青蛤盐田育苗试验

青蛤Cyclinasinensin(Gmelin)又称黑蛤、铁蛤、牛眼蛤,为暖水性种类,分布于我国沿海和河口沿岸的潮间带。其肉味鲜美,营养丰富,属高蛋白食品,而且还具有药用价值。近几年来,由于生态环境遭到破坏,加上人为的滥采酷捕,资源严重衰竭。为了更合理地开发利用青蛤资源,作者继青蛤土池育苗成功后,又在江苏、浙江等地的盐田“蒸发一”(也就是盐田的第一级蒸发格)进行青蛤育苗试验,取得理想成果。1　材料与方法1.1　亲贝选择6月下旬(水温为21～25℃)采捕亲贝,选择个体大、外壳完整、健康、性腺成熟的亲贝,放于通风阴凉处,阴干1夜后,均匀地撒布于“…     

海湾扇贝混交家系中优先受精以及自然选择压力下杂合子过剩的研究

以中国海湾扇(Argopecten irradians)贝养殖群体为亲本分别构建了5个配对混交的海湾扇贝混交系,通过5对微卫星分子标记为手段对海湾扇贝卵子在同一个体和不同个体精子间的优先受精问题和不同生命阶段的海湾扇贝混交系杂合子比例的变化进行了研究。结果发现在受精后6 h的担轮幼虫期3个混交系中有2个混交系杂合子显著过剩。5个混交系的1d D形幼虫、20d稚贝、40d稚贝、3个月稚贝以及成贝在自然选择压力下杂合子比例逐渐上升,以壳长计算的杂交优势率也呈逐渐上升趋势,并且各个阶段的杂合子比例同杂交优势率的变化成显著正相关。     

应用MSAP技术研究扇贝全基因组DNA甲基化水平

DNA甲基化作为真核生物基因组重要的表观遗传学修饰,对生物体基因的表达有重要的调控作用。为获得扇贝基因组DNA甲基化修饰水平及模式等表观遗传学信息,以栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)、海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)、虾夷扇贝(Mizuhopecten yessoensis)以及本课题组培育的"海大金贝"为材料,建立了甲基化敏感扩增多态性方法(Methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism,MSAP)的反应体系,利用该方法对其基因组DNA CCGG区域的甲基化水平进行分析。结果表明,本研究筛选得到的引物组合可用于贝类DNA甲基化的研究,在栉孔扇贝、海湾扇贝、普通虾夷扇贝和"海大金贝"的甲基化比例分别为32.08%、25.99%、32.88%和34.97%。几种扇贝基因组CCGG序列中,胞嘧啶的全甲基化率要高于半甲基化率,推测扇贝基因组中主要的甲基化模式是CpG型。通过对"海大金贝"和普通虾夷扇贝闭壳肌甲基化谱进行比较,筛查得到46个差异位点,这些位点可能参与"海大金贝"闭壳肌积累类胡萝卜素的调控。     

海湾扇贝养殖过程中的流行病学调查研究

2001~2002年,对莱州湾养殖海湾扇贝进行了较系统地流行病学调查研究.以海湾扇贝养殖集中海区莱州市金城镇扇贝养殖场为定点调查和样品采集点.调查内容主要包括海湾扇贝各养殖期的死亡率和可疑病原生物检测,同时对pH,溶解氧,温度,盐度等理化环境因子进行连续监测.调查结果显示:海湾扇贝在0.5~1.3cm的幼贝阶段死亡率较高,达50%;随后死亡率降低,1.3~2.2cm的幼贝阶段死亡率约为20%,以后各阶段死亡率平稳,均在7%以下,累积死亡率约为60%.对环境理化因子的调查显示,pH,溶解氧、盐度的变化幅度不大,与扇贝死亡率无明显相关性;温度变化与死亡率有一定的相关性,即低温(20℃以下)可能是养殖海湾扇贝幼贝重要的环境胁迫因子,而高温(27℃左右)对海湾扇贝成贝生长无不良影响.通过对可疑致病性生物因子的调查研究及病理学观察表明,海湾扇贝在养殖过程中可感染多种微生物,其中原核微生物类立克次体(RLO)在养殖过程各生长阶段均可检出,即0.5,1.5,3.0,3.6和5.0cm的海湾扇贝RLO的感染率分别为15%,35%,80%,50%和20%;RLO的感染强度分别为1.0,1.5,16.0,11.5和5.0.在病原生物检查过程中,除RLO以外还发现有类支原体原核生物(MLO)寄生.结合感染强度和组织病理学的相关性分析,初步认为类立克次体(RLO)可能是海湾扇贝在海上吊养的幼贝阶段发病死亡的致病因子.     

