天然变形方解石质岩石的低温塑性

对四套具不同特点的方解石质原岩断层构造岩应用光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜和阴极发光显微镜开展了系统研究。它们都表现出相似的变形显微构造特点与变形作用,宏观碎裂结构与微观糜棱状结构。碎屑颗粒或者变形的原岩颗粒具有发育的晶内变形显微构造(变形双晶、扭折和微破裂等),基质颗粒为弥散的极细粒物质。透射电镜下的微构造表现为反映脆性变形与晶质塑性变形共存的位错     

断层岩中变形矿物的镶嵌状消光及其成因

本文研究了断层岩中变形矿物内部常见的显微构造现象——镶嵌状消光的特征及其产出状态、形成条件和机制。具镶嵌状消光的矿物实质是由若干细粒级的、互相紧密嵌合的碎裂消光亚晶粒组成,它们在形态、粒级以及产出、分布等方面都具一定的特征。该微构造现象是在相对低温、较高差异应力条件下形成的,为岩石脆性或韧脆性变形的结果,为一低温动态回复现象,属位错作用下的亚晶粒旋转形成机制。依据研究结果,作者将矿物在低温条件下碎裂作用的演化过程划分为位错→位错壁→碎裂亚晶粒→碎裂新晶集合体等四个阶段,并确定了镶嵌状消光现象的判別准则。     

断层岩中变形矿物的镶嵌状消光及其成因

本文研究了断层岩中变形矿物内部常见的显微构造现象——镶嵌状消光的特征及其产出状态、形成条件和机制.具镶嵌状消光的矿物实质是由若干细粒级的、互相紧密嵌合的碎裂消光亚晶粒组成,它们在形态、粒级以及产出、分布等方面都具一定的特征.该微构造现象是在相对低温、较高差异应力条件下形成的,为岩石脆性或韧脆性变形的结果,为一低温动态回复现象,属位错作用下的亚晶粒旋转形成机制.依据研究结果,作者将矿物在低温条件下碎裂作用的演化过程划分为位错→位错壁→碎裂亚晶粒→碎裂新晶集合体等四个阶段,并确定了镶嵌状消光现象的判别准则.     

花岗质超糜棱岩的微观构造与变形机制

花岗质岩石的变形方式和过程决定大陆地壳的流变学特性。本文聚焦藏南拆离系超糜棱岩化的花岗质岩石，借助传统显微构造分析方法和扫描电镜、阴极发光、矿相自动分析系统和电子背散射衍射等新技术手段，开展微观组分、结构、组构定量化观测和分析。超糜棱岩主要造岩矿物为钾长石、斜长石、石英、黑云母等，显微构造呈现为单矿物相域与多相矿物混合域交织结构。相平衡模拟与斜长石钙含量等值线变形温度估算结果为390～410℃。单相域的矿物集合体条带主要分为钾长石条带与石英条带，其中钾长石条带内变形颗粒呈现典型的核 幔构造。组构分析表明钾长石颗粒具有强烈的晶格优选定向，残斑与动态重结晶的钾长石颗粒具有相似的晶格优选方位(CPOs)特征。施密特因子法分析揭示钾长石残斑变形过程中主要活动的滑移系为(100)\[010\]、(010)\[001\]和(001)\[100\]，基质钾长石颗粒形成机制主要为位错蠕变驱动的亚颗粒旋转重结晶。在混合相域，矿物颗粒发生强烈细粒化而只含有少量残斑，基质颗粒主要为斜长石，斜长石颗粒间广泛分布微米级黑云母颗粒。斜长石无组构或弱组构，主导变形机制为颗粒边界滑动。在单相域条带与混合相域基质内，石英颗粒均发生强烈细粒化，颗粒表面发育溶蚀结构以及细小的新晶晶核，石英＜c＞轴晶格优选定向及形态学长轴优选定向皆平行于线理X方向，变形机制为溶解 沉淀蠕变。这显示在由单相域向混合相域的演化过程中，流体作用至关重要，流体与单相域钾长石进行交代使其分解为细粒的斜长石与石英，并导致花岗质岩石变形机制由位错蠕变向非位错蠕变转换，并诱发岩石的流变弱化。     

