Correlation between mineralization intensity and fluid–rock reaction in the Xinli gold deposit,Jiaodong Peninsula,China: Constraints from petrographic and statistical approaches

The Jiaodong Peninsula, the most productive gold province in China, is dominated by Jiaojia-type gold deposits that formed at ca. 120 Ma. The deposits are characterized by widespread alteration and mineralization resulted from fluid–rock reactions in the footwall of regional faults. It is known that the interrupted appearance of continuous mineralization zones and barren zones along regional faults is controlled by changes in the dip direction and dip angle of these faults, which can cause local dilational sense. In the continuous mineralization zone, intensive fluid–rock reactions occurred. Yet whether and how the fluid–rock reaction impacted on the mineralization intensity are not well constrained. In this study, we selected the Xinli Jiaojia-type gold deposit associated Sanshandao–Cangshang fault, located on the northwest margin of the Jiaodong Peninsula, to examine in detail the distribution of orebody parameters and to observe the mineralization occurrences. We applied the number–size fractal model and the lacunarity method to quantify the distribution of gold concentration along drifts, with the goal of clarifying the ambiguities noted above. The drifts in continuous mineralization zones can be divided into stable and unstable types, according to lateral changes in the dip direction and dip angle of the Sanshandao–Cangshang fault. Stable and unstable drifts share several common features. (1) Statistical results show that changes in the dip direction and dip angle of this fault bear almost no relationship to the thickness or grade–thickness of the orebody. (2) Mineralization along drifts is most intense at some distance from the fault plane rather than at locations immediately adjacent to the fault plane where fracturing is most extensive and, according to fluid infiltration theory, would be the most likely regions of intense mineralization. (3) Gold-bearing sulfide pods and veinlets in the alteration zone commonly possess irregular and corroded boundaries that are considered to be an indicator of fluid–rock reactions. (4) The threshold (the gold concentration that divides a segment with a lower fractal dimension in a lower concentration range from one with a higher fractal dimension in a higher concentration range) and the lacunarity (the parameter that evaluates the evenness of high gold concentration distribution) show positive and negative relationships, respectively, to the thickness and grade–thickness of a drift. We thereby argue on the basis of these features that fluid–rock reactions were an important factor responsible for the mineralization upgrade in continuous mineralization zones. An increase in the threshold and a decrease in the lacunarity indicate that fluid–rock reactions causing gold precipitation are more intensive and more evenly distributed throughout the footwall for better mineralization. These phenomena suggest that fluid–rock reactions responsible for the gold precipitation possibly own the characteristics of spatial self-organization mechanism, which is widely developed in various geological fluid–rock reaction processes.     

Self-similar fractal analysis of gold mineralization of Dayingezhuang disseminated-veinlet deposit in Jiaodong gold province,China

The mineralization degree in drifts in the Dayingezhuang disseminated-veinlet gold deposit in Jiaodong gold Province, China, can be categorized into non-mineralized, weakly mineralized, moderately mineralized and intensely mineralized ranks based on the number of the gold grades greater than cut-off. The grades sampled equidistantly and continuously along different drifts at − 140 m, − 175 m and − 210 m levels of the deposit are systematically calculated via the self-similar fractal model. The grade distributions often show bifractal characteristics, including two or three non-scale ranges. It shows that with the increase of mineralized rank, the fractal dimension of the second non-scale range decreases and the corresponding threshold becomes greater. The dimension decrease comes from the increase of proportion of the wider microfracture in the ore-controlling structure system; and the threshold increase is a result from the magnitude elevation of the microfractures from the extension-shear zone to compression-shear zone. The smaller fractal dimension means the proportion of the higher gold grades increases, suggesting the thickness of the orebody is proportional to its mean gold grade.     

Multifractal Modeling and Lacunarity Analysis

The so-called gliding box method of lacunarity analysis has been investigated for implementing multifractal modeling in comparison with the ordinary box-counting method. Newly derived results show that the lacunarity index is associated with the dimension (codimension) of fractal, multifractal and some types of nonfractals in power-law relations involving box size; the exponent of the lacunarity function corresponds to the fractal codimension (E – D) for fractals and nonfractals, and to the correlation codimension (E – lpar;2)) for multifractals. These results are illustrated with two case studies: De Wijs's zinc concentration values from the Pulacayo sphalerite-quartz vein in Bolivia and Cochran's tree seedlings example. Both yield low lacunarities and slightly depart from translational invariance.     