栉孔扇贝自然海区人工采苗

栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri(Jones et preston)肉细嫩鲜美,营养丰富,经济价值很高,是人民喜爱的食品。在国外市场上也深受欢迎,被人们称誉为海珍品之一。据报导:从扇贝的生殖腺中提炼出一种物质有摧毁癌细胞的功能,这样就使扇贝的“身价”显得更为贵重。它主要分布在我国北方沿海一带,由于过去酷捕和海况的变化,近几年来,扇贝产量急剧下降。为加速扇贝生产的发展,我县在人工育苗和五年自然海区人工采苗小型试验的基础上,大面积人工采苗生产已进行了两年。两年的实践证明,解决扇贝苗种问题,有两条途径,在有亲贝资源的海区以人工采苗为主,无亲贝资源的环境应以人工育苗为主。我县于74、80两     

华贵栉孔扇贝稚贝生态的初步观察

近年来,国内外有关扇贝人工育苗与养殖研究的报道很多,但扇贝稚贝生态的报道甚少。作者根据几年来对华贵栉孔扇贝稚贝移动的观察,对光反应和对比重的适应等方面的实验结果报道如下。     

虾夷扇贝毒素yessotoxins(YTXs),中国沿海贝类中首次发现的一组贝类生物毒素

采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法对我国近海贝类中腹泻性贝毒成分进行研究,结果发现采自北黄海大连附近海域的海湾扇贝和虾夷扇贝含有25~41μg/kg的虾夷扇贝毒素(yessotoxin,YTX),在虾夷扇贝体内还含有37.2μg/kg的45-OH-YTX,并在5种贝中发现微量的Homo-YTX毒素组分,这是首次报道在我国贝中检出此类毒素。虾夷扇贝毒素YTXs是一类含有2个磺酰基的脂溶性多环聚醚类化合物,对小鼠的腹腔注射急性致死毒性很高,毒理作用机制尚不清楚。本研究的结果说明我国贝类体内生物毒素成分复杂,亟需进行毒素成分结构、来源生物、生态毒理效应、分布规律及安全限定标准的研究。     

海湾扇贝不同发育阶段耐干露的研究

利用海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)D形幼虫、眼点幼虫、稚贝、幼贝及成体作为材料,在8~10℃和20~22℃干、湿环境下通过干露不同时间对所取样品的成活率进行了比较研究。结果表明,海湾扇贝成体、D形幼虫、眼点幼虫、稚贝及幼贝在低温湿润的条件下干露时间长,而在高温干燥的条件下干露的时间短,其耐干能力为成贝>眼点幼虫>D形幼虫>稚贝>幼贝。本实验为海湾扇贝幼虫的异地采苗、稚贝和幼贝的长途运输以及成贝低温干露保存提供了一定的科学依据。     

“扇贝清除机”

进行栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri Jones and Preston)工厂化人工育苗,是解决扇贝养殖苗种来源的重要途径之一。洗刷亲贝,清除亲贝壳上的固着物是人工育苗中重要一环。扇贝人工育苗季节性强,过去由于手工清刷亲贝,效率低,浪费劳力,常常贻误采卵季节。制造一种扇贝清除机来代替手工操作是十分必要的。例如1984年荣成县海珍品育苗场利用种贝4万个,使用手工每人每天清刷约600个,20人要3天半才能完成。1985年人工育苗共用亲贝     

青蛤催产的研究

本研究对青蛤(CyclinasinensisGemlin)进行人工催产,获得大批量成熟卵子,室内人工育苗试验获得成功。1987～1996年,作者分别在启东和大连进行了百余次的催产效果研究,最后筛选出一种特有效的综合催产方法,催产有效率达95%以上。1　材料1.1　亲贝来源在青蛤繁殖盛期,从自然海区内采捕个体完整、健壮,性腺发育肥满的成贝作为亲贝。1987～1992年亲贝取自启东近海乡沿海滩涂;1994～1995年亲贝采捕于大连金州区登沙河乡沿海滩涂;1996年亲贝取自启东盐场水库,重复扩大试验。1.2　容器、水质和其他材料1987～1992年,属初试阶段,用塑料盆和塑料桶作…     

基于肥满度-最大养殖收益的底播养殖虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)养殖容量评估及养殖区区划

养殖容量评估是合理规划养殖区的基础。基于虾夷扇贝养殖生态系统模型,模拟了2006年12月至2017年11月不同放苗密度下底播养殖虾夷扇贝的生长情况。在考虑肥满度对虾夷扇贝养殖收益的影响下,计算最大养殖收益及其对应的最适放苗密度和养殖容量,并通过最大养殖收益及其年际差异的聚类分析结果进行养殖区区划。结果表明:考虑扇贝肥满度的养殖收益能很好的抵消扇贝品质对养殖收益的影响;底播养殖虾夷扇贝的养殖容量和最适放苗密度有明显的时空差异,獐子岛和小长山岛之间并向长海海域东北部延伸的条带海域是高收益区;中收益区在高收益区南北两侧;低收益区位于研究区西北部和南中收益区南部;研究区南部由于饵料匮乏导致扇贝生长缓慢,为不适宜养殖区。开阔海域养殖容量也是有限的,片面增加放苗密度并不能达到增产增收的效果。研究结果可为合理规划和管理养殖区提供参考。     