川东台附状逆断层与韧—脆性变形的显微构造特征

川东盆地发育的台附状逆断层，其伴生构造有断层转折褶皱，拖曳褶被、背形堆垛的双重逆冲构造和后陆倾向中的双重逆冲构造，断层岩中方解石的变形，在光学显微镜下表现有波状消光、机械双晶、显微破裂和碎裂等特征，反映了岩石的变形以脆性变形为主，韧性变形为韧－脆性过渡型变形，在变形过程中，断层活动的差异应力值，根据方解石双晶发育程度推导，得出在500巴以上。台阶状逆断层的形成与低角度 断层之间有着密切的关系，其形成机制主要有：（1）形成断坡的滑动和破裂过程，其应变速率大于10^-10/s；（2）位错活动过程，产生阶状断层以及相伴生的褶皱构造，其应变速率在10^-10/s－10^-12/s范围之内。     

胶东东部中生代走滑逆冲构造带的超微构造研究

胶东东部区域上处于秦岭-大别-苏鲁造山带的东端,是中生代的走滑逆冲构造带.进行超微构造研究有利于解决岩石的变形机制问题.应用偏光显微镜和透射电子显微镜方法,进行了胶东东部走滑逆冲构造带显微构造及超微构造研究.研究认为主要走滑逆冲剪切带的石英位错亚构造以线位错为主,并常见位错环、位错弓弯、位错壁、位错列、位错网及亚晶粒等构造型式颗粒等.石英超微位错构造总体反映的是中温或低温塑性变形环境;石岛剪切带、荣成剪切带、牟平剪切带的平均古差异应力值呈现逐渐降低的趋势,跟温度呈反相关的关系.     

对逆冲断层一些普遍观念的质疑──以美国西部科迪勒拉及中国华北的野外研究为例(英文)

在过去的25年里,由于许多原因,作为最常见、分布也最广泛的地质构造形迹之一,逆冲断层成为倍受关注的科学研究主题。文中指出,关于逆冲断层及其几何学特征的许多普遍认识（或观念）,并不像以往文献中所阐述的那样简单。其中之一的"薄皮"冲断构造是受地层控制的,极少有或者没有结晶基底物的卷入。文中主张,"薄皮"一词只有逆冲板片的几何学形态含义,而不应包含地层意义,并列举了一些完全由结晶岩石所构成的薄皮逆冲构造的例子来说明这一主张。近来,逆冲双重构造成为构造文献中的热点。关于逆冲双重构造的成因,引用得最多的是1982年Boyer和Elliot在其重要论文"逆冲断层系统"中所作的解释。他们认为,双重道冲构造是通过在冲断坡底部发生下盘破裂。新生断裂不断向前扩展并进入先存断层下盘的一系列变形过程中逐渐形成的。根据Boyer和Elliot提出的这种变形过程,将形成一个具有平面状顶板断层的边冲双重构造,这个顶板断层只在活动断坡的顶部是主动向前扩展的。依笔者之见,在实际的构造变形当中,是不可能具备形成平顶过冲双重构造的地质条件的。而能对平顶过冲双重构造形成作出最好解释的是反序（out－of－sequence,OOS）边冲断层的发育,即断层向着主冲断层的后方发展,在先存道冲构造的上部?     

柴达木盆地周边断裂超微构造变形特征及其应力-应变环境

通过断裂超微变形构造分析,对柴达木盆地周边断裂构造发育的应力-应变环境进行了较为深入的探讨。研究结果表明:新高泉断裂超微构造以密度较低的平直位错线为典型特征,反映了相对较低的应力-应变环境;大头羊逆冲断裂位错密度高,位错形态复杂,呈弯曲状延伸,局部发育位错环,应力-应变环境较高;绿梁山逆冲断裂的超微构造以亚颗粒的普遍发育为显著特征,表明应变环境已达恢复阶段;纳赤台逆冲断裂的超微构造较为复杂,位错线、位错壁和亚颗粒都有不同程度的发育,表明变形的复杂性。根据超微构造的特征,这对不同断裂的古构造应力和应变速率进行了计算。      

川东断层岩中方解石的位错构造特征

本文主要研究川东台阶状逆断层中断层岩的超显微构造特征。通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)对三个方解石样品的观察与分析,揭示了方解石的位错亚构造有:弯曲的自由位错、位错环、位错缠结、位错网、微双品和堆垛层错。自由位错密度为4.03×10~8cm~(-2)。根据上述特征,说明方解石的变形已基本进入稳态阶段。据自由位错密度与差异应力的关系式,算出了断层活动的差异应力值。     

