川北苍溪地区白垩系红层沉积孢粉组合及其地质意义

四川盆地白垩系陆相红层是中国南方晚中生代陆相红层沉积的典型代表,但也因红色沉积中匮乏古生物化石材料,严重制约了关于四川盆地白垩系红层的地质时代及其古环境背景的理解。本研究基于川北苍溪地区白垩系苍溪组—白龙组岩芯和地表露头剖面样品展开孢粉学研究。研究发现在川北地区白垩系红层沉积特别是灰绿色沉积夹层中富含孢粉化石,孢粉组合中化石组成较为单一,以晚中生代典型化石分子Classopollis占绝对地位为特征(80%),其次是蕨类孢子,未见被子植物花粉。蕨类孢子以Cyathidites和Deltoidospora(平均1.4%)为主,其次为Osmundacidites(平均0.8%)。根据主要孢粉类型的亲缘关系研究,四川盆地该时期为以Classopollis母体亲缘植物掌鳞杉科(Cheirolepidiaceae)为主的单一森林群落及少量矮生植物组成,干旱气候盛行。化石组合中,本研究首次在川北地区发现了零星Dicheiropollis花粉粒,尽管丰度极低,但其具有跨时短、地理分布典型的特点。首先指示了川北苍溪组、白龙组沉积时代可能为Valanginian至Hauterivian期。其次根据Dicheiropollis的地理分布资料,本研究认为中国东南部Classopollis—Schizaeoisporites孢粉植物群省与西藏—塔里木Dicheiropollis孢粉植q物群省的界线至少移动到四川盆地东部,推测早白垩世特提斯洋沿岸植物地理分布可能比早期研究中提出的区域范围更宽。     

苏北盆地黄桥地区富CO_2流体对二叠系龙潭组砂岩储层的改造与意义

富CO_2流体-砂岩相互作用是砂岩储层次生孔隙的重要形成机制。苏北黄桥地区作为中国重要的CO_2气产区,富CO_2流体对上二叠统龙潭组砂岩储层的改造问题备受关注。为揭示富CO_2流体的作用特征及其对储层的影响,对黄桥地区典型钻井开展了系统的岩心描述和岩矿鉴定,并进行了微区原位观测和相关地球化学分析。结果表明,在靠近CO_2流体活动强烈的断裂带部位(特别是断层上盘),砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物基本溶蚀殆尽,仅存少量交代成因菱铁矿,同时钾长石类碎屑溶蚀非常强烈,并伴随高岭石等矿物沉淀,以及石英次生加大,还发育片钠铝石等指示高浓度CO_2作用的特征矿物,形成与CO_2流体作用相关的特征矿物组合(片钠铝石+高岭石+次生石英+菱铁矿);而在远离断裂的部位,受CO_2流体影响较弱,溶蚀作用也较弱,有较多的次生方解石沉淀,形成了以方解石+菱铁矿为主的自生矿物组合。前者次生孔隙发育,后者则更加致密。据此提出了深源断裂主控下与富CO_2流体作用相关的储层发育模式,为油气勘探和开发提供了新的思路。     

Rhodophycean algae from the Lower Cretaceous of the Cauvery Basin,South India

The present paper records eight Rhodophycean taxa from the Kallakudi limestone of the Uttatur Group (Lower Cretaceous) exposed in the quarries at Kallakudi and Olaipadi near Govindarajapatnam of the Cauvery Basin, south India. Of these, four species (Melobesioideae gen. et sp. indet 1, Melobesioideae gen. et sp. indet 2, Lithophyllum alternicellum and Pseudoamphiroa propria) belong to corallinaceae family, one species (Polystrata alba) is assigned to Peyssonneliaceae family, two species (Solenopora urgoniana and Parachaetetes asvapatii) are placed under Solenoporaceae; and one species (Sporolithon sp.) is referable to Sporolithaceae family. Among these, three taxa (Solenopora urgoniana, Lithophyllum alternicellum and Pseudoamphiroa propria) are recorded for the first time from India. The study also includes observations on ultrastructural morphological features of Parachaetetes asvapatii. The observations reveal absence of cell fusions, which confirms its affinities with Solenoporaceae. Palaeoecological data indicate that the assemblage from the sequence at the Kallakudi quarry is characteristic of lagoonal to reefal environment, whereas the Olaipadi quarry sequence near Govindarajapatnam points to 20 m to 30 m deep environment characterized by high- to moderate energy conditions.     