Metallothionein-like proteins induced by cadmium stress in the scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis

Organisms have evolved a cellular response called stress protein response that increases their tolerance in adverse environmental conditions. Well known stress proteins that bind essential and toxic metals are metallothionein (MT). The scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis is the most interesting organism because it is able to accumulate toxic cadmium in its digestive gland. However, in the tissue of the digestive gland of Mizuhopecten yessoensis MT (metallothioneins) have not been found. Eastern scallops, Mizuhopecten yessoensis, were collected from two locations ?? one clean and one polluted site. The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were measured in the digestive gland. There was a significant increase in Cd concentrations in this studied tissue. We found that in the presence of cadmium Mizuhopecten yessoensis can induce high molecular proteins. The results of experiments have shown that Cd-binding ligands have a number of properties similar to MT: acetone and temperature stability; the ability to bind some metals, including Cd, Cu and Zn. Protein chromatography (FPLC, Superosa 12) from the digestive gland of scallop M. yessoensis has shown that cadmium is associated with high molecular weight Cd-binding proteins (72 kDa and 43 kDa). The major cadmium-binding protein 72 kDa is glycoprotein. In experiments we have demonstrated that Cd-binding proteins can be induced when there is cadmium exposure. The results of this study strongly suggest that the far eastern scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis has a unique and well-developed system for the detoxification of heavy metals and it allows for biochemical systems to be maintained in a relatively stable manner in the presence of heavy metals.     

The bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) industry collapse in Virginia and its implications for the successful management of scallop-seagrass habitats

Virginia supported the most productive bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) fishery in the United States in 1930, but the fishery disappeared three years later and never recovered. This collapse highlights a tipping point, but managers of extant bay scallop fisheries have not looked to this case for guidance, because the collapse has long been attributed to an exogenous eelgrass (Zostera marina) ‘wasting disease’ pandemic. Consequently, it remains little understood. However, efforts to restore the fishery, following successful eelgrass restoration, now warrant a thorough examination of its economic significance and disappearance. This study comprehensively surveyed information on the original fishery and reconstructed the pre-collapse population to evaluate restoration prospects and management strategies that reduce the risk of future scallop-seagrass system collapses. Harvest records suggest that overharvesting possibly contributed to the Virginia fishery disappearance—a factor that influenced other bay scallop fisheries but did not alarm contemporary managers in Virginia. The harvest peaked before managers observed eelgrass disappearing and exceeded most pre-collapse population estimates. Intensive dredging possibly precipitated a feedback that reduced scallop recruitment by lowering seagrass shoot densities. Managers should, therefore, consider a potential tradeoff between future scallop harvest and eelgrass restoration goals. The restored wild scallop population in Virginia cannot yet support a commercial fishery at historic levels, which removed between 270 and 380x as many individuals. However, the economic risks associated with reestablishing this fishery are low. The collapse did not cause a significant loss in total economic value, because harvesters rapidly shifted focus to clams, supplanting lost scallop revenue.     

Trophic relationships in the community of a bivalve mollusk and a boring polychaete

The community of the Japanese scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis with its dominant endobiont polychaete Polydora brevipalpa, which bores into the scallop’s shell, was studied. It was established that the bulk of the scallop’s food ration consists of diatom algae and, to a lesser extent, flagellates and small invertebrates. The polychaete species considered mainly assimilates diatom algae and, to a significant degree, bacteria. Thus, the elements of the community enter competitive food relations. In the process of feeding, the scallop excretes detritus with its pseudofeces and this way increases the concentration of food available for polychaetes. In the course of its motion and filtration, the scallop enhances the water flow around the polychaete, which also favors the feeding of the latter. Meanwhile, negative relations between the degree of the population of the scallop’s shell by polychaetes and the volume of its internal cavity were recognized; this indicates a decrease in the potential for water filtering and, correspondingly, for food procuring by the host mollusk. With the increase in the polychaete-related bioerosion of the shell, the linear sizes and weight parameters of the scallop fall together with the rate of its growth.     

