得了较好的效果。     

大理机场雷暴特征及潜势预报分析

利用大理机场5年天气观测资料和FNL 1.0X1.0数据,对大理机场雷暴特征及潜势预报进行分析,结果发现：大理机场全年各月都有可能出现雷暴天气,雷暴天气主要出现在6~9月,每年7月和8月雷暴天气出现最为频繁;雷暴天气持续时间0~1小时的次数最多,持续时间1~2小时的雷暴也比较常见,持续时间4~6小时的次数较少,没有出现持续时间6小时以上的雷暴;雷暴可以出现在大理机场的任何方向,出现在东边的次数最多,出现在天顶的次数最少;雷暴初期平均在1月31日,雷暴终期平均在11月14日,雷暴的初期和终期年际差别较大。选取对流有效位能、500hPa相对湿度、0度层高度、近地表四层等压面的抬升指数和可降水量作为预报因子建立大理机场雷暴预报方程,预报方程是显著的,有较好的雷暴潜势预报能力。     

Characteristics of Pre-summer Daytime Cloud Regimes over Coastal South China from the Himawari-8 Satellite

Using the high spatiotemporal resolution (2 km-and-10 min) data from the Advanced Himawari Imager onboard the Himawari-8 satellite, this study documents the fine-scale characteristics of daytime cloud regimes (CRs) over coastal South China during the pre-summer rainy season (April–June). Six CRs (CR1–CR6) are identified based on the joint frequency distribution of cloud top brightness temperature and cloud optical thickness, namely, the optically thin-to-moderate cloud mixture, optically thin warm clouds with cirrus, optically thick warm clouds, weak convective cloud mixture, strong convective clouds, and extreme, deep convective clouds. The optically thick warm clouds are the major CR during April and May, with higher frequencies over land, especially along the urban agglomeration, rather than the offshore which may be an indicator of the higher aerosol concentrations being a contributing factor over the cities. The CRs with weak convective cloud mixtures and strong convective clouds appear more frequently over the land, while the two CRs with optically thinner clouds occur mainly offshore. Synoptic flow patterns (SPs) are objectively identified and examined focusing on those favoring the two major rain-producing CRs (CR5 and CR6) and the highly reflective CR with optically thick warm clouds (CR3). The two SPs favoring CR5 and CR6 are characterized by abundant moisture with low-level jets after monsoon onset, and a northwest high-southeast low pattern with strong dynamic convergence along the coastline, respectively. The non-convective CR3 with high reflectance is related to a SP that features the western North Pacific subtropical high extending more westward, leading to a moderate moisture supply and a wide range of convective available potential energy, but also, large convective inhibition.     

On the linkage between changes in cloud cover and precipitation extremes over Central India

In this study, linkage between changing characteristics of precipitation extremes and cloud covers over Central India is explored during summer monsoon period using Satellite data (1998–2015). This is a first attempt to relate the changes in cloud cover to the changes in precipitation extremes. Non-rainy cirrus clouds are excluded from this study. Results show that heavy rainfall (≥ 60 mm/day) is associated with cold cloud tops (Tb≤220 K) while moderate rainfall (<60 mm/day and ≥20 mm) occurs mostly with middle clouds (Tb>220 K and ≤245 K). Low level clouds (Tb> 245 K) are responsible for light rainfall (<20 mm/day). Increases in top 20%, 10%, 5% and 1% heavy precipitation relate well with the increases in very deep convective, deep convective and convective cloud cover. Among these relations, increase in top 5% heavy precipitation relates best with increase in very deep convective cloud cover. Decrease in bottom 30% low precipitation relates with decrease in low level cloud cover. The results reported in this study fit into the framework of how weather extremes respond to climate change.     

Characteristics of wind speed and wind direction in the atmospheric boundary layer on the southern coast of Bulgaria

The characteristics of wind speed and wind direction in the boundary atmospheric layer measured at the meteorological station in Akhtopol (Bulgaria) are presented. The measurements were carried out with the Scintec sodar and MK-15 automatic meteorological station. The sodar measurement data on wind parameters at different heights in different months are presented as well as the frequency of inshore and offshore wind directions, that enables to trace the intensity of the breeze circulation. The frequency of calms and wind speeds at the heights of 50, 100, and 200 m according to gradations for different months and the probability of wind of various speeds depending on the direction are also given. The breeze front characteristics in June–September of 2009 are computed from the speed and direction of surface wind measured with the acoustic anemometer of MK-15 complex.     

青藏高原、东亚季风区、西北太平洋地区云系结构及相联加热机制的对比分析

应用7年(2006年5月18日—2013年5月18日)的CloudSat卫星观测资料,对比分析了青藏高原、东亚季风区、西北太平洋地区云发生频率的特征,并利用欧洲中心再分析资料,计算了三个地区的视热源、视水汽汇Q₁、Q₂,分析探讨了三个地区与云发生频率相联系的加热机制。结果表明:青藏高原、东亚季风区、西北太平洋地区云的发生频率分别为35%、22%、27%,其中:青藏高原和东亚季风区的低云频率最大,中云次之;西北太平洋地区的高云和低云的频率大,分别为19%和16%。具体云型来看,青藏高原多高层云、雨层云;东亚季风区多高层云和卷云,夏季深对流云频率增大明显;西北太平洋地区多卷云、深对流云和高层云。三个地区视水汽汇Q₂的垂直分布特征及季节变化与云发生频率对应较好,青藏高原的低云(雨层云)、中云(高层云)形成过程中,凝结释放潜热,加热大气;东亚季风区低云(深对流云)、中云(高层云)对加热大气贡献大;西北太平洋地区大气的主要加热机制是深对流云形成过程中凝结释放潜热以及湿静能涡旋垂直输送。      

