坐标转换四参数解算的整体最小二乘新方法

在平面四参数坐标转换模型中,观测向量和误差方程系数矩阵中部分元素都存在误差。提出一种使用整体最小二乘迭代法求解坐标转换四参数的新方法,只改正系数矩阵中含误差的元素,同时使系数矩阵中不同位置的相同元素具有相同改正数,理论上更严谨。设计了平面四参数模型坐标转换实验数据,通过与经典最小二乘、整体最小二乘、混合整体最小二乘3种方法结果对比,验证了新方法的可行性且解算结果更优。     

加权总体最小二乘在重心化Bursa模型中的应用

研究了基于加权总体最小二乘的重心化布尔沙模型的坐标转换算法,针对坐标转换中原始坐标和目标坐标均存在误差的问题,根据误差的影响程度不同而给予不同的权值,利用加权总体最小二乘方法求解转换参数。坐标重心化的方法可以解决布尔沙模型在局部地区容易出现病态的问题,将两种方法结合可以很好地提高坐标转换的精度,通过实例验证了该方法的优越性。     

加权整体最小二乘求解线性模型参数及精度估计

针对线性模型中最小二乘和整体最小二乘方法存在的问题,引进了加权整体最小二乘的方法,并给出了精度估算公式。通过线性模型的实例计算验证,加权整体最小二乘可以得到更加合理的拟合模型,获得更高精度的参数解,具有更小的中误差。     

加乘性混合误差模型参数估计方法及其应用

扩展乘性误差模型的参数估计方法至加乘性混合误差模型,推导了其参数最小二乘、加权最小二乘参数估计,并在偏差分析的基础上推导了偏差改正加权最小二乘估计。模拟计算和分析验证了偏差改正加权最小二乘适用于加乘性混合误差模型的大地测量数据处理,具有二阶近似无偏性,且精度较高。     

三原则整体最小二乘用于平面自由网平差计算

文中在平面网平差中应用整体最小二乘理念.在最小二乘模型中,为了消除观测方程系数误差和未知参数系统误差,加入系数改正数和参数改正数,并提出三原则整体最小二乘模型.研究平差两大步骤,用最小二乘多次改用"参考点组"而选出w个稳定点;用最小二乘多次改用"近似坐标"而消除系数误差和参数系统误差.三原则整体最小二乘适用于平面自由网...     

整体最小二乘法平面坐标转换在基坑水平位移监测中的应用

在参数求解过程中,经常遇到参数估计模型的观测向量和系数矩阵都可能存在误差的情况,于是人们在20世纪80年代提出了整体最小二乘方法。近几年,整体最小二乘才被引入测量领域。本文详细阐述了整体最小二乘法平面坐标转换基于奇异值分解原理的解算过程。在此基础上,把整体最小二乘法平面直角坐标转换应用到基坑水平位移监测中,改进了传统的变形监测数据处理方法,并运用工程实例验证了该方法的可行性。     

抗差加权整体最小二乘模型的牛顿-高斯算法

基于加权整体最小二乘的牛顿-高斯迭代算法,提出了一种抗差加权整体最小二乘模型。利用标准化残差构造权因子函数,并采用中位数法获得具有抗差性的单位权中误差估值,能同时实现观测空间和结构空间抗差。为获得标准化残差,利用线性近似的协因数传播律推导了加权整体最小二乘残差协因数阵的表达式,并给出模型的迭代计算方法。试验结果表明:对于加权整体最小二乘的粗差处理问题,本文提出的方法具有良好的抗差性能,参数估值与不含粗差时加权整体最小二乘的结果没有显著的差异,性能优于直接由残差构造的稳健加权整体最小二乘模型。     

基于罗德里格矩阵的整体最小二乘三维坐标转换模型

首先对基于罗德里格矩阵的坐标转换模型进行了分析,其误差方程中的系数矩阵也存在误差。然后在此基础上提出并推导了基于罗德里格矩阵的整体最小二乘三维坐标转换模型,该模型综合了基于罗德里格矩阵坐标转换和整体最小二乘的优点。最后通过C++编程计算两组不同数据算例说明该方法比基于罗德里格矩阵坐标转换模型具有更高的精度和可靠性。     

一种三维激光扫描点云拟合的抗差加权整体最小二乘法

针对三维激光扫描中点云不等精度且易受粗差影响的问题,提出了一种基于入射角定权的抗差加权总体最小二乘的拟合方法。该方法在采用入射角定权的基础上,进行基于标准化残差和中位数的抗差加权整体最小二乘估计,获得待定参数估值,并通过Gauss-Newton迭代算法,推导了模型的迭代计算方法。以平面拟合和球面拟合为例,分别通过仿真数据和实测数据对算法进行验证,结果表明,对于含有粗差的点云,新方法可以获得更为理想的参数估值,其性能优于抗差整体最小二乘和加权整体最小二乘,可以更好地进行三维激光扫描的点云拟合。     

融合正交几何信息的非线性等式约束整体最小二乘平差及迭代算法

正交距离最小二乘和加权整体最小二乘是解自变量含误差拟合问题的两种独立准则。加权整体最小二乘与正交距离最小二乘不同,它不考虑测量点与拟合点之间的连线垂直于拟合对象的几何信息,不能确保测量点到拟合对象的距离的平方和为极小值。针对该问题,本文将正交几何信息作为约束条件融入加权整体最小二乘,提出一种约束方程带有误差改正数的非线性等式约束整体最小二乘平差法。首先,把加权整体最小二乘平差的函数式看作是非线性方程,连同正交几何约束方程一并线性化,得到线性的平差函数方程;然后,采用拉格朗日乘数法推导其参数估计及精度评定公式,并给出迭代计算算法;最后,以平面直线拟合为例,对本文方法和计算算法进行验证。试验结果表明:①本文方法和算法具有可行性;②与加权最小二乘和加权整体最小二乘相比,本文方法计算的测量点到拟合直线的垂直距离平方和最小;③本文方法计算的测量点到拟合直线的距离与测量点到拟合点的距离相等。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

使用FME与VBA提取机场方格网高程数据

因受机场工程设计软件的测量数据容量限制,基于LiDAR采集、点云分类后得到的地面点云数据LAS不能完整应用于目前设计软件进行设计计算。本文通过对拟选技术方案的筛选,提出了利用FME Workbench数据处理功能,结合VBA编程获取外部方格网平面数据的方法。该方法在FME Workbench中实现了地面点云数据构建TIN、采用逐点内插方法从TIN中提取方格网高程数据、等高线生成及相应图形处理与成果输出。最终通过实际算例证明了该方法的有效性。     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

自动车辆定位导航系统中传感器的误差分析

对国界定位导航系统中几种常见的辅助传感器所产生的误差进行了分析，导出了不同传感器的误差模型。这些误差模型是估计车辆位置的扩展卡尔曼滤波器的基础，同时也为选择适当的传感器提供了理论根据。     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.