微生物成因鲕粒研究进展

鲕粒岩在古气候、古环境,以及古海洋领域有着独特的研究价值,然而学术界对于鲕粒成因目前仍没有统一认识.近年来,随着鲕粒形成过程中微生物诱导矿化证据的不断丰富,广为接受的"无机成因"观点正不断受到挑战.本论文从历史和当前视角,回顾了从"藻类参与"到"细菌参与",以及现在"有机矿化过程"在微生物成因鲕粒研究方面的历程,对鲕粒...     

湖相原生白云石的微生物成因机理探讨*

近年来,随着对微生物白云石模式研究的不断深入,为解释“白云石问题”提供了新思路。前人对微生物白云石成因研究侧重于微生物对未固结沉积物的改造,即有机准同生白云石化作用,这与实验室中以微生物为媒介形成的“有机原生白云石”在成因机理上存在差异。笔者将微生物白云石机理引入湖相原生白云石成因解释中,认为在湖水—沉积物交界处也会发生微生物成因的原生白云石沉淀,即有机原生白云石。湖水与沉积物交界处的微环境存在明显区别,总体可分为有氧和缺氧2种亚环境,不同亚环境中生活有不同的微生物群落。根据湖泊亚环境特性和微生物种类及其在白云石形成过程中所发挥的作用,可以区分出细菌有氧氧化模式、硫酸盐还原模式和产甲烷模式3种微生物白云石模式。不同模式对应于不同的湖泊环境: 细菌有氧氧化模式主要发生于有氧、高Mg/Ca值的咸水/盐湖环境;硫酸盐还原模式主要发生于缺氧、高Mg/Ca值的咸水/盐湖环境;产甲烷模式主要发生于缺氧、低Mg/Ca值的淡水/咸水湖环境。另外,还探讨了pH值变化、SO42-的存在和硫化物对镁水合物脱水的影响以及微生物白云石沉淀的环境因子。对微生物成因的原生白云石模式的深入认识,将为湖相白云石成因研究提供新的理论基础和研究思路。     

白云石(岩)有机成因研究现状及进展

白云岩是地质历史中常见的一种碳酸盐岩,但在现代近地表环境下却很难见其踪迹,因此其成因问题成为研究热点。近年来的研究表明,白云石的形成与有机物密不可分。本文在调研大量文献的基础上,从形成白云石动力学障碍这一微观机制出发,探究了其成因。结果表明,微生物的新陈代谢所起的调节作用是白云石形成过程中的关键因素。另外,有机大分子如多糖、羧甲基纤维素、羧基等也能以与硫酸盐还原菌类似的方式促进白云石的形成,这为研究白云石的成因机制提供了新的思路。     

铁白云石矿物学特征及原生次生成因机制

长期以来,铁白云石的命名划分标准混乱,一直被当成高温及次生的产物.综述了国内外铁白云石的研究进展,详细探讨了铁白云石的矿物学特征,特别在其成因中加入了微生物因素,运用地质微生物学探讨原生铁白云石的成因机制.研究认为:（1）铁白云石命名划分依据应遵照国际矿物学会的原则,以铁是否替代白云石晶格中半数镁的位置为标准,分为白云石和铁白云石;（2）详述铁白云石矿物学及其晶体特征;（3）铁白云石成因分为原生沉淀及次生两种,微生物介导形成原生白云石的过程中,有助于铁进入到白云石晶格中,增加晶格中铁的含量.      

浅谈微生物在铀成矿中的作用及研究现状

微生物参与铀成矿的现象与活动证据广泛存在,而且它们互相依存共同实现着对铀元素的成矿作用。微生物参与成矿过程中,存在H2S气体与硫酸盐物质循环、Fe2+与Fe3+物质循环,在循环中能量被传递、电子被转移,促进了矿床中C、N、S、Fe、U等元素的循环,加快了有机、无机物之间的转换,为成矿细菌提供了能源、电子供体、受体,创造了有利的成矿环境,加快了铀成矿的进程。     

白云石成因模式的研究进展及其适用性探讨

在分析大量国内外文献资料的基础上,将现有的20余种白云石的成因划分为原生白云石和次生白云石化两类模式,根据镁钙比等指标又将次生白云石化模式进一步细分为高镁钙比、低镁钙比、正常镁钙比白云石化及其它白云石化4种模式类型,并对其中几种经典的白云石化模式的真实性和适用性进行了探讨。认为蒸发泵白云石化模式和回流渗透白云石化模式受到了普遍认可;混合水白云石化模式遭受到持续挑战;海水白云石化模式和埋藏白云石化模式得到了广泛关注;热液白云石化模式和微生物白云石化模式逐渐成为新的主流模式。     