岩石变形图像分析的计算机统计方法初探

本文利用岩石变形形成的显微构造现象(如压力影、亚颗粒、位错、动态重结晶颗粒等),通过图象分析计算机数理统计方法,来推测地质体变形特征、变形环境、应力状态等。      

Low-Temperature Plasticity of Naturally Deformed Calcite Rocks

Optical, cathodoluminescence and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analyses were conducted on four groups of calcite fault rocks, a cataclastic limestone, cataclastic coarse-grained marbles from two fault zones, and a fractured mylonite. These fault rocks show similar microstructural characteristics and give clues to similar processes of rock deformation. They are characterized by the structural contrast between macroscopic cataclastic (brittle) and microscopic mylonitic (ductile) microstructures. Intragranular deformation microstructures (i.e. deformation twins, kink bands and microfractures) are well preserved in the deformed grains in clasts or in primary rocks. The matrix materials are of extremely fine grains with diffusive features. Dislocation microstructures for co-existing brittle deformation and crystalline plasticity were revealed using TEM. Tangled dislocations are often preserved at the cores of highly deformed clasts, while dislocation walls form in the transitions to the fine-grained     

Deformation mechanisms in granitic rocks at shallow crustal levels

Microstructural observations of naturally faulted granitic gneisses show that feldspar grains are weaker than quartz grains at temperatures below 325γC and at depths of less than 8–10 km. Feldspar grains sustained most of the deformation by grain-scale faulting, slip along cleavage-controlled fractures and cataclasis. Fracture of feldspar grains within fault zones promoted their alteration to kaolinite. Quartz grains also deformed by fracturing, and often healed to form quartz porphyroclasts and mosaics in a comminuted matrix of feldspar and kaolinite. Syntectonic alteration of the feldspar grains may have weakened the fault zones over time and resulted in foliated textures within the fault zones. This study of naturally deformed rocks confirms published experimental results on the behavior of granitic rocks at low temperatures and pressures and, taken together, these data show that the theology of the upper 10 km of the crust is greatly influenced by cataclastic processes in feldspar.     

Crystallographic preferred orientation development by dissolution–precipitation creep

Crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs) in deformed rocks are commonly interpreted as resulting from crystal plastic deformation mechanisms, where deformation is achieved by the movement of dislocations. In this paper we investigate the possibility of CPO-development by dissolution–precipitation creep or pressure solution. A numerical model is presented, which simulates the development of a grain aggregate that deforms by reaction-controlled dissolution–precipitation creep. Grains are simulated as rectangular boxes that change their shape by growth, or dissolution of their surfaces, depending on the normal stresses acting on the individual surfaces. Grains can also rotate due to an applied vorticity (for non-coaxial deformation) and if they have a non-equidimensional shape. For each strain increment, stress that is applied to the grains is the same for all grains, while individual grains deform and rotate by different amounts. A variety of CPOs develop at moderate strains, depending on the reaction rates of the different crystal-surfaces and type of deformation (uni-axial shortening, plane strain pure shear and simple shear). The modelling results confirm that dissolution–precipitation creep may play a role in CPO-development in rocks.     

天山东段推覆构造研究

本文概括性总结了天山东段大型推覆构造的基本特征。根据地质证据和同位素年龄,东天山存在早古生代末,晚古生代晚期和新生代三期推覆构造;根据推覆构造分布规律及构造背景,在平面上划分为五大推覆带、9个大型韧剪带;根据出露岩石的矿物变形相将东天山推覆构造划分为深、中深和浅三个深度层次;通过韧剪变形组构的观察分析,确定了多期韧性变形性质与运动方向。糜棱岩中超微构造、古应力及小构造变形缩短率测量统计,证明东天山推覆变形具有显著的地壳缩短增厚作用。新生代板块碰撞导致本区中新生代盆地基底向造山带A型俯冲,造山带向盆地推覆,其结果就构成了今日看到的镶嵌状盆地-山脉构造地貌景观。     

伸展作用过程中石英变形与重结晶的微观机制

在伸展作用过程中，石英的变形主要表现为三种不同类型变形石英的出现：SGR-R型以中高温条件下的亚颗粒旋转与动态重结晶为主要特点；GBM-R型以中低温条件下的局部颗粒边界迁移与重结晶过程为主；FC型以低温条件下破裂和碎裂作用为主要特点。三种石英变形类型及其变形机制主要受三方面的影响：区域伸展环境的存在；伸展抬升作用过程中变化的p-T条件；变形岩石中的微量流体的参与。     