苏里格西部致密砂岩气藏储层成岩作用特征及孔隙度定量演化

为了探究鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格西部地区储层致密成因及孔隙演化规律,本文基于铸体薄片、电镜分析和高压压汞等室内测试,通过建立理论计算模型,对其苏48区储层的孔隙演化进行定性分析与量化表征。分析结果表明,区内盒8段储层岩性主要为石英砂岩和岩屑石英砂岩,储层成岩阶段处于早成岩和中成岩阶段,部分达到晚成岩期,成岩作用顺序依次为:压实-硅质胶结-绿泥石胶结-黏土矿物胶结-溶蚀溶解-碳酸盐胶结;量化结果显示:压实作用和胶结作用是造成储层孔隙度下降的主要因素,其中压实作用使得原始孔隙度下降22%,胶结作用使其下降9.81%,溶蚀作用对储集空间有所改善,增加了3.88%的孔隙,最终形成了当今平均孔隙度为7.47%的致密砂岩储层。据理论计算与实测物性数据进行对比,计算结果与实测结果基本吻合,相对误差小于3%。根据成岩作用的作用强度,结合岩石特征分析,可将研究区盒8段储层成岩相划分出4种,即弱-中胶结强溶蚀相、中胶结中溶蚀相、中溶蚀强胶结相和强压实致密相。综合试气成果可知,弱-中胶结强溶蚀相区域气产量较为可观,可将弱-中胶结强溶蚀相区域作为天然气持续上产的主要研究区域。     

塔中西北部上泥盆统东河砂岩与志留系砂岩中重砂矿物特征与地质意义

沉积物中重矿物分布受物源区、构造抬升与剥蚀作用、古地貌以及沉积古气候、古环境等多种因素影响,因此沉积重砂矿物的研究可应用于物源区、沉积环境的分析,阐明构造旋回与沉积作用的响应关系。本文通过对塔中地区中1井等6口探井上泥盆统东河砂岩和志留系柯坪塔格组砂岩中重砂矿物分析,提出了塔中东河砂岩重砂矿物主要来自稳定的基底再沉积及花岗岩来源,但受近源的基性火山岩及岩浆期后热液作用影响较大;志留系下砂岩重砂矿物主要来自下覆碳酸盐岩、花岗岩和搬运再沉积物,总体形成于稳定的、多物源的构造-沉积环境,物源方向可能是东南至西北方向。     

西藏洞错地区多尼组砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

对洞错地区早白垩世多尼组砂岩的碎屑锆石进行了U-Pb测年研究。结果表明,锆石颗粒粒径为50～180μm,Th/U值大,约51颗锆石的比值大于0.4,平均值约为0.64,说明锆石大部分为岩浆成因,部分可能为变质成因;锆石年龄主要分布在7个区间范围(或峰值):3261Ma、2739～2335Ma、1880～1750Ma、1006～657Ma、577～510Ma、456～409Ma和252～202Ma。3261Ma的最老碎屑锆石颗粒说明,其物源区存在古太古代古老地壳的残留。锆石U-Pb年龄谱对应羌塘地块经历的几次构造热事件,验证了洞错地区早白垩世沉积物的物源可能来自北部的南羌塘地块。     

北京平原区中更新世以来的孢粉组合及其古气候意义

通过对北京平原区3个孔（顺义高丽营GZK1孔、昌平马池口CHZK1孔及大兴DZK1孔）的孢粉资料进行研究和对比,分析了北京平原区中更新世以来的气候变化,并将其划分为8个阶段：第1阶段气候较寒冷干旱,第2阶段气候温暖湿润,第3阶段气候温凉较湿,第4阶段气候温暖较干旱,第5阶段气候较寒冷干旱,第6阶段气候特征为早期暖湿,晚期温凉干旱,第7阶段气候较寒冷干旱,第8阶段气候温和湿润。     

