A new book on the 'Ice Age World' - a pictorial feast and more than a fresher's primer!

Andersen, B. G. & Borns Jr., H. W. 1994: The Ice Age World (an introduction to Quaternary history and research with emphasis on North America and Northern Europe during the last 2.5 million years ). Scandinavian University Press.     

当前第四纪研究的进展和任务——ⅩⅢ届INQUA大会报告集锦第一部分全球环境变化INQUA对全球变化研究的贡献:研究现状

过去五年间,INQUA成员对参加全球变化研究的呼吁做出了积极的响应。全球变化研究旨在理解地球岩石圈与生物圈相互作用的动力学过程。通过运用不同学科对全球不同地区进行研究,INQUA目前正成为IGBP计划的主要参与者,因为不同学科间的交叉有助于我们完整地理解第四纪时期全球水分平衡、气候波动、大气成分、大洋环流和生物过程间的相互关系。     

从第31届国际地质大会看地层学研究进展

介绍了第31届国际地质大会有关地层学学术讨论的主要内容，包括地质年代表、生物地层学、事件地层学、层序地层学、磁性地层学、同位素地层学、综合地层学、沉积相与沉积古地理、生物古地理、构造古地理10个方面。这些研究可以明显反映出目前国际地层学研究的现状和发展趋势。地层学研究不断深入，特别是一些经典地区和关键层段的研究仍然在不断深入，这些经典地区和关键层段在研究理论和研究方法上的突破带动了整个地层学研究的发展；地层学研究领域不断扩大，服务范围也不断扩大，地层学与其它学科相互渗透，为地层学这门古老的学科注入了新的生命力；地层学各分支学科相互结合，向多学科综合研究的综合地层学方向发展。     

The foundation of the Nordic Union for Quaternary Research (NORDQUA)

A Nordic Union for research workers in the Quaternary has been founded during a meeting on the island of Öland in the Baltic and in the 'Hall of the Union' in the Royal Castle of Kalmar. The aim of the Union is to forward co-operation between scientists in Norden (Denmark, Finlnnd, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden), especially by cncouraging larger rcsearch project, joint field cxcursions and symposia, and by studying educational and labour-market problems.     

The deglaciation of Scandinavia earlier than 10 000 B.P.: The 1978 Uppsala Symposium

The 1978 Uppsala Symposium was organized as a geste d'honneur to the memory of Otto Torell and his Ice-Age Theory, published a little more than a hundred years ago. The Symposium opened with a lecture on the development of the Ice-Age Theory, then four regional surveys of our present knowledge of the deglaciation pattern and chronology yielded new and somewhat controversial ideas about the melting of the Scandinavian Continental Ice, and more than forty individual research reports showed the dynamic scientific situation in Quaternary Geology in Norden. The Symposium and this issue of Boreas form part of the joint Nordic activity within the IGCP project entitled 'Quaternary Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere'.     

East Scandinavian and Noril’sk plume mafic large igneous provinces of Pd-Pt ores: Geological and metallogenic comparison

This paper compares the geological, geophysical, and isotopic geochemical data on the Paleoproterozoic East Scandinavian Pd-Pt province in the Baltic Shield and the Late Paleozoic Noril’sk Pd-Pt province in the Siberian Craton. Both provinces contain large magmatic PGE deposits: low-sulfide in the Baltic Shield and high-sulfide in the Siberian Craton. Multidisciplinary evidence shows that the East Scandinavian mafic large igneous province, which has a plume nature, is intracratonic and was not subjected to the crucial effect of subduction-related and other contamination processes, whereas the Noril’sk province is pericratonic with substantial crustal contamination of the intrusive processes. Low-sulfide Pd-Pt deposits dominate in the East Scandinavian province, while high-sulfide Ni-Cu-PGE deposits play the leading role in the Noril’sk province. The U-Pb, Sm-Nd, and Rb-Sr isotopic data indicate multistage and long-term (tens of millions of years) geological history of mafic large igneous provinces. The plume magmatism with specific geochemistry and metallogeny is probably related to lower mantle sources.     

The deglaciation of southern Sweden 13,500-10,000 B.P.