Cracking mechanisms during galena mineralization in a sandstone-hosted lead–zinc ore deposit: case study of the Jinding giant sulfide deposit, Yunnan, SW China

There are two types of lead–zinc ore bodies, i.e., sandstone-hosted ores (SHO) and limestone-hosted ores (LHO), in the Jinding giant sulfide deposit, Yunnan, SW China. Structural analysis suggests that thrust faults and dome structures are the major structural elements controlling lead–zinc mineralization. The two types of ore bodies are preserved in two thrust sheets in a three-layered structural profile in the framework of the Jinding dome structure. The SHO forms the cap of the dome and LHO bodies are concentrated beneath the SHO cap in the central part of the dome. Quartz, feldspar and calcite, and sphalerite, pyrite, and galena are the dominant mineral components in the sandstone-hosted lead–zinc ores. Quartz and feldspar occur as detrital clasts and are cemented by diagenetic calcite and epigenetic sulfides. The sulfide paragenetic sequence during SHO mineralization is from early pyrite to galena and late sphalerite. Galena occurs mostly in two types of cracks, i.e., crescent-style grain boundary cracks along quartz–pyrite, or rarely along pyrite–pyrite boundaries, and intragranular radial cracks in early pyrite grains surrounding quartz clasts. The radial cracks are more or less perpendicular to the quartz–pyrite grain boundaries and do not show any overall (whole rock) orientation pattern. Their distribution, morphological characteristics, and geometrical relationships with quartz and pyrite grains suggest the predominant role of grain-scale cracking. Thermal expansion cracking is one of the most important mechanisms for the generation of open spaces during galena mineralization. Cracking due to heating or cooling by infiltrating fluids resulted from upwelling fluid phases through fluid passes connecting the SHO and LHO bodies, provided significant spaces for crystallization of galena. The differences in coefficients of thermal expansion between pyrite and quartz led to a difference in volume changes between quartz grains and pyrite grains surrounding them and contributed to cracking of the pyrite grains when temperature changed. Combined thermal expansion and elastic mismatch due to heating and subsequent cooling resulted in the radial and crescent cracking in the pyrite grains and along the quartz–pyrite grain boundaries.     

Factors affecting preservation of coesite in ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic rocks: Insights from TEM observations of dislocations within kyanite

To understand the preservation of coesite inclusions in ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks, an integrated petrological, Raman spectroscopic and focussed ion beam (FIB) system–transmission electron microscope (TEM) study was performed on a UHP kyanite eclogite from the Sulu belt in eastern China. Coesite grains have been observed only as rare inclusions in kyanite from the outer segment of garnet and in the matrix. Raman mapping analysis shows that a coesite inclusion in kyanite from the garnet rim records an anisotropic residual stress and retains a maximum residual pressure of ~0.35 GPa. TEM observations show quartz is absent from the coesite inclusion–host kyanite grain boundaries. Numerous dislocations and sub‐grain boundaries are present in the kyanite, but dislocations are not confirmed in the coesite. In particular, dislocations concentrate in the kyanite adjacent to the boundary with the coesite inclusion, and they form a dislocation concentration zone with a dislocation density of ~10⁹ cm^?2. A high‐resolution TEM image and a fast Fourier transform‐filtered image reveal that a tiny dislocation in the dislocation concentration zone is composed of multiple edge dislocations. The estimated dislocation density in most of the kyanite away from the coesite inclusion–host kyanite grain boundaries is ~10⁸ cm^?2, being lower than that in kyanite adjacent to the coesite. In the case of a coesite inclusion in a matrix kyanite, using Raman and TEM analyses, we could not identify any quartz at the grain boundaries. Dislocations are not observed in the coesite, but numerous dislocations and stacking faults are developed in the kyanite. The estimated overall dislocation density in the coesite‐bearing matrix kyanite is ~10⁸ cm^?2, but a high dislocation density region of ~10⁹ cm^?2 is also present near the coesite inclusion–host kyanite grain boundaries. Inclusion and matrix kyanite grains with no coesite have dislocation densities of ≤10⁸ cm^?2. Dislocation density is generally reduced during an annealing process, but our results show that not all dislocations in the kyanite have recovered uniformly during exhumation of the UHP rocks. Hence, one of the key factors acting as a buffer to inhibit the coesite to quartz transformation is the mechanical interaction between the host and the inclusion that lead to the formation of dislocations in the kyanite. The kyanite acts as an excellent pressure container that can preserve coesite during the decompression of rocks from UHP conditions. The search for and study of inclusions in kyanite may be a more suitable approach for tracing the spatial distribution of UHP metamorphic rocks.     