基于时间序列分形的济南岩溶大泉动态研究

为研究岩溶大泉动态变化的影响机制,以济南泉域为例,根据2003年关闭地下水供水水源地以来趵突泉及黑虎泉的泉水位、泉域内降水量、地下水开采及人工补源资料,采用分形理论中时间序列分形维数法,计算各要素数据序列分维值及稳定性指数,结果表明:旬尺度下泉水位分维值大于月尺度下泉水位分维值;奥陶系灰岩分布区雨量站降水量分维值较小,但奥陶系灰岩降水入渗补给条件好,因此与泉群的水位波动关系更为密切。各泉水位影响因素中,人工补源因素的稳定性最差,极易受外界因素干扰发生改变。利用灰色关联度验证分析表明降水量、人工开采量、人工补源量与趵突泉泉水位的关联度分别为0. 858、0. 647、0. 667,与黑虎泉泉水位的关联度分别为0. 859、0. 646、0. 668;关联度总体排序为:降水量>人工补源量>人工开采量,说明2003年以来影响泉水位动态的首要因素是大气降水并非人工开采,即泉水动态主控因素发生转变。在分析了泉域资源量的演化基础上,对各影响因素的分维值与泉水位动态分维值进行回归分析认为,为保持泉水持续喷涌奥陶系灰岩分布区更适宜作为泉水人工补源地带。研究结果为济南岩溶大泉的保护提供科学依据。     

黑龙江省逊克县高松山金矿床地质分形特征及成矿预测

高松山金矿床是中国人民武装警察部队黄金第一支队在小兴安岭-张广才岭成矿带北段发现的大型浅成低温热液矿床,随着研究的深入,发现其具有优越的成矿地质条件和良好的找矿前景。在总结前人成果的基础上,文章利用分形学理论对金矿资源量和品位进行了分析,结果显示资源量在大于250 kg标度区间时,分维数D值为1.69,表明资源量在该区段内的普查存在较好的前景,同时,品位分维数D值为1.10~1.40时,其成矿仅与细脉状烟灰色石英-细粒黄铁矿成矿阶段紧密相关。利用钻孔资料分析品位在垂向上的分形特征发现,分维数D值介于1~1.5时,表现为垂向不圈闭延伸,反映其深部可能存在隐伏矿体。在资源评价方面,通过对断裂构造似等距控矿规律的研究,结合帕累托定律（Pareto law）和阻尼曲线模型,对深部可能存在的矿体规模和部位进行了预测,资源量大于4960 kg的矿体仍有2处未发现,中等资源量规模的矿体存在巨大空间,同时,预测隐伏矿体可能在已有地表矿体相间部位的深部。     

混沌理论与大气边界层湍流研究

简述了混沌理论的发展及其判别方法,阐明混沌理论的建立给大气科学中的湍流研究带来了新的启示;介绍了近期混沌理论在大气边界层湍流研究中的应用结果,这些结果表明大气边界层湍流具有很强的混沌特性,且存在低维奇怪吸引子。最后提出了有待进一步研究的问题。     

辽宁省北沟地区角砾岩型金矿地质特征

北沟地区金矿产在中元古界蓟县系雾迷山组碳酸盐岩建造中。矿石类型为角史岩型。矿物组合简单，矿石中金的浸出率高。矿体理藏浅、规模大、金品位稳定。是长城式金矿在辽宁的首例发现。     

Fractal Analysis of the Gray-Scale Intensity Data of Finely Laminated Sediments from Bainbridge Crater Lake, Galápagos

The gray-scale intensity data of finely laminated sediments from Bainbridge Crater Lake, Galápagos, were analyzed in terms of Hurst exponent and fractal dimension. The sediment record preserved in this volcanic maar provides a continuous history of past El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events over the last 6200 years. Accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon data show that sedimentation rate was not constant for whole core. To take into consideration this fact gray-scale intensity data from analyses of X-radiography images of a 4.1 m long core from this basin were divided into Data 1 and Data 2. Data 1 corresponds to the more recent part of stratigraphic sequence, which was deposited since 3000 yr BP; Data 2 is from the earlier part of record between 6200 and 3000 yr BP. A persistent behavior with a Hurst exponent of H = 0.88 and H = 0.8 was found by power spectrum analysis method for Data 1 and Data 2, respectively. The width method of analysis shows that ENSO fluctuation before 3000 yr BP had a persistent behavior on a time-scale up to 26 years, while the more recent El Niño occurrences have a persistent behavior on a time-scale up to 5.6 years.     

