棉花产量丰歉气象指标和评价模型

该文在研究影响棉花产量丰歉的主要气象因子的基础上，建立棉花产量丰歉气象影响指标，它较好地反映了气象条件对棉花生长发育的利弊影响，将棉花全生育期内主要影响因子以相关系数为权重，适当分类组合，得到5种组合因子，利用该因子建立的棉花产量丰歉评价模型，考虑了全生育期气象要素对棉花产量的综合影响，评价检验效果较好。     

温度对棉花产量结构及发育速度的可能影响

该文利用新疆农业气象观测资料，在构建棉花品种熟性指数的基础上，建立了温度对不同品种棉花产量结构及发育速度影响的模式，进一步分析了温度变化对不同品种棉花单株铃数、单铃重、霜前花比例及发育速度的可能影响。该文对棉花生产气象监测、预测及评价工作有重要参考价值。     

7个水分等级下棉花耗水量特征及其模拟

通过对棉花设定的4个生育期进行7种不同土壤水分含量（W1－W7）的水分试验，利用气象和作物观测资料对不同水分条件下的棉花耗水量进行了模拟，建立了棉花的耗水量模型，并用实测资料进行验证，效果较好。     

大荔气候与棉花生育

为了深入开展棉花气象服务，采用陕西关中最大植棉县大荔县的日照、气温、降水以及棉花气象灾害等与棉花生长发育、棉花生产实切相关的气候资料，全面分析了棉花播种期、苗期、蕾期、花铃期、吐絮期以及全生育期的棉花气候状况。得到了大荔县气候状况为，日照充足，积温较高，均有利于棉花的生长发育和生产；降水略显不足，但由于大荔县水浇地面积大，灌溉条件好，棉花生产存在明显气候优势，是陕西省棉花最适宜种植区的结论。     

提高棉花气象服务水平的关键是不断创新

发展棉花生产是新疆经济发展战略的重要部署，气象部门要进入自治区经济建设主战场，就必需紧贴棉花基地建设，抓住棉花生产中的气象问题，为自治区棉花生产提供良好的气象科技服务。 1为自治区棉花生产保驾护航的棉花气象服务 自治区棉花工程实施 4年来，经济效益显著，其中，为自治区棉花生产提供气象决策服务功不可没。为配合自治区棉花工程的实施，新疆气象局开展的棉花气象科技综合服务工程，建立起了覆盖全疆棉区的棉花气象信息采集、传输、加工、产品生成、跟踪服务和信息反馈一条龙棉花气象科技综合服务体系，棉花生产的产前、产中…     

棉花秋桃理论估产与实产偏差的气象因素

用棉花秋桃理论估产与实产之间的偏差，表征秋桃调查后至棉花停止生长期之间棉铃生育成熟状况，分析了这段时期气象因素对棉株和棉铃的影响，得出了确定棉花丰歉的农业气象指标。     

21世纪初新疆棉花生产趋势调研报告

分析了“九五”期间新疆棉花生产的状况，指出了存在的主要问题；调查了国内外棉花市场和棉花生产对气象服务的需求；并提出了相应对策。     

棉花生产气象保障体系探讨

根据新疆气象部门多年的生产服务实践，简述了新疆棉花生产气象保障体系，并对该体系的优势与不足进行了探讨，以期对棉花生产的气象服务问题有更进一步的认识。     

1994年新疆棉花的农业气候条件评述

全疆大部棉花适期播种，北疆出苗正常偏早，南疆出苗偏晚，播种至出苗期问的低温阴雨，造成南疆部分地区棉花烂种严重。5～8月（出苗～裂铃），全疆棉花生长期间，气温正常或偏高，光照充足，灌溉用水充沛，光温水等条件好于常年（明显好于1993年）。虽然早秋（9月上中旬）受冷空气入侵影响，全疆棉区气温普遍比常年偏低（也比去年同期偏低），对棉花生产有些影响，但随后气温正常或偏高，保证了棉花裂铃吐絮的生长，北疆棉花停止生长期明显偏晚，霜前花也明显增多，总之，1994年棉花品质的提高和单总产的丰收，与优良的农业气象条件是分不…     

棉花衣分与气象条件的统计学分析

通过对棉花衣分与气象条件的统计学分析，得出了光、热、水与衣分的定量关系，为棉花高产、品种改良提供了一些气候依据。     

Shocks to fish production: Identification,trends, and consequences

Sudden disruptions, or shocks, to food production can adversely impact access to and trade of food commodities. Seafood is the most traded food commodity and is globally important to human nutrition. The seafood production and trade system is exposed to a variety of disruptions including fishery collapses, natural disasters, oil spills, policy changes, and aquaculture disease outbreaks, aquafeed resource access and price spikes. The patterns and trends of these shocks to fisheries and aquaculture are poorly characterized and this limits the ability to generalize or predict responses to political, economic, and environmental changes. We applied a statistical shock detection approach to historic fisheries and aquaculture data to identify shocks over the period 1976–2011. A complementary case study approach was used to identify possible key social and political dynamics related to these shocks. The lack of a trend in the frequency or magnitude of the identified shocks and the range of identified causes suggest shocks are a common feature of these systems which occur due to a variety, and often multiple and simultaneous, causes. Shocks occurred most frequently in the Caribbean and Central America, the Middle East and North Africa, and South America, while the largest magnitude shocks occurred in Asia, Europe, and Africa. Shocks also occurred more frequently in aquaculture systems than in capture systems, particularly in recent years. In response to shocks, countries tend to increase imports and experience decreases in supply. The specific combination of changes in trade and supply are context specific, which is highlighted through four case studies. Historical examples of shocks considered in this study can inform policy for responding to shocks and identify potential risks and opportunities to build resilience in the global food system.     