吉林万昌地区始新世—中新世孢粉组合及其地层意义

吉林省万昌地区万参一井孢粉化石丰富,自下而上划分5个孢粉组合。Z1组合孢粉化石较少,均为古近系常见孢粉,偶见褶皱粉,时代为早始新世;Z2组合出现始新世特征分子杵纹粉,还有小刺鹰粉、高腾粉及褶皱粉等零星出现,时代为中晚始新世;Z3组合蕨类植物孢子含量为剖面最高值,草本被子植物花粉较Z1、Z2组合有所增加,时代为早渐新世;Z4组合仍含较多的蕨类植物,草本被子植物花粉与Z3组合相当,时代为晚渐新世;Z5组合草本被子植物花粉含量较高,达剖面最高值,尤其以蒿粉+藜粉+菊粉+禾本粉等为代表,时代为中新世。     

Carbon and Oxygen Isotopic Signatures in Albian-Danian Limestones of Cauvery Basin, Southeastern India

The Albian-Danian limestones of Cauvery Basin show a wide range of d¹³C and d¹⁸O values (–13.2 to +1.1% and –9.0 to –2.5%, respectively). The cement samples show negative carbon and oxygen isotope values (–18.9 to –3.9% and –9.0 to –4.3%, respectively). The petrographic study reveals the presence of algae, molluscs, bryozoans, foraminifers and ostracods as major framework constituents. The limestones have microspar and equant sparry calcite cements. The pore spaces and vugs are filled with sparry calcite cement. The bivariate plot of d¹³C and d¹⁸O suggests that most of the samples fall in the freshwater limestone and meteoric field, while few samples fall in the marine limestone and soil calcite fields. The presence of sparry calcite cement, together with negative carbon and oxygen isotope values, indicates that these limestones have undergone meteoric diagenesis.     

辽宁大连地区中-新元古界砂岩盐风化穴的发现及意义

A small honeycomb tafoni was found on the surface of the Meso-Neoproterozoic sandstone in Wafangdian area, Dalian, Liaoning Province. It is located on the surface of the northwest side of the outcrop sandstone layer. On the top surface of the sandstone layer and on the east and south sides, the tafoni was not developed. The whole tafoni is round or oval, with a diameter of 1-5cm and a depth of 1-2cm. Through field observation and comparative analysis, it is determined that it is the salt weathering tafoni. It is formed by the precipitation and crystallization of salt from sea fog in sandstone, which causes the detrital particles on the rock surface to fall off and weathering.     

Stratigraphic status,age, and paleobathymetry of the Grey shale Member,Dalmiapuram Formation,Cauvery Basin,India

Grey shale Member of the Dalmiapuram Formation, Ariyalur Group, Cauvery Basin, India was studied for its stratigraphic position, age, and paleobathymetry with a re-look into the lithological relationship and foraminifer assemblages in the deepened limestone mine excavations at M/s Dalmia Cements, Dalmiapuram. Twenty grey shale samples from Kovandankurchchi (pit-4) and Kallakkudi mines yielded diversified calcareous, benthic, and rare index planktic foraminifera. The foraminiferal assemblages suggest a latest Albian age and middle neritic depositional conditions. The abundance of kaolinite and smectite clay minerals relate to warm/humid climate which corroborate with rising relative sea level during grey shale deposition. The grey shale occurs in patches within the marl bedded limestone member which exhibits cyclic deposition of limestone and marl. The limestone mine sections demonstrate that the grey shale forms part of basal marl bedded limestone, directly overlying the coral algal limestone. The present study demonstrates that the grey shale outcrops in Dalmiapuram Formation should be placed stratigraphically as part of marl bedded limestone. The member status for grey shale which is current usage stands discounted.     

兰坪—思茅盆地宁洱地区新生代玄武岩地球化学特征及意义

宁洱新生代玄武岩主要分布于宁洱县城与通关周围,玄武岩覆盖在下白垩统之上,主要由橄榄玄武岩及橄斑玄武岩组成,具气孔构造,斑状结构,含有较多的斜长石斑晶。宁洱新生代玄武岩为碱性玄武岩,其特征为大离子亲石元素Ba和高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Th较为富集,Ti、Al含量较高,Si含量低,轻重稀土元素分异较明显,表现出明显的Eu正异常,δEu平均值为1.34。宁洱玄武岩的地球化学特征显示其来自于陆内裂谷环境,岩浆来自于富集地幔,分离结晶作用较弱且几乎未受到地壳的混染作用。宁洱玄武岩形成于更新世时期,是兰坪—思茅盆地中轴构造活动剧烈导致新生代活动断裂相互错动,活跃岩浆迅速溢出地表的产物。区域内新生代的断裂构造具有裂谷的性质,可能处于裂谷形成的早期阶段。     