地层含金性评价的分数维研究———以琼西抱板群为例

摘 要　 利用分形理论研究了琼西抱板群金含量分布的分数维结构特征‚并对其含金性作出 评价。结果表明‚较小的分维及具有多标度分形‚有利于金矿化的产出。     

海南岛中西部金矿集中区断裂构造的分形研究

利用数盒子法对海南岛中西部金矿集中区断层分布统计表明 :断层系统在 5～ 75km尺度内符合分形分布 ,其分维值为 1 .70。根据成矿系统的差异 ,将全区分为 9个子区块 ,各子区块断层系统在 2 .5～ 2 5km尺度内均符合分形分布 ,其分维值介于 0 .6 6～ 1 .72之间。断层分维值的大小可作为判断矿化强弱的指标 :断层的分维值≥ 1 .5 ,是矿化集中区的标志 ;分维值小于 1 .4 ,不利于规模成矿 ;断层的分维值较大 ,是形成金矿化的有利条件 ,若形成超大型矿床 ,则断层系统需处于临界分维状态(Dc≈ 1 .5 )。白沙元门地区断层分维 (D =1 .4 9)接近于临界分维 ,预示该区有良好的找矿前景。基于离散元方法 (UDEC)的数值模拟显示 :随着断层分维值增大 ,则变形趋强、连通性更好、渗透率增大 ;临界状态下断层间的连通性好 ,变形及渗透率突然增加且变形及流体流动局限于骨干断层中 ,即临界状态下最有利于形成含矿流体的局域化分布     

测井数据滑动窗关联维计算和沉积学分析

应用滑动窗关联维计算方法对鲁北济阳坳陷某钻井剖面石炭系—二叠系陆表海沉积层段GR测井响应数据进行了分形维数计算,结果表明海侵体系域关联维数一般较小,且维数曲线振荡变化较弱,而高水位体系域则相反。这与海侵体系域形成时海平面上升的主控因素压制或掩盖了其他因素的显现有关,同时也证明测井序列分形分析能从另一个新的视角观察识别测井序列中所包含的地质信息。随着分形方法应用研究的不断开展,必将从测井数据中挖掘出更多的有用信息,指导油气等资源勘探与开发,丰富及完善测井地质学理论。相信将来分形会成为地质数据分析的标准工具。     

成矿元素巨量聚集的混沌机制——斑岩型和构造蚀变岩型矿床例析

成矿元素含量的变化受控于成矿系统内部的动力学过程,具有较强的随机性与混沌特征,对其变化特征的定量刻画有助于深入理解成矿过程,并为找矿预测提供理论依据。本文以三江普朗斑岩型铜矿的Cu元素与胶东大尹格庄构造蚀变岩型金矿的Au元素品位序列为研究对象,运用混沌时间序列分析法中的相空间重构技术、吸引子的关联维及最大Lyapunov指数解析了Cu与Au元素品位序列的分布特征。结果显示:斑岩型铜矿强矿化和中矿化Cu元素品位的饱和关联维介于4.42与9.69之间,饱和嵌入维介于25与28之间,最大Lyapunov指数介于0.0021与0.0661之间,弱矿化勘探线Cu元素关联维没有出现饱和现象,最大Lyapunov指数随着嵌入维的增大,由正数变为负数;构造蚀变岩型金矿的强矿化勘探线Au元素的关联维为3.18,饱和嵌入维为23,最大Lyapunov指数为0.0082,而中矿化和弱矿化勘探线Au元素的关联维没有出现饱和现象,且随着嵌入维的增大,最大Lyapunov指数由正数变为负数,表明斑岩型中-强矿化地区的Cu元素和构造蚀变岩型强矿化区域的Au元素品位序列具有混沌动力学特征,而弱矿化地区的Cu元素及中弱矿化地区的Au元素品位序列则具有更强的随机性特征;同时,具有混沌特征的斑岩型铜矿的饱和嵌入维和关联维及最大Lyapunov指数的均值都大于蚀变岩型矿床,说明斑岩型铜矿比蚀变岩型矿床的元素具有更强混沌特性与更复杂的控制因素,如温度、硫化作用、流体不混溶、蚀变叠加等。     

广西贺州水岩坝矿田断裂构造分形特征分析

文章基于盒计维数法对水岩坝矿田断裂构造进行了系统的定量分析,结果显示矿田内不同尺度的断裂构造具有良好的自相似性。其中,断层的分维值为1.3475;矿田中部的烂头山矿床节理和手标本微裂隙的平均分维值分别为1.7841和1.3310;在子区分维高次趋势图上,分维高值区总体延伸趋势为北西向,与矿田断层构造总体展布趋势相吻合。平面上,烂头山矿床正常围岩微裂隙、蚀变围岩微裂隙和矿(化)体微裂隙的平均分维值分别为1.2097、1.3310和1.8622,表明矿化程度的高低与其微裂隙分维值的大小成正比;垂向上,烂头山矿床露头节理平均分维值随高程的升高而增大,显示烂头山矿床具有含钨石英脉型的"五层楼"模式特点。此外,水岩坝矿田内已知矿床(点)均位于分维高值区,说明分维值的高低与已知矿床(点)的分布具有耦合性。     