科学应对气候变化 建设江西生态文明

阐述了科学应对气候变化对实现“建设生态文明”战略目标的重要性。结合江西实际,分析了气候变化对江西农业、水资源、森林和其他生态系统的影响。在此基础上,提出了江西应对气候变化应采取的措施：一是进一步优化能源结构,大力发展循环经济,加强节能减排管理,以减缓温室气体排放;二是继续加强农业基础设施建设,推进农业结构和种植制度调整,选育抗逆品种,以加强农业生态建设;三是加强水资源管理与保护,进一步强化水利基础设施规划和建设;四是进一步完善森林生态系统建设,大力推进生态市、县和生态城市建设,健全林业有害生物检疫、测报和防虫服务体系,以加强森林和其他生态系统建设;五是研究和用好“排放权”特殊资源;六是采取加强气候变化相关科技工作的管理与协调,加强气候变化相关科研工作,加强气候变化领域科技人才建设,促进产业结构优化和升级,加强应对气候变化的节能减排科技成果的推广和转化,加大对气候变化科学研究与技术开发的资金投入等,以提高气候变化相关科技工作的水平和能力;七是发挥政府的推动作用,加强宣传、教育和培训工作,提高公众应对气候变化意识和水平。     

适应气候变化的国际行动和农业措施研究进展

针对气候变暖采取稳健的适应措施已成为国际社会共识。该文综合了当前适应气候变化的国际谈判进展及已有的农业适应气候变化措施,指出适应资金严重不足,技术研发、应用与转让难以实施,以及适应气候变化行动实施能力的不足严重制约着适应气候变化行动的有效实施;关于农业适应气候变化的技术措施仍缺乏系统的理论研究与应用示范。在此基础上,提出了未来中国农业适应气候变化需要重点开展的研究任务,即农业气象灾变过程的新特点及其风险管理, 农业适应气候变化的大数据决策管理系统研发及适应气候变化的农业气候区划与减灾保产技术研究,以切实推进农业适应气候变化,为确保国家粮食安全与农业可持续发展提供支撑。     

Editorial

Despite the increasing interest in climate change policy in the US, little systematic research has been conducted on the willingness of individuals to change their behaviour to mitigate the problem. Understanding behavioural change is critical if federal and local governments intend to implement programmes requiring actions to mitigate and adapt to climate change. This understudied aspect of climate change policy is addressed by quantitatively examining the degree to which residents living in the US are willing to alter their behaviour to mitigate climate change impacts, and by identifying the major factors contributing to this willingness. Based on a national survey, the reported willingness of individuals to alter behaviours is explained, using the components of risk, individual stress, capacity and ecological values. The findings indicate that specific personal traits and contextual characteristics trigger a significantly greater willingness to change longstanding behavioural patterns. These insights into the factors motivating behavioural change can provide guidance to decision makers at both federal and local levels on how best to implement climate change policies.     

Understanding the causes and consequences of differential decision-making in adaptation research: Adapting to a delayed monsoon onset in Gujarat,India

Weather variability poses numerous risks to agricultural communities, yet farmers may be able to reduce some of these risks by adapting their cropping practices to better suit changes in weather. However, not all farmers respond to weather variability in the same way. To better identify the causes and consequences of this heterogeneous decision-making, we develop a framework that identifies (1) which socio-economic and biophysical factors are associated with heterogeneous cropping decisions in response to weather variability and (2) which cropping strategies are the most adaptive, considering economic outcomes (e.g., yields and profits). This framework aims to understand how, why, and how effectively farmers adapt to current weather variability; these findings, in turn, may contribute to a more mechanistic and predictive understanding of individual-level adaptation to future climate variability and change. To illustrate this framework, we assessed how 779 farmers responded to delayed monsoon onset in fifteen villages in Gujarat, India during the 2011 growing season, when the monsoon onset was delayed by three weeks. We found that farmers adopted a variety of strategies to cope with delayed monsoon onset, including increasing irrigation use, switching to more drought-tolerant crops, and/or delaying sowing. We found that farmers’ access to and choice of strategies varied with their assets, irrigation access, perceptions of weather, and risk aversion. Richer farmers with more irrigation access used high levels of irrigation, and this strategy was associated with the highest yields in our survey sample. Poorer farmers with less secure access to irrigation were more likely to push back planting dates or switch crop type, and economic data suggest that these strategies were beneficial for those who did not have secure access to irrigation. Interestingly, after controlling for assets and irrigation access, we found that cognitive factors, such as beliefs that the monsoon onset date had changed over the last 20 years or risk aversion, were associated with increased adaptation. Our framework illustrates the importance of considering the complexity and heterogeneity of individual decision-making when conducting climate impact assessments or when developing policies to enhance the adaptive capacity of local communities to future climate variability and change.     