临兴地区致密砂岩气藏形成机理与成藏模式

本文以鄂尔多斯盆地临兴地区上古生界致密砂岩气成藏机理与成藏模式为研究目标,通过测井资料解释、流体包裹体测定和古流体压力恢复等方法,总结了气藏类型与分布特征,分析了其成藏期次、运移动力和输导体系,阐明了形成机理与成藏模式。研究表明,临兴地区上古生界主要含气层位为太原组、山西组和下石盒子组,气藏分布受生储盖组合、构造部位和储层物性控制。临兴地区上古生界主要有2期成藏,中侏罗世为第1期,天然气以CO2为主、含少量气态烃,储层中流体剩余压力较低,裂缝多未切穿石英颗粒,天然气运移速率较低,汇聚成藏规模小;早白垩世为第2期成藏,天然气以甲烷为主、含少量重烃和液态烃,储层中剩余压力较高,裂缝普遍发育并切穿石英颗粒,与断层结合形成了三维网状输导空间网络,流体运移速率大,运移距离长,汇聚面积大,形成了一系列大型气藏,是临兴地区上古生界最主要的成藏期。靠近紫金山岩体的地层,在晚侏罗世到早白垩世期间遭受高压流体的侵入,形成一个以岩体为中心向外逐渐减弱的成藏作用带。临兴地区致密砂岩天然气成藏模式可总结为:“两期成藏、晚期为主;早期非烃,晚期甲烷;超压为主、浮力次之;孔缝为主、断裂为辅;岩性占优、构造偏少”。     

准噶尔盆地中央坳陷莫索湾地区侏罗系三工河组深层致密砂岩气储集层特征及成因*

综合利用岩心、薄片、扫描电镜以及测井资料,对准噶尔盆地中央坳陷莫索湾地区侏罗系三工河组一段致密砂岩气储集层特征及致密化成因进行研究。结果表明: (1)三工河组一段储集层平均埋深超过4500 m,具低—特低孔、低—特低渗特征,属于典型深层致密砂岩气储集层;(2)沉积类型为浅水三角洲—湖泊相沉积,三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂岩为主要储集层;(3)岩石类型以细砂岩、粉—细砂岩为主,主要为低成分成熟度的岩屑砂岩,具有岩屑和塑性岩屑含量高及胶结物含量低的“两高一低”特征;(4)储集层孔隙类型以混合孔为主,孔隙-孔喉组合类型以中细孔-细喉型为主,孔喉分选性、连通性和渗流能力相对较差,微观孔隙结构总体较差;物质成分、压实作用及胶结物充填是3个导致储集层致密化的因素,从而形成三工河组一段深层致密砂岩气储集层。     

Geochemical characteristics of sandstones from Cretaceous Garudamangalam area of Ariyalur,Tamilnadu, India: Implications of provenance and tectonic setting

The Trichinopoly Group (later redesignated as Garudamangalam) has unconformable relationship with underlying Uttatur Group and is divided into lower Kulakanattam Formation and upper Anaipadi Formation. These calcareous sandstones are analysed major, trace and rare earth elements (REEs) to find out CIA, CIW, provenance and tectonic setting. The silica content of fossiliferous calcareous sandstone show wide variation ranging from 12.93 to 42.56%. Alumina content ranged from 3.49 to 8.47%. Higher values of Fe₂O₃ (2.29–22.02%) and low MgO content (0.75–2.44%) are observed in the Garudamangalam Formation. CaO (23.53–45.90) is high in these sandstones due to the presence of calcite as cementing material. Major element geochemistry of clastic rocks (Al₂O₃ vs. Na₂O) plot and trace elemental ratio (Th/U) reveal the moderate to intense weathering of the source rocks. The Cr/Zr ratio of clastic rocks reveal with an average of 1.74 suggesting of felsic provenance. In clastic rocks, high ratios of \(\sum \)LREE/\(\sum \)HREE, La/Sc, Th/Sc, Th/Co, La/Co and low ratios of Cr/Zr, and positive Eu anomaly ranges from (Eu/Eu* = 1.87–5.30) reveal felsic nature of the source rocks.     

