Gender,migration and the organisation of work under economic devolution: Ecuador, 1982-90

This study examined the impact of economic deficits due to structural adjustment processes on shifts in the organization of work by gender and migration status in Ecuador. Work is organized according to Lawson's social hierarchy scheme: ownership; authority and control over employees; autonomy in one's own work; and the nature and range of skills used in production. After a brief review of the related empirical literature, the author describes the concepts, categories of, and study area of work and then begins the empirical analysis. Data were obtained from 1,884,816 individual records of economically active persons in 1982 and 2,946,547 persons in 1990, from the censuses of 1982 and 1990 for the entire nation, and from fieldwork observations by Lawson. Structural adjustment policies (SAPs) associated with devolution tend to further aggravate inequities, especially among the disadvantaged. Findings are presented for male and female nonmigrants, migrants, and female migrants. During the 1980s, female migrants experienced primary economic activity, especially as self-employed, family, or low skilled employees; and declines in high skilled public sector employment and service activity, especially in wage labor. The economic impact was greater by gender than by migration status. The shifts only improved the relative position of women in self-employed and ownership jobs. Females lost public-sector employment to males; overall wage declines were more severe in the informal sector. Down-sizing in the public sector and shifts toward capital-intensive production marginalized female migrants. Fieldwork operationalizes losses among females/female migrants.     

Actor-networks and implementation: examples from conservation GIS in Ecuador

Recommendations for implementation and evaluation of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) can benfit from a broader theoretical foundation to support investigation, understanding and improvement. This paper discusses Actor-Network Theory (ANT) as a framework to delineate and evaluate the social and technical interactions involved in GIS implementation. The proposed process traces actor-network interactions through texts, technical objects, people, money and control. Actor alignment, actor-network stability and obligatory points of passage are evaluated to compare actor-networks. Case study research on conservation GIS implementation in Ecuador illustrates these methods. The strength of these actor-networks is examined through analysis of actors' interactions and the presence and function of an obligatory point of passage. Stronger actor-networks exhibit alignment among actors, co-location of an obligatory point of passage with the center of calculation and credit sharing.     

Dialogue, metaphors of dialogue and understandings of geography

Increasingly, human and physical geographers alike describe their research practices as involving dialogue of some kind. However, the widespread popularity of the term belies some very different understandings of its meaning and methodological implications. In this paper we reflect on these different conceptions of 'dialogical' geography as a way, first, of illustrating the broad range of understandings of research methodology now current in the discipline and, second, of identifying their implications for three long–standing controversies in the discipline: relativism and the truth of geographical knowledge, the associated dualisms between subject/object, nature/society, and realism/constructionism, and the potential for unity between human and physical geography. We argue that, while dialogue is a potentially fruitful way of understanding and practising geography, that the defence of it, like the attacks on it, is often misconceived.     

Dykes on Bikes: mobility,belonging and the visceral

This article contributes to growing scholarship on fluidity, embodiment and the politics of festivals. Such scholarship is crucial to understanding belonging as an embodied, visceral experience. Extending on this work, this paper seeks to draw further attention to the fluidity of festival boundaries and experience, by exploring how belonging holds the potential to become detached from location, and be manifested forcefully through movement to and from events. I focus on a group of six Dykes on Bikes members, who rode motorbikes 1800 kilometres as part of a larger group from Brisbane to the Sydney Mardi Gras Parade. Through this exploration I illustrate how attention to the visceral experience of belonging on the move allows geographers to address what holds individuals ‘in place’ so to speak, when attachment takes place through movement. In doing so I argue that the visceral is crucial to understanding belonging as mobile because it provides a framework to stand against universalised discourses that locate belonging within the temporal and spatial confines of events.     

Member checking in human geography: interpreting divergent understandings of performativity in a student space

In human geography, member checking is now routine practice for upholding rigour in qualitative studies, yet it can result in conflicting opinions regarding research interpretations. Here we reflect upon divergent outcomes from member checking research exploring the nature of student experiences in a specific space of a Canadian university law school. While member checking did not yield acceptance of the initial interpretations by all informants, we argue that rather than invalidating our findings, the very disagreement exposed through member checks added to our analyses in important ways. As such, results refuted by informants should not necessarily be discarded in human geography research.     

不确定性视角下的中国省际人口迁移机制分析

人口迁移过程具有内在的不确定性。贝叶斯模型平均方法（BMA）为不确定性问题提供了行之有效的解决方案。然而,当前该方法多用于线性回归模型在变量选择时出现的模型不确定性问题,很少用于空间建模。本文以2010—2015年中国省际人口迁移流为例,将BMA方法应用于空间OD模型,在考虑网络空间结构的基础上选取迁出地和迁入地各7个解释变量及距离因素,利用马尔可夫链—蒙特卡罗模型综合方法（MC³）进行模型抽样,以后验模型概率为权重计算相应变量的迁出地、迁入地和网络效应等,定量分析不确定性背景下省际人口迁移影响因素和空间机制。结果表明：① BMA模型估计结果更为稳健可靠。与单一模型相比,BMA中变量效应估计的90%可信区间明显缩小,不确定性程度显著降低,结果更为精确;② 区域经济社会发展对省际迁移至关重要。经模型空间抽样后,迁出地人口规模和GDP、迁入地教育水平和迁移存量等的变量后验包含概率大于90%;③ 网络效应在省际迁移过程中不可忽视。所有变量的网络效应占总体效应的40%以上,其中工资、城镇化率、教育和迁移存量等的网络效应（绝对值）大于各自的迁出地和迁入地效应;④ 若不考虑迁移建模中的不确定性,绝大多数区域经济社会变量对省际迁移的影响会被高估。     

The place of schools in parents' community belonging

Abstract:  Schools are central community facilities in the daily lives of families with young children. The paper draws on survey and in-depth interview data to describe the role schools play in parents' sense of belonging to community. Māori and Pākehā parents indicated that schools and preschools were the most significant sites to their community belonging. They are a common meeting place, a source for community knowledge, and a point of departure for the development of parental friendship networks, and reciprocity in child care and support. Parents' perceptions of local schools in all socio-economic neighbourhoods influenced school choice and commitment to a neighbourhood. For Pacific and Asian parents schools were less significant as sites of community belonging.     