Because of its well-developed ice-marginal zones, SW Sweden is an important reference area for the study of deglaciation, chronology and palaeoclimate 13,500-10,000 B.P. The ice-marginal zones are described and defined. Earlier research and opinions concerning the deglaciation are summarized. Based on radiocarbon dates from shells, vertebrate bones and limnic sediments, a revised deglaciation chronology is presented. This chronology is supported by biostratigraphic transects of time-space diagrams. The radiocarbon and varve chronologies are compared. Some ice-marginal zones are supposed to be 400 to 900 years older than expected from the varve chronology. The deglaciation chronology is correlated within the southern margin of the Scandinavian inland ice. Various consequences for the interpretation of glacial dynamics, shoreline displacement, and the biological environment are mentioned.     

Paleomagnetic correlations between scandinavian ice-sheet fluctuations and greenland dansgaard-oeschger events, 45,000-25,000 yr B.P.

Two paleomagnetic excursions, the Skjong correlated with the Laschamp (about 41,000 GISP2 yr B.P.) and the Valderhaug correlated with the Mono Lake (about 34,000 GISP2 yr B.P.), have been identified in stratigraphic superposition in laminated clay deposited in ice-dammed lakes in three large caves in western Norway. During both periods the margin of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet advanced and reached the continental shelf beyond the outermost coastline. The mild, 4000-yr-long Ålesund interstade, when the coast and probably much of the hinterland were ice-free, separated the two glacial advances. The two paleomagnetic excursions have also been indirectly identified as increased fluxes of ³⁶Cl and ¹⁰Be in the GRIP ice core, Greenland. This article presents a correlation between ice-margin fluctuations of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet and the stratigraphy of GRIP/GISP cores, using the paleomagnetic excursions and the ³⁶Cl and ¹⁰Be peaks and thus circumventing the application of different dates or time scales. Some of the fluctuations of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet were of the “Allerød/Younger Dryas type” in the sense that its margin retreated during mild interstades on Greenland and readvanced during cold stades. However, some fluctuations were apparently not in phase with the Greenland climate.     

Late Weichselian/Devensian ice sheets in the North Sea and adjacent land areas.

A considerable discussion concerning the extent of the last Scandinavian and Scottish ice sheets has continued for several years. In contrast to earlier models based on an ice sheet extending to the edge of the continental shelf, recent proposals favor a limited geographical and vertical extent and imply that the Scandinavian and British ice sheets did not coalesce in the North Sea. These models indicate an ice-free, open embayment in the northern North Sea and areas of dry land in the southern North Sea region during the Late Weichselian/Devensian glacial maximum. Late Weichselian ice-sheet profiles from the North Sea to the adjacent land areas of southern Norway have been tentatively reconstructed. Low-gradient profiles in the present shelf areas are explained by unconsolidated, deformable sediments on the continental shelf inducing subglacial water pressure and low basal shear stress beneath marginal parts of the Scandinavian ice sheet. Combined with higher basal shear stress conditions in the present mainland areas, this explains the slightly concave and convex shape of the reconstructed ice-sheet profiles in the present coastal and inland areas of western Norway, respectively.     

Chronology and extent of the Lofoten–Vesterålen sector of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet from 26 to 16 cal. ka BP

The interplay between the onshore and offshore areas during the Last Glacial Maximum and the deglaciation of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet is poorly known. In this paper we present new results on the glacial morphology, stratigraphy and chronology of Andøya, and the glacial morphology of the nearby continental shelf off Lofoten–Vesterålen. The results were used to develop a new model for the timing and extent of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in the study area during the local last glacial maximum (LLGM) (26 to 16 cal. ka BP). We subdivided the LLGM in this area into five glacial events: before 24, c. 23 to 22.2, 22.2 to c. 18.6, 18 to 17.5, and 16.9–16.3 cal. ka BP. The extent of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet during these various events was reconstructed for the shelf areas off Lofoten, Vesterålen and Troms. Icecaps survived in coastal areas of Vesterålen–Lofoten after the shelf was deglaciated and off Andøya ice flowed landwards from the shelf. During the LLGM the relative sea level was stable until 18.5 cal. ka BP, and thereafter there was a sea‐level drop on Andøya. Thus, relative sea level (i.e. a sea level rise) does not seem to be a driving mechanism for ice‐margin retreat in this area but the fall in sea level may have had some importance for the grounding episodes on the banks during deglaciation. The positions of the grounding zone wedges (GZWs) in the troughs are related to the morphology as they are often located where the troughs narrow.     