Multiple exposures and dynamic vulnerability: Evidence from the grape industry in the Okanagan Valley, Canada

This paper assesses the vulnerability of grape growers and winery operators in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia to climate variability and change, in the context of other sources of risk. Through interviews and focus groups, producers identified the climatic and non-climatic risks relevant to them and the strategies employed to manage these risks. The results show that the presence of multiple exposures affects the way in which producers are vulnerable to climate change. Producers are vulnerable to conditions that not only affect crop yield, but also affect their ability to compete in or sell to the market. Their sensitivity to these conditions is influenced in part by institutional factors such as trade liberalization and a “markup-free delivery” policy. Producers’ ability to adapt or cope with these risks varies depending on such factors as the availability of resources and technology, and access to government programmes. Producers will likely face challenges associated with the supply of water for irrigation due to a combination of climatic changes and changing demographics in the Okanagan Valley, which in turn affect their ability to adapt to climatic conditions. Finally, adaptations made by producers can change the nature of the operation and its vulnerability, demonstrating the dynamic nature of vulnerability.     

低碳经济——江西崛起的后发优势

气候变暖是当今时代所面临的最大挑战之一。在全球应对气候变暖的同时,作为前沿经济理念和发展模式的低碳经济应运而生了。按照低碳经济的内涵,江西发展低碳经济面临着机遇和挑战,总体上对正在实现“进位赶超、跨越发展、加快崛起”的江西是后发优势。为此,要做好八个方面的工作：坚持发展与保护并重不动摇,全社会树立低碳经济理念与方式,持续开展节能减排,大力发展低碳能源,着力改善自然生态系统质量,建立低碳与生态工业园区,加强农村环境综合整治,以科技创新支持低碳经济。     

中国天山积雪对气候变化响应的多通径分析

基于天山山区1961-2013年60个气象站点实测气温、降水、相对湿度、日照时数和积雪深度等气候资料,结合时间序列分析、空间分析以及通径分析等方法,全面精确地获取了天山山区气候变化特征以及气候变化对积雪的通径影响。结果表明：天山山区气候变化显著,主要表现为整体增暖、局部变湿与黯化;气候变暖导致天山山区固态降水（降雪）保证率明显降低,尤其是低海拔区域。各气象要素对积雪不仅存在直接的单因素影响而且各气象要素之间还存在间接的相互交叉、相互联结的多因素影响。单因素影响通径分别为气温、降水和日照时数对积雪深度的3条直接影响通径;多因素影响通径分别为气温、降水和日照时数通过相互之间的内在关系对积雪深度产生的6条间接影响通径。最终结果表明气温是积雪变化的主要影响因素,其影响效应远远大于降水和日照时数的影响。     

农户生计对气候变化的敏感性研究综述

开展农户生计对气候变化的敏感性研究有利于深入认识气候变化与生计的关系,对增强农户的气候变化适应能力和降低生计脆弱性具有重要意义。在梳理不同领域敏感性概念的基础上,阐述了农户生计对气候变化敏感性的科学内涵和研究框架,重点分析了敏感性表征和综合评价指标体系。农户生计对气候变化的敏感性是指气候变化和极端事件对农户生计的影响程度,敏感性表征主要表现在气候变化对自然资源、人类健康、牲畜、资产和收入等方面的影响,不同地区和人群敏感性表征具有差异性。农户生计对气候变化的敏感性随着发展程度提高而下降,生计多样化、基础设施建设等有助于降低气候变化的影响。生计敏感性多为脆弱性研究的一部分,常以可持续生计分析为框架,运用指标评估法进行综合评价。未来研究需要完善敏感性理论框架和研究方法,加强适应的有效性评估,以及开展跨区域或跨时段的生计敏感性对比研究,重点关注生态脆弱和贫困地区。     

鄱阳湖流域综合管理的探索

在介绍鄱阳湖流域背景和综合管理机构职能,以及相应地方法规的完善和流域总体发展规划编制的基础上,系统地阐述了近20a来流域综合管理的内容与措施,并就取得的成效进行了科学的分析和研究。研究结果认为,近20a来,尤其是进入21世纪以来,针对鄱阳湖流域生态环境恶化与资源开发利用中存在的问题,江西省积极动员各方面的力量,根据《江西省山江湖开发治理总体规划纲要》要求和“五年发展规划”的具体部署,坚持既要金山银山,更要绿水青山;坚持实施可持续发展战略要注重社会、经济和生态环境协调发展,流域管理要注重系统性和综合性,以及以先进技术为依托、因地制宜、试点先行的科学原则,把流域作为一个互相联系的生态经济系统,以开放促开发,治山、治江、治湖和治穷有机结合,持续开展了大规模的保护环境、治理山水、建设美好江西的山江湖开发治理工程的建设和实践,为流域综合治理和区域可持续发展进行了富有成效的探索,取得了可喜的成效。