基于Ka波段云雷达的六盘山顶云特征分析

利用宁夏六盘山气象站2017年9月至2018年8月的Ka波段云雷达观测资料,统计分析了六盘山顶不同云的出现频率及宏观特征.结果表明:六盘山顶云出现频率最高值在7月,为61％,最低值在12月,为26％;按云层数划分,六盘山顶出现的云主要以1层云、2层云及3层云为主,相对总云的月平均出现频率分别为68％—86％、14％—2...     

Role of interaction between dynamics,thermodynamics and cloud microphysics on summer monsoon precipitating clouds over the Myanmar Coast and the Western Ghats

Indian summer monsoon circulation can be characterized by mean tropospheric temperature (TT) gradient between ocean and land. Two major heat sources, one near the Myanmar Coast and the other near the Western Ghats play seminal role in defining this TT gradient. While both regions are characterized by very similar orographic features, there are significant differences in frequency of occurrence of precipitating clouds and their characteristics even when the amount of rain in June–July months is almost same in the two regions. Deeper (shallower) clouds appear more frequently over the Myanmar Coast (the Western Ghats). There is a sharp decrease in amount of rainfall from June–July to August–September in both the areas. Rather counter intuitively, during the June–July–August–September season, low and moderate rains contribute more to the total rain in the Myanmar Coast while heavy rains contribute more to the total rain in the Western Ghats. Western Ghats also gets more intense rains but less frequently. With significant differences in moisture availability, updraft, amount and characteristics of cloud condensate in the two regions, this study proposes that the nontrivial differences in features between them could be explained by linkages between cloud microphysics and large scale dynamics. Presence of more cloud liquid water and the role of giant cloud condensation nuclei reveals dominance of warm rain process in the Western Ghats whereas more cloud ice, snow and graupel formation in the Myanmar Coast indicates stronger possibility of cold rain coming from mixed phase processes. Stronger heating caused by mixed phase process in the mid and upper troposphere in the Myanmar Coast and its feedback on buoyancy of air parcel explains the appearance of deeper clouds. Thus, our study highlights importance of mixed phase processes, a major cause of uncertainty in GCMs.     

主要降水与非降水云类的全天时反演试验研究

利用SBDART模式正演了主要云类在多光谱通道上的光谱特性,分析了在由不同通道组成的二维光谱空间中的云类分布;又以MTSAT-2多光谱静止卫星观测资料与CloudSat云廓线雷达分类产品匹配,建立了包含诸主要云类光谱特性的数据对。在此基础上,采用单位特征空间归类分析法,反演并分析了各典型云类在相应二维光谱空间中的分布范围和高频集群分布特点;结合正、反演结果,应用最小距离分类与最大似然估计方法进行了云分类试验研究。经过单位特征空间方法的调整,最终确定了较为准确的适用于全天时云分类的判据。检验结果表明:根据多通道的云光谱特性区分高、中、低云和对流性及非对流性降水云是可行的,由此能够实现全天时云系生消、移动的连续可靠监测。      

基于频率匹配法的江西省ECMWF降水预报订正研究

利用2016—2019年ECMWF（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts）降水预报资料和江西省93个国家气象站降水资料,基于频率匹配法进行降水偏差订正,采用4种方法统计降水频率对降水预报进行订正试验（不分区试验）,根据江西省汛期暴雨气候特征对汛期降水进行分区订正试验,并对典型强降水个例进行分析。结果表明: 频率匹配法降低了模式预报小雨的空报率和大雨、暴雨的漏报率,预报技巧改进明显。在4种降水频率统计方法中,准对称滑动平均法效果最好。分区试验对强降水的订正效果优于不分区试验,该试验对模式预报正技巧暴雨过程的订正能力大于无技巧过程。对于模式预报效果差（TS=0）、一般（0 < TS < 0.2）、好（TS≥0.2）的暴雨过程,分区试验改善的概率分别为40.8%、89.1%和65.3%。频率匹配分区订正后强降水面积更加接近实况,但强降水落区不能得到明显的改善。订正方法对模式预报强降水形态、位置与实况较接近的过程,效果较好。     

Dipole index of the tropical Atlantic and precipitation regime in Cote de Voire

J. Servain, a French scientist [21], proposed a dipole index of a thermal state of waters in the tropical Atlantic. In [8], the index is calculated as a difference between mean water surface temperatures in the northern and southern tropical Atlantic for each month of 1941–2000. The dipole index is assumed to characterize seasonal and interannual changes in the position of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and thermal equator and potentially is a predictor of the moistening regime in the West African countries. For Cote de Voire, based on the multiyear data on monthly precipitation, five equiprobable gradations were determined. The intercomparison of gradations of the dipole index of the tropical Atlantic and seasonal precipitation in Cote de Voire made it possible to reveal a number of interrelations that can be used for long-range forecasting of precipitation during a rain season.