塔里木盆地S1井区志留系柯坪塔格组下沥青砂岩段沉积相新认识

在岩心观察的基础上,通过对岩石学特征、粒度、沉积构造、微量元素、测井和地震等资料的综合分析,对塔里木盆地S1井区志留系柯坪塔格组下沥青砂岩段沉积相进行了研究。认为本区该套地层主要发育受潮汐影响的辫状河三角洲前缘亚相。进一步可识别出水下分流河道、支流间湾、河口砂坝等沉积微相。结合地震属性资料,分析了研究区沉积相平面分布特征。水下分流河道微相砂体储集物性最好,河道的多期迁移、纵横向叠置形成了大面积分布的良好储集体。     

Lepidorbitoides (Foraminifera) from the lower Maastrichtian Kallankuruchchi Formation,Cauvery Basin,India: Morphometry and paleobiogeography

The southernmost occurrence of the early Maastrichtian larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) in Tethys is known from the Kallankuruchchi Formation in the Cauvery Basin, SE India, represented by Lepidorbitoides-Siderolites assemblages. The systematics, age and paleobiogeography of Lepidorbitoides here have as yet remained unresolved due to lack of information particularly on the nepionic arrangement, whereas their links with the Western Tethyan and Caribbean biogeographic domains were speculated. Lepidorbitoides, studied from the same level in seven samples in two separate areas, invariably possess quadriserial nepionts and adauxiliary chamberlets, whose mean number ranges from 3.79 to 4.67. The ratio between the sample means of the internal diameter of deuteroconch and protoconch varies between 1.72 and 1.86. The equatorial layer in the early stage consists of arcuate chambers with basal stolons, and ogival-to spatulate chamberlets with annular and oblique stolons in the later stages. These features are consistent with the phylogenetically advanced members of the Western Tethyan Lepidorbitoides lineage, such as L. minor (Schlumberger) and L. socialis (Leymerie), and all samples were assigned to the transitional development stages of these species based on the morphometry. The taxonomic status of some Lepidorbitoides species, originally described from the Kallankuruchchi Formation and widely adopted in previous works, such as L. blanfordi (Rao) and L. inornata (Rao), are not justified. We extend the geographic range of Western Tethyan Lepidorbitoides to southern India.     

柴达木盆地旺尕秀地区上侏罗统-下白垩统风成砂的发现及其意义*

本次研究在柴达木盆地旺尕秀地区上侏罗统红水沟组上覆地层中,首次发现了风成沉积。地层主体为一套棕黄色细-中砂岩,由分选、磨圆好的石英砂组成;扫描电镜下可见风成砂特有的碟形撞击坑和新月形撞击坑等特征;层内普遍发育风成大型高角度板状交错层理,层系厚度巨大,风成沙丘前积层特征明显;发育液化作用产生的牵引褶曲、倒转褶曲等常见的风成沙丘同沉积变形构造。根据岩性和沉积构造特征共在地层中识别出4种沉积亚相: 沙丘亚相、丘间亚相、旱谷亚相和沙漠湖亚相,其中沙丘亚相以风成大型交错层理为显著特征,丘间、旱谷和沙漠湖亚相则以水成沉积为主。风成砂沉积的存在丰富了柴达木盆地中生代的沉积类型,为区域地层对比及西北地区晚中生代古气候和古环境研究提供了新的证据和材料。     

西藏西南部札达盆地新近纪的孢粉组合

札达盆地位于西藏自治区西南部阿里地区的喜马拉雅山区,是形成于晚中新世的断陷盆地。研究剖面位于札达县城南4km的多几东,发育一套良好的河湖相沉积地层。结合前人得出的古地磁结论和地层综合对比,托林组的时代为9.2～2.6Ma,香孜组的时代为2.6～1.7Ma。沿剖面自下而上可划分出6个孢粉组合及对应的植被类型:①孢粉组合1-2(9.2-约5.6 Ma),为亚热带—温带落叶针阔叶混交林,其中9Ma左右气候较寒冷干旱,经历了一次由寒冷干旱向温暖湿润的转变过程;②孢粉组合3-5(5.6-约3.1Ma),由亚热带—温带常绿—落叶针阔叶混交林,期间存在一次暖湿气候的波动;③孢粉组合6(2.8-约1.7Ma),为寒冷干旱气候下生长的温带落叶针阔叶混交林—亚高山针叶林。