Playing the Field: Questions of Fieldwork in Geography

Many questions-practical, strategic, political, ethical, personal-are raised by conducting field research. Some of these seem, or are constituted as, separate from the “research itself,” yet are integral to it. In this paper I attempt to cut through the breach that divides the doing of fieldwork and the fieldwork itself by addressing what constitutes the “field,” what constitutes a field researcher, and what constitutes data under contemporary conditions of globalization. Drawing on my work in New York City and Sudan, I argue that by interrogating the multiple positionings of intellectuals and the means by which knowledge is produced and exchanged, field researchers and those with whom they work can find common ground to construct a politics of engagement that does not compartmentalize social actors along solitary axes.     

Where are the sustainable forestry projects?: A geography of NGO interventions in Ecuador

For the past 25 years, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have sponsored an increasing number of sustainable development projects in poor rural areas, but the overall pattern of NGO development efforts has remained too difficult to discern. This paper tries to clarify the geographic dimension of NGO led sustainable development efforts through a mapping of NGO sponsored sustainable forestry projects in Ecuador. The mapping and associated analysis reveals considerable unevenness in NGO efforts with people intensive projects clustering near cities and government assisted projects spread more evenly across all rural areas.     

Experimental study on moisture migration of remodeled clay under different overburden pressure and temperature gradients

Unidirectional freezing experiments under overburden pressure were carried out, in order to study the driving force of mois-ture migration of remodeled clay during freezing, through improving the indoo...     

The whiteness of gay urban belonging: criminalizing LGBTQ youth of color in queer spaces of care

Chicago’s gay village of Boystown has long been linked with whiteness, and in the past decade, tensions have flared between neighborhood residents and queer and transgender (trans) youth of color, often homeless, who come to Boystown for the many services provided by its lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) nonprofit organizations, or queer spaces of care. While scholars have attended to community policing in Boystown through the Take Back Boystown movement, the role of LGBTQ nonprofits has yet to be examined in their role of criminalizing queer and trans youth of color in the neighborhood. Through an autoethnographic approach, this paper explores how several nonprofit organizations in Boystown have adopted policing strategies toward the queer and trans youth of color they serve. I argue that community policing has infiltrated these organizations to further defend and maintain an exclusive gay urban space informed by whiteness, which marks and regulates young, Black masculinities and trans femininities as deviant, untrustworthy, and criminal. Racism diminishes the ability for queer spaces of care to fulfill their mandates of supporting queer and trans youth of color, rendering the neighborhood a space of surveillance and furthering a White gay urban belonging that alienates and criminalizes these youth.     

Inter-provincial migration in Spain: temporal trends and age-specific patterns

"This paper provides interpretation of the changing patterns of internal migration in Spain at the inter-provincial scale, and new analysis of age-specific migration during the 1980s using a 10% sample of anonymised records from the 1991 census. Schedules of age-specific gross migration rates are constructed and classified according to their shape and level relative to the national schedule, and the relationships between in-migration and out-migration rates are examined for four selected age groups to demonstrate how aggregate patterns of inter-provincial migration conceal a wide diversity of age specific experience."     

Welcome to Woodside: Inverbrackie Alternative Place of Detention and performances of belonging in Woodside,South Australia,and Australia

Alternative Places of Detention (APODs) are a new way of detaining asylum seekers in Australia. The establishment of APODs creates a new formal structure of belonging in Australia which challenges everyday practices of belonging and senses of belonging at the local and national scale. This paper examines practices of belonging which emerged following the establishment of the Inverbrackie APOD in Woodside, South Australia. Using a critical discourse analysis approach, informed by the insights of theories of performativity, this research explores the competing stories of two broadly defined groups (opponents and supporters of Inverbrackie) engaged in a dialogue about asylum seekers, refugees, immigration detention and belonging. While opposition to the APOD was vocal and frequent in the lead-up to the establishment of the detention centre, once the Inverbrackie APOD became operational opponents’ voices began to fade. On the other hand, supporters continued to say things—and more importantly continued to do things—to nurture belonging for asylum seekers in Inverbrackie, Woodside, and Australia.     

Dilemmas in international migration: a global perspective

This paper addresses the migration situation and the increasingly passionate public debate that is a result of the presence of aliens in a state's territory. Foreign workers provide the labor necessary to maintain an industrial climate during times of critical labor scarcities. Due to this condition of selected labor shortages, labor importers become increasingly dependent on a constant supply of foreign labor, while the labor supply becomes more independent of the host's actual labor needs. The reality of permanence, especially with second generation migrants, creates social and cultural dilemmas--migrants become more assertive of their economic rights, and natives react negatively to the economic competition. International migration is a process structurally central both to the sending and to the receiving societies. The process has accomplished at least one important goal: it has significantly improved the economy of many families whose members have emigrated. What is needed is better attention to timing, structure, and the consequences of migration in the context of a class analysis that addresses the phenomenon of labor migration in terms of class struggle by migrants, capital, and domestic labor. Home community remains a primary reference point and a principal determinant of behavior for the emigrant. Societies are still quite inept, not only at predicting migration flows and their impacts on receiving societies, but also in understanding the linkages between emigration, return, and the development of the countries of worker origin.