微生物铁还原作用对蒙脱石保存有机物的影响:以硫酸盐还原菌为例

本文研究了微生物的铁还原作用对黏土矿物有机质保存的影响。将一种有机化合物(十二氨基十二酸)插层到一种富铁的蒙脱石(绿脱石)中,利用硫酸盐还原菌(Desulfovibrio vulgaris)分别对插层前后的绿脱石进行作用,以研究该菌对绿脱石结构中Fe3+的还原作用以及层间有机物的影响。结果发现,1Desulfovibrio vulgaris能够还原这2种绿脱石结构中的Fe3+,且电子穿梭体AQDS(蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸)能够增强还原速率和程度;2硫酸盐的存在能够增加还原速率和程度,表明还原过程中生成的硫化物与绿脱石结构中的Fe3+发生了化学还原作用;3通过X射线衍射、红外光谱、总有机碳分析表明,还原后的绿脱石,其结构层内仍有大量有机物,具有一定的稳定性和保存层间有机质的能力。     

海水中钢铁锈层的微生物成因及其环境效应

研究了海水环境中钢铁腐蚀产物即锈层中的厌氧微生物群落和锈层矿物特征及其相关性。微生物富集培养和初步的分子生物学分析结果表明,海水钢铁锈层中至少生存有硫酸盐还原细菌和铁还原细菌两种厌氧细菌。使用扫描电子显微镜和电子能谱、X-射线衍射仪等对锈层样品进行了矿物学观察和分析。在外锈层和中间锈层,主要是α,β,γ-FeOOH等铁(水合)氧化物。铁水合硫酸盐即绿锈则主要出现在内锈层。初步讨论了厌氧细菌作用下的铁腐蚀矿物生成和转化过程,并提出钢铁锈层微生物和矿物在海洋环境的微生物修复中可能具有重要作用。     

微生物白云岩模式研究进展

白云石（岩）问题一直是沉积学领域长期关注的研究主题之一。近年来,在研究含有白云石的现代自然环境和促进原生白云石的沉淀实验中,都加入了微生物因素,并取得了令世人关注的效果,这无疑为白云石（岩）的成因研究提供了新思路与新途径。在前人研究基础上,总结现有的观察资料和实验结果,将微生物促进白云石沉淀的机理模式归纳为厌氧模式和需氧模式2种,并分别介绍这两种模式中硫酸盐还原细菌、产甲烷菌和嗜盐好氧细菌促进白云石沉淀的机理;与微生物相关的矿物形态学特征中,球形和哑铃形白云石及白云石最初的成核阶段所形成的纳米球粒状结构具有一定代表意义,尤其是纳米球粒状结构可以作为生物矿物学上微生物白云石的标志性结构。通过这些特殊的形态特征来寻找微生物作用的证据,或可为古代相似成因白云石（岩）的成因研究提供一种标志。     

微生物诱导白云石沉淀研究进展及面临的挑战

白云岩成因机理一直是地质学家们关注的焦点,微生物诱导沉淀白云石模式是对"白云岩问题"的重要补充.一方面,微生物作用能显著改善邻近水体化学条件,形成利于白云石沉淀的微环境;另一方面,微生物及代谢产物为白云石沉淀提供成核位点.两者共同克服低温白云石沉淀的动力学障碍.但对于古老地层而言,判识白云石是否为微生物成因具有难度,目...     