Towards a general model of quick clay development

Torrance (1983) has recently reviewed factors producing high sensitivity in clayey sediments and proposed a general model for quick clay development. He suggested that the mineralogical requirement for quick clay behaviour to develop is that low activity minerals must predominate in the sediment. This is also the essential mineralogical requirement of the inactive-particle, short-range-bond hypothesis of high sensitivity (Smalley, 1971, 1972a, 1976; Cabrera & Smalley 1973; Smalley, Ross & Whitton, 1980). The predominance of low activity minerals causes most of the interparticle bonds to be of the short-range variety which allow/promote the'quick' behaviour—the transition from solid to liquid. In Canadian or Scandinavian quick clays the short-range bond requirement is largely met by the abundance of finegrained primary mineral particles. The very sensitive clays involved in the Tauranga landslide in New Zealand (Smalley et al ., 1980) owed their sensitivities to their content of inactive spheroidal halloysite particles. By many definitions the Tauranga material is a quick clay and its existence provides us with another window through which to view the quick clay problem. Torrance observed that for a quick clay to develop the sediment must have an open structure with a high void ratio. In a classic Canadian quick clay this structure is obtained by the slow sedimentation of fine particles in the salty Champlain Sea; in the Tauranga soil an open structure is obtained by air-fall sedimentation of the initial volcanic particles.     

当前国际环境地质工程(环境岩土工程)研究的热点领域及其相关技术

当前环境地质工程(或称环境岩土工程)(EnvironmentalGeotechnology)国际学术讨论会的频繁召开, 反映了世界各国对解决环境问题的迫切愿望, 预示着一个世纪性的环境地质工程研究热潮已经到来。结合我国的国情分析这些会议所研讨的内容, 将有助于提高对当前环境地质工程热点研究领域的认识, 从而在解决国家所面临的环境问题及经济社会可持续发展中发挥应有的作用。本文是作者对当前国际环境地质工程(环境岩土工程)研究热点领域及其相关技术的集成。由于环境问题的广泛性, 对于国内的传统环境工程地质和地质灾害内容不加重复, 但它们同样重要。     

Mantle fragments in the Scandinavian caledonides

Mantle fragments of ultramafic composition are widespread in the Scandinavian Caledonides (SC). Lenses and boudins of Alpine-type peridotites in the Scandinavian Caledonides represent parts of dismembered ophiolite sequences and fragments of sub-continental upper mantle. Metaperidotites of nappes in internal positions are generally isofacial with the metamorphic envelope, usually Caledonian metasediments but in places also Precambrian metagranitoids forming the basement cores of the nappes. Caledonian metamorphism strongly modified the texture and mineralogy of the peridotites and resulted in a systematic metamorphic pattern which is consistent with the pattern observed in the envelope.

Metaperidotites of the external massifs display at least a two-stage metamorphic history: an early Caledonian high-pressure high-temperature phase related to early crustal stacking and a late Caledonian regional metamorphic overprint which produced a regular Barrovian-type metamorphic pattern of in-situ metamorphism.

Metaperidotites from nappes in intermediate positions (Iapetus Ocean ophiolites and ultramafic rocks from island arc environments) show strongly diverging histories. Metaperidotites from internal ophiolites (oceanic ophiolites, Köli) lack any evidence of subduction metamorphism, are serpentinized to various degrees, show abundant primary mantle relic mineralogies and the Caledonian metamorphic overprint is low. Metaperidotites from external (island arc) ophiolites and other associations (Seve) often show relic high-pressure metamorphism related to the Finnmarkian phase of the Caledonian orogeny. The Seve metaperidotites are occasionally associated with eclogites and show a weak overprint of late Caledonian regional metamorphism. Alpine-type peridotites are absent in the foreland of the Baltic Shield and in the innermost nappes (Lofoten).

The metamorphic characteristics and evolution recorded by the metaperidotites in the Scandinavian Caledonides allow a general reconstruction of the dynamics of collision belt formation.     

Fourth South American Symposium on Isotope Geology （IV SSAGI）

An increasing number of geologists in South America have turned their attention to isotope geology as a tool in the wider context of the Earth Sciences. As a result, a series of symposia on the South American isotope geology (SSAGI) has been organized every two years to provide an appropriate forum for discussion of methods and applications of stable and radiogenic isotopes.     