Deformation mechanisms and flow regimes in limestones from the Helvetic zone of the Swiss Alps

This paper is based on a combined field, transmission-electron (TEM) and transmission-optical (TOM) microscope study of limestones from the Helvetic zone (Swiss Alps) and discusses the deformation mechanisms and flow regimes that governed the deformation of these rocks.During pre-metamorphic regional ductile deformations the limestones deformed by power-law dislocation creep with differential stresses probably not exceeding 1 kbar. Dynamic recrystallization with grain-boundary sliding and grain-boundary migration allowed the grains to be less elliptical than the strain ellipse. A characteristic of the structure is the existence of dislocation-free subgrains. In the footwall of and approaching the Lochseiten calc-mylonite along the Glarus overthrust, grain-boundary sliding becomes more important (shift to diffusional creep or superplastic flow).During a syn- and post-metamorphic deformation, dynamic recovery seems to have become less competitive (no dislocation-free sub-grains), and along thrust faults twinning indicates a shift to higher differential stresses at the close of the deformation.It was not possible to separate these deformation phases on the basis of the dislocation debris. Sub-grain sizes as observed in TEM and TOM were identical.In limestones that underwent cataclastic deformation the rocks seem to have started breaking up along the grain boundaries. The new grain fragments are very small (0.1–0.3 μm) and are heavily twinned. In TEM the old large grains show very long straight glide dislocations, cleavage and, when shattered, ring patterns in diffraction.     

Dolomite-calcite textures in early carbonatites of the Kovdor ore deposit,Kola peninsula,Russia: their genesis and application for calcite-dolomite geothermometry

In early calcite carbonatites of the Kovdor ore deposit four morphological types of dolomite are represented. In the first type, dolomite microcrystals occur as lamellae enclosed by optically continuous calcite. In the second, dolomite microcrystals occur as segmented rods, plates and xenomorphic grains, enclosed by optically discontinuous calcite, and in the third, dolomite is represented by grains of various morphologies, situated along calcite grain boundaries. The fourth type of dolomite occurs as a fine-grained aggregate, which develops along grain boundaries and cleavage cracks of calcite. From microscopic, scanning electron microscope and microprobe studies of these different types of dolomite microcrystals, as well as the calcite associated with them, it can be concluded that the first type of dolomite was exsolved from magnesian calcite during cooling. The second, and the third types of dolomite microcrystals were formed by recrystallization. The fourth type of dolomite was formed by metasomatic dolomitization. As the result of these two processes-recrystallization and metasomatic dolomitization-early dolomite microcrystals seldom occur. The composition of the early-formed primary magnesian calcite yielded temperatures of exsolution of dolomite from magnesian calcite between 665 and 700°C.     

Rock pulverization and localization of a strike-slip fault zone in dolomite rocks (Salzach–Ennstal–Mariazell–Puchberg fault,Austria)

Detailed investigations of dolomite fault rocks, formed at shallow crustal depths along the Salzach–Ennstal–Mariazell–Puchberg (SEMP) fault system in the Northern Calcareous Alps, revealed new insights into cataclasite formation. The examined Miocene, sinistral strike-slip faults reveal grain size reduction of dolomite host rocks by tensile microfracturing at a large range of scales, producing rock fragments of centimetre to micrometre sizes. In situ fracturing leads to grain size reduction down to grain sizes <25 μm, producing mosaic breccias and fault rocks which have previously been described as “initial/embryonic” and “intermediate” cataclasites. At all scales, grain fragments display little to no rotation and no or minor evidence of shear deformation. The observed microstructures are similar to those previously described in studies on pulverized rocks. Microstructural investigations of cataclasites and mosaic breccias revealed aggregations of small dolomite grains (<50 μm) that accumulated on top of large fragments or as infillings of V-shaped voids between larger grains and show constant polarity throughout the investigated samples. Fabrics indicate deposition in formerly open pore space and subsequent polyphase cementation. The newly described tectonic geopetal fabrics (geopetal-particle-aggregates, GPA) prove that these faults temporarily passed through a stage of extremely high porosity/permeability prior to partial cementation.