新疆乌鲁木齐二叠系湖相微生物白云岩成因

新疆乌鲁木齐地区养牛场剖面中二叠统芦草沟组以发育浅湖至半深湖背景下的中层深灰色、灰色碳酸盐岩、粉砂岩、细砂岩与中、厚层灰黑色泥岩、油页岩的互层沉积为特点.湖相碳酸盐岩以微晶白云岩为主体,其次为微晶灰岩.微晶白云岩主要由白云石、铁白云石及少量方解石等组成,常混有泥质组分且富含有机质.镜下观察白云石主要为微晶(＜4μm)及微亮晶(4-10 μm),极少数为亮晶(＞10μm).扫描电镜分析发现微晶白云岩中存在微球状(直径约9μm)、微棒状(长度约0.3～1.2μm)及微米级它形(＜ 5μm)等3种微形貌的白云石,其中微米级它形白云石在白云岩中占绝大多数.在微晶灰岩中还发现了直径约70-150nm,形态与球菌相似的纳米微粒,具有微生物矿化的特征.研究区白云岩Sr丰度及Sr/Ca比总体持平或略高于微晶灰岩,Mn丰度远高于微晶灰岩,C、O同位素均高于微晶灰岩,暗示了白云岩可能形成于比微晶灰岩更深及盐度更大的水下还原环境,二者之间缺乏明显的交代关系.芦草沟组白云岩的δ13CPDB介于9.2 ‰～15.6‰,强烈正偏的δ13CPDB可能是产甲烷古菌的代谢活动引起有机质碳同位素分馏的结果.以上特征表明,研究区芦草沟组白云石的沉淀可能与产烷带厌氧微生物的代谢活动引起的甲烷生成作用有关.     

白云岩有机成因模式:机制、进展与意义

白云岩是一种常见的碳酸盐岩,它广泛分布在古代碳酸盐岩台地中,却很少见于全新世沉积物中,这构成了一个未解之谜。近20多年的研究成果表明,早期成岩过程中微生物参与的硫酸盐还原反应、甲烷生成和厌氧氧化反应以及有氧呼吸作用能够促进白云石的沉淀:细菌细胞和胞外聚合物(EPS)带有负电荷,能够聚集溶液中Mg2+和Ca2+;同时上述氧化还原反应产生HCO3-,提高了孔隙水中反应物的浓度;这样在细菌细胞周围形成一个对白云石超饱和的微环境,有利于白云石的沉淀。这是一种新的白云石成因模式,微生物活动和有机质是影响白云石形成最重要的因素,特殊的球状形态和碳同位素特征是鉴别有机成因白云石的重要标志。白云岩有机成因模式为认识地质历史时期大套白云岩的成因、探索"白云岩之谜"提供了新的思路。     

Dolomite Mountains and the origin of the dolomite rock of which they mainly consist: historical developments and new perspectives

Beginning in the late 18th Century, the Dolomite Mountains in Northern Italy have been the location for major sedimentological developments, from the discovery of the mineral dolomite to the formulation of the coral-reef hypothesis to explain the origin of the massive dolomite structures that define the splendid scenery of the region. Further, the Dolomite Mountains have inspired voluminous research into the origin of dolomite, questioning whether dolomite is a primary precipitate or a secondary replacement product. Recently, with the recognition that microbes can mediate dolomite precipitation, a new geomicrobiological approach, combining the study of modern natural environments with bacterial culture experiments, is now being used to calibrate or interpret microbial evidence derived from the dolomite rock record. This three-pronged methodology applied to the study of dolomite formation holds great promise for future research into the 'Dolomite Problem' and provides a new impetus to revisit the Dolomite Mountains in the 21st Century.     

Microbial dolomite in the sabkha environment of the middle Cambrian in the Tarim Basin,NW China

In the Tarim Basin, dolomite, which formed during the middle Cambrian associated with evaporites, has been attributed to the sabkha-style dolomite formed during the syndepositional period. The sedimentary microfacies suggests dolomite formation in the middle Cambrian is an ancient analogue of the sabkha of Abu Dhabi. Poorly crystallised dolomite spheroids or ovoids within or on the surface of dolomite crystals are a common phenomenon that can be widely observed in different stromatolites in the upper part of the intertidal zone and strongly resemble the morphology in modern sabkha dolomite-producing microbial mats and in microbial culture experiments. These lines of evidence suggest organic substrates for dolomite nucleation. Dolomite formation in the middle Cambrian in the Tarim Basin has been considered a classic analogue for carbonate and evaporate assemblages. The extent of microbial dolomite in ancient sabkha environments is proposed as an alternative model for dolomite formation, in which the mineral properties of organic substrates play a crucial role.     