我国花岗岩研究的回顾与展望

本文中回顾了８０年代以来国内花岗岩研究的概况。阐述了造山带花岗岩的形成和演化,次火山花岗岩的特征,Ａ－型花岗岩的成因,花岗岩形成过程中的岩浆混合作用、玄武岩浆底侵作用与花岗岩形成的联系以及花岗岩的实验岩石学研究方面的问题。展望了下一世纪花岗岩研究的某些趋向。     

Temporal hierarchy of the corporate space

Corporate space is formed by locational decisions. Some decisions result from decisions on product lines. All decisions are made within the framework of financial and personnel resources. The frequency of variation in the framework and in the decisions (highest to lowest) is: Profitability, location, product line/presidential office, core area. This array or temporal hierarchy is derived from three industrial corporations, large by Scandinavian standards.     

Age and extent of the Scandinavian ice sheet in northwest Russia

The last glacial maximum (LGM) of the Scandinavian ice sheet in the Arkhangelsk region has been identified morphologically as ridges and hummocks in an otherwise flat topography. Stratigraphically the limit is marked by the presence of till above Mikhulinian (last interglacial) sediments inside the ridges and by the absence of till outside the ridges. During the LGM, ice flowed into the region from the north and northwest forming a lobe in the Dvina-Vaga depression. The continuation northward, northeast of Arkhangelsk, is still somewhat uncertain, but evidence suggests that the outer margin of the Scandinavian ice sheet was situated in the Mezen drainage basin. Luminescence and radiocarbon dates suggest that the maximum position was attained after some 17 ka ago, and that deglaciation started close to 15 ka ago. This age for the maximum position is younger than the maximum position in the western peripheral areas of the Scandinavian ice sheet. This may be accounted for by initial ice build-up in the west followed by a successive migration of the ice divide(s) to the east as ice growth continued. Deglaciation was either by lateral retreat or isolation of dead ice masses causing areal downwasting.     

水-岩相互作用研究的回顾与展望

总结了2 0世纪5 0年代末以来的水-岩相互作用研究历史, 初步划分为3个阶段: 第一阶段, 5 0年代末— 70年代初; 第二阶段, 70年代初— 80年代末; 第三阶段, 80年代末至今.近年来, 环境问题在水-岩相互作用研究中占的比重越来越大, 也使水-岩相互作用研究获得了更大、更持续的发展空间.简要回顾了地下水成因和地壳中水的地球化学循环, 控制水的化学成分的地球化学过程, 以及水-岩相互作用与地质灾害等方面的重大研究成果.认为有望取得创新成果的领域包括: 地下水地质作用及其资源环境效应, 地下水环境演化与全球变化, 和极端条件下的水-岩相互作用研究.      

Pleistocene sediments of the eastern Barents Sea (Central Deep and Murmansk Bank): Communication 2. Lithological composition and formation conditions

Llithology of massive diamictons was studied in two areas of the eastern Barents Sea using cores and geophysical data. These sediments dominate in the Pleistocene section as two seismostratigraphic complexes (SSC): Upper Weichselian (SSC III) and locally distributed Lower Weichselian (SSC V). Diamictons of these complexes represent tills produced by the geological activity of the Pleistocene Novaya Zemlya and Scandinavian ice sheets. The Upper Weichselian glacial sequence is laterally heterogeneous. It includes two seismic facies represented by ordinary (overconsolidated) tills (they also constitute SSC V) and a spacious moraine of the specific type with the normally consolidated sediments (they avoided compaction by the ice load) and certain lithological specifics. The last glacial sediments were formed in a specific subglacial setting similar to the sediments under fast ice streams of Antarctica. However, the specific features allow us to define these sediments as a new (Barents Sea) facies of tills related to zones of intense basal melting of glaciers.     

地球系统科学的先驱——李四光

地球系统科学从20世纪80年代蓬勃兴起。国内外学者普遍认为地球系统科学（Earth System Science）概念是由美国国家航空航天局（NASA）1983年首次正式提出。然而如果我们重温李四光先生遗著,则不难发现早在20世纪20-30年代他就已将系统论引入地质学,提出了诸如构造系统（tectonic system）、大陆车阀说、海水进退规程等等新概念;1970年在他临终前出版的《天文·地质·古生物》,还将地球系统科学研究内容进一步扩大。可以说,系统科学思想贯彻在他的一生论著中,说明我国杰出地质学家李四光才是真正地球系统科学的先驱。李四光先生有诸多超前思维值得传承,他创建的“地质力学”的内容就是现代“系统构造地质学”加“地球系统科学”。