裙带菜海上育苗试验报告

裙带菜(Undaria pinnatifida)是一种比较大型的经济海藻,在我国的辽宁、山东沿海和浙江的舟山群岛等都有自然繁殖。它的营养成分,除碘和碳水化合物外,其它部分均高于海带。另外,裙带菜还是一种碱性最高的藻类,这种碱性物质对人体健康有密切的关系,它可以中和人体内部因疲劳和新陈代谢     

The benthic association between a bivalve and a shell boring polychaete and their potential food sources

The trophic relationships in the association of the Yeso scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis and its dominant endobiontic polychaete Polydora brevipalpa, which burrows into the scallop??s shell, and their potential food sources were studied using the method of fatty acid biochemical markers. It is shown that the differences in the diet of the scallop and the polychaete allow them to coexist in a close association. The trophic role of the association in the benthic community was revealed. The association selectively utilizes the food sources of the environment. It almost does not consume organic matter of bottom sediments, which allows it to coexist with other species in the community of higher order. There is minimal food competition between the association and detritivorous species; however, association can limit the development of species mostly foraging on diatom algae.     

海洋贝类利用模式生命周期评价方法研究

首次将产品生命周期评价方法(LCA)应用于海洋贝类利用模式上。根据海洋贝类利用技术产业发展的特性和趋势,设计构建了由确定目标和范围、清单分析、影响评价3个步骤组成的评价体系,挑选了具有典型代表的2种扇贝利用模式进行评价,对其生产过程中的资源消耗、固体废弃物、富营养化、温室效应、酸化影响和潜在影响进行对比评价。评价结果显示其中资源消耗、温室效应、酸化影响、潜在健康影响的影响潜值模式2(产品模式为扇贝柱、复合氨基酸、鱼虾饵料和贝壳工艺品)比模式1(产品模式为扇贝柱、食用贝边、鱼虾鲜饵料和饲料添加剂)低;而固体废弃物、富营养化的影响潜值,模式2比模式1高。本评价方法可用于选择和优化海洋贝类的绿色化高值利用模式。研究表明,利用文章提出的海洋贝类利用评价方法可以有效掌握贝类利用的整个过程的环境行为,确定其中优化资源、节省能源和减少污染的关键步骤,为优化利用模式提供基础数据支持。     

Association of the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis and epibiotic barnacle Balanus rostratus: inter‐specific interactions and trophic relationships determined by fatty acid analysis

Marine mollusks provide shelter to epibiotic organisms which settle on the outer surface of their hard shells. Epibionts can exert beneficial or detrimental effects on the host mollusk. In this study, the ecology of the association of the commercially valuable marine mobile scallop Patinopecten (=Mizuhopecten) yessoensis with its epibiotic barnacle Balanus rostratus was investigated. Fatty acid analysis was performed to determine the trophic relationships between these species. The distribution of fatty acid markers in this scallop species suggests an important contribution of diatoms, flagellates and animal material in its diet. The fatty acid analysis indicated a predominance of diatoms in the diet of the adult barnacles and some detrital input into the diets of young individuals. It was found that adult barnacles may compete with the scallops for food sources such as diatoms and zooplankton. It was revealed that with a negligible biomass of epibionts, the interactions between the barnacle and scallop may be regarded as commensalisms. An increase in the weight of epibiotic barnacles resulted in decreases in the weights and shell heights of the scallops, testifying to the adverse influence of a high biomass of epibionts on their host.     

高效非损伤性扇贝DN A提取方法的建立及效果评价

本研究建立了一种高效、经济的非损伤性扇贝DNA提取方法,在不影响扇贝个体生存状态的前提下,采用擦拭法和室温裂解相结合的方式在20 min内即可获得个体基因组DNA。以虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)、栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)和海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)为实验对象,研究了不同擦拭材料(棉签、滤纸)和不同擦拭部位(外套膜、鳃丝、内脏团)的核酸提取效果,评估了本方法在贝类基因分型领域应用的可行性。研究表明,用棉签、滤纸2种材料擦拭扇贝的鳃丝、内脏团或外套膜组织均能获得主带清晰完整的基因组DNA,且不影响扇贝的存活状态。在3种扇贝中采用棉签擦拭法的DNA得率均高于滤纸法,以这2种方式获得的DNA为模板进行SSR和SNP标记分析,能获得均一稳定的扩增条带,SSR标记分型结果准确可靠。本研究建立了简便、快速进行扇贝基因型分析的非损伤性DNA提取方法,为贝类全基因组选育和珍稀贝类资源的种质保护开发提供了新的技术手段。     

栉孔扇贝氨基酸组份与含量的比较研究

本文指出栉孔扇贝干贝氨基酸含量较高,次于虾夷扇贝,高于海湾扇贝。其氨基酸的含量与个体大小成反比。在软体部中以闭壳肌的氨基酸含量最高:闭壳肌的平滑肌的氨基酸含量高于横纹肌。从分析栉孔扇贝的17种氨基酸中以谷氨酸含量最高。栉孔扇贝外套膜和内脏块均含有相当量的氨基酸,可加以利用