Microbial dolomite crusts from the carbonate platform off western India

Abstract The occurrence of Late Pleistocene dolomite crusts that occur at 64 m depth on the carbonate platform off western India is documented. Dolomite is the most predominant mineral in the crusts. In thin section, the crust consists of dolomitized microlaminae interspersed with detrital particles. Under scanning electron microscopy, these laminae are made up of tubular filaments or cellular structures of probable cyanobacterial origin. Dolomite crystals encrust or overgrow the surfaces of the microbial filaments and/or cells; progressive mineralization obliterates their morphology. Well-preserved microbial mats, sulphide minerals (pyrrhotite and marcasite) and the stable isotope composition of dolomite in the crusts indicate hypersaline and anoxic conditions during dolomite formation. The crusts are similar to dolomite stromatolites, and biogeochemical processes related to decaying microbial mats under anoxic conditions probably played an important role in dolomite precipitation. The dolomite is therefore primary and/or very early diagenetic in origin. The dolomite crusts are interpreted to be a composite of microbial dolomite overprinted by early burial organic dolomite. The results of this study suggest that a microbial model for dolomite formation may be relevant for the origin of ancient massive dolomites in marine successions characterized by cryptalgal laminites. The age of the crusts further suggests that the platform was situated at shallow subtidal depths during the Last Glacial Maximum.     

Dolomitization and the causes of dolomitization dolomite reservoir

This paper utilizes multi-methods,such as core observation,slice identification,isotope analysis,trace element analysis,fluid inclusion technique and so on,to study the causes of the dolomite in the Nanpu Sag and the origins of the dolomite reservoir.The study results show that the forming environment of dolomite in the Nanpu Sag is a fresh-water lake environment,and the dolomite is the product of dolomitization which is caused by volcanic thermal fluids in the Early Dongying period.With the development of intergranular pores in the dolomitization process,a lot of dissolved pores/vugs and fractures were formed by denudation in the later periods because of the influence of thermal fluids including the associated fluids of volcanic activities and the expelled hydrocarbon fluids of the source rocks.On the whole,these secondary dissolution spaces greatly enhance the reservoir ability of the dolomite,and there are enough reservoir spaces in the dolomite in the Nanpu Sag.     

新型白云岩珠核的研究

筛选天然白云岩为原料,采用机械磨削和表面处理等工艺,制成新型珠核。这种珠核物化性质与现有贝、蚌壳珠核相近,具有颜色白、光泽强、外形圆和价格低廉等特点。研制和开发新型白云岩珠核,既能保护生物资源和生态环境,又能满足今后珍珠产业发展的需求。     

Formation of lacustrine dolomite in the late Miocene marginal lakes of the East Mediterranean (Northern Israel)

The study focuses on the formation of lacustrine dolomite in late Miocene lakes, located at the East Mediterranean margins (Northern Israel). These lakes deposited the sediments of the Bira (Tortonian) and Gesher (Messinian) formations that comprise sequences of dolostone and limestone. Dolostones are bedded, consist of small‐sized (<7 μm), Ca‐rich (52 to 56 mol %) crystals with relatively low ordering degrees, and present evidence for replacement of CaCO₃ components. Limestones are comprised of a wackestone to mudstone matrix, freshwater macrofossils and intraclasts (mainly in the Bira Formation). Sodium concentrations and isotope compositions differ between limestones and dolostones: Na = ~100 to 150 ppm; ~1000 to 2000 ppm; δ¹⁸O = ?3·8 to ?1·6‰; ?2·0 to +4·3‰; δ¹³C = ?9·0 to ?3·4‰; ?7·8 to 0‰ (VPDB), respectively. These results indicate a climate‐related sedimentation during the Tortonian and early Messinian. Wet conditions and positive freshwater inflow into the carbonate lake led to calcite precipitation due to intense phytoplankton blooms (limestone formation). Dry conditions and enhanced evaporation led to precipitation of evaporitic CaCO₃ in a terminal lake, which caused an increased Mg/Ca ratio in the residual waters and penecontemporaneous dolomitization (dolostone formation). The alternating lithofacies pattern reveals eleven short‐term wet–dry climate‐cycles during the Tortonian and early Messinian. A shift in the environmental conditions under which dolomite formed is indicated by a temporal decrease in δ¹⁸O of dolostones and Na content of dolomite crystals. These variations point to decreasing evaporation degrees and/or an increased mixing with meteoric waters towards the late Messinian. A temporal decrease in δ¹³C of dolostones and limestones and appearance of microbial structures in close association with dolomite suggest that microbial activity had an important role in allowing dolomite formation during the Messinian. Microbial mediation was apparently the main process that enabled local growth of dolomite under wet conditions during the latest Messinian.