The perimeter-area fractal model and its application to geology

Perimeters and areas of similarly shaped fractal geometries in two-dimensional space are related to one another by power-law relationships. The exponents obtained from these power laws are associated with, but do not necessarily provide, unbiased estimates of the fractal dimensions of the perimeters and areas. The exponent (D_AL) obtained from perimeter-area analysis can be used only as a reliable estimate of the dimension of the perimeter (D_L) if the dimension of the measured area is D_A=2. If D_A<2, then the exponent D_AL=2D_L/D_A>D_L. Similar relations hold true for area and volumes of three-dimensional fractal geometries. The newly derived results are used for characterizing Au associated alteration zones in porphyry systems in the Mitchell-Sulphurets mineral district, northwestern British Columbia.     

基于Hurst指数的矿化强度识别－以山东大尹格庄金矿为例

探索成矿元素分布的分形特征是揭示矿化富集程度的重要途径之一。运用重标极差分析（R/S）方法,研究了山东大尹格庄金矿-210 m中段多勘探线Au品位序列随采样尺度变化的趋势,探讨元素序列的Hurst指数与矿化强度的关系。结果显示:具有不同矿化强度的勘探线Au的Hurst指数存在明显差异,且均大于0.5;矿化连续分布或间断出现的勘探线元素品位序列的Hurst指数大于0.65,表明元素序列具有标度不变性和长相关性,序列的持续强度与矿化程度基本一致,可为区域矿化强度定量识别提供一种新的有效方法。     

江西德兴铜厂斑岩体铜品位的分形结构

铜厂斑岩体铜品位空间分布的分形研究表明,７个钻孔的铜品分布具有统计自相似性。铜吕位分维值由斑岩体南东侧向北西侧逐次增大,并在上盘表现为双重分维结构,表明铜厂玉岩体铜主要来自岩浆。     

矿床最佳工业指标的探讨

工业指标是矿床勘探、开发的依据,是矿床经济评价、矿山生产调节和取得最好经济效益的基本因素。因此,在地质勘探、矿山开发的各个阶段,最需选择最佳工业指标,以保证资源的合理开发利用。笔者通过湘西某矿山的各项技术经济指标的实施情况,按收支平衡法计算了金、锑、钨的最低工业品位,不但扩大了矿山保有储量,而且找出了生产管理上的弊病,从而保证了矿山最好的经济效益。     

河南祁雨沟金矿及外围高植被区遥感找矿预测

应用ENVI4.8软件,对河南嵩县祁雨沟金矿及外围ETM+遥感数据通过主成分分析、彩色合成、直方图拉伸、监督分类等方法,成功地提取了高植被覆盖区遥感影像上金的植物地球化学异常信息。利用卷积滤波和形态学分析方法进行线性构造解译,利用计盒维数法求得研究区的线性构造分维值,得出本区线性构造具有良好的统计自相似性和分形特征。比较线性构造分维等值线图和植物地球化学异常图可知,线性构造集中区与植被异常区基本吻合,区内已知85%以上的矿点分布于植被异常和线性构造集中区。综合分析地层岩性、岩浆岩、矿点、线性构造分维等值线特征和遥感植被异常特征等信息,圈出了三级9个找矿靶区。     

湘西金矿含矿石英脉厚度变化的分形和混沌分析

本文对湘西金矿主要矿脉的厚度变化进行了分形分析。各矿脉的厚度变化均具有分形结构特征,其中V1脉的分维值最小,V4脉的分维值最大;并且同一条矿脉在不同中段的分维值也有较大变化。通过对矿脉厚度变化的相空间重构,表明各矿脉厚度空间变化序列均为混沌演化序列,在相空间维数达到6～7时出现混沌吸引子,混沌吸引子的分维值为1.2～6.0。矿脉厚度变化的分维值越小,矿脉的平均厚度越大,其构造和流体活动也越强烈。构造变形、流体活动、矿物沉淀与岩石渗透率之间的非线性耦合作用以及矿脉通过连通而生长是导致矿脉厚度分形分布与混沌演化的主要动力学机理。     

黑河地区金矿开发的环境影响研究

黑河地区是我国重要的矿产资源集中地,辖区矿产资源非常丰富,采取相应的措施有效做好黑河辖区矿产资源的可持续开采,对国家及黑河地区的经济社会发展具有非常重要的意义。文章重点分析了黑河地区的金矿赋存条件以及当前金矿的开发利用现状,明确了在金矿开发过程中存在的诸多环境影响问题,提出了黑河地区金矿开发开采过程中的环境指标评价体系。