ENSO背景下南海海表温度异常的跷跷板模态

基于多种海洋气象数据,对南海海表温度距平在ENSO背景下的年际变化特征进行了分析。发现南海海表温度距平具有明显的东北-西南反向变化的跷跷板模态:在厄尔尼诺年,南海西南部以越南南部沿岸为中心有明显的升温现象,东北部特别是吕宋海峡附近有明显的降温现象,拉尼娜年份相反。分析南海海表面的净热通量收支,发现除北部较浅的沿岸海外,其对海表温度升高起抑制作用。研究显示,南海海表温度异常的跷跷板模态主要与海洋动力结构变化相关。在厄尔尼诺年,南海西南部正的风应力旋度减弱,Ekman抽吸减弱,冷水上涌减少,导致温度升高;而东北部,则可能是由于低温的吕宋贯通流增强导致的温度降低。     

利用Argos浮标资料对黑潮入侵南海问题的分析

通过对Argos浮标资料的分析,针对黑潮能否在吕宋海峡入侵南海的问题进行了研究,结果表明:黑潮由吕宋海峡入侵南海主要发生在秋、冬两季,春、夏季基本上不发生。而入侵主要是以流的形式传入,秋季少量的入侵水会有分支沿台湾海峡北上,冬季黑潮自吕宋海峡入侵南海后向西进入南海腹部。并对其季节变化原因作了初步讨论,该区域风应力和黑潮流量的季节性变化可能是重要原因。     

南海冬季表层海流特征及分析

本文介绍了南海冬季盛行西南漂流，整个南海为一反时针环流，主要流系有广东沿岸流，沿岸流外方有东北向的南海暖流，暖流外侧与南海暖流反向的为黑潮南分支，由于受南海地形影响，构成了南海自身的环流系统，南海位于季风区，又十分利于漂流的发展。     

南海吕宋海峡21°N附近多潜标观测的上层海流

为了了解潮流从西北太平洋经吕宋海峡进入南海内的变化及其垂向结构,本文利用在吕宋海峡附近沿东西方向布放的多套潜标同步获得的高分辨率ADCP长时间连续观测上层海流资料,使用调和分析方法将实测海流分解成3部分:不随时间变化的定常流、周期性潮流和剩余流,并将潮流分解为正压潮流和斜压潮流。通过对实测海流中各组分的分析,得到以下结论:该区域潮流类型在不同深度上有明显变化;M2潮自吕宋海峡传入南海后强度显著减弱75%左右,K1、O1分潮在上层强度减弱约三分之一。从垂向变化来看,在潮流强度上,各站点垂直方向上潮流强度均发生变化。从方向上看,各分潮潮流椭圆东西向特征明显,长轴变化较大,短轴(南北向特征)垂向变化不显著;潮流运动主要沿逆时针方向,垂直方向上潮流明显减弱或增强时会发生转向。斜压潮流主要集中在上表层,100m左右以下随深度逐渐减弱。东西方向斜压潮流能量比正压潮流强,而南北向的流比较稳定,且斜压潮流能量远小于正压潮流。定常流强度在各站点呈现相似的变化趋势,随深度变化减弱。     

南海东北部深海盆末次冰盛期以来陆源碎屑粒度特征及影响因素*

南海东北部深海盆底流演变受多种因素控制, 但目前对末次冰盛期以来底流的敏感指标、演变过程及其控制因素还缺乏深入认识。本文选取南海东北部深水区16ZBS11岩心开展陆源碎屑粒度测试和年龄测定, 通过粒级-标准偏差法提取环境敏感因子, 并计算底流强度及搬运能力。研究结果表明, 研究区陆源碎屑主要由粉砂和粘土组成, 砂组分仅在部分层位出现。南海东北部深海沉积环境经历了3个演化阶段, 第Ⅰ阶段为22.39~16.02ka BP, 第Ⅱ阶段为16.02~9.58ka BP, 第Ⅲ阶段为9.58ka BP至今, 各阶段粘土和粉砂组分均呈反相演变过程。海平面变化是深海沉积和海洋过程的重要影响因素, 末次冰盛期以来南海东北部深海盆底流强度和搬运能力逐渐减弱并呈同步变化, 16ka BP、11.5ka BP后南海分别与印度洋、台湾海峡连通, 影响了南海北部的海洋过程。特别是9.58ka BP以来南海北部海洋混合方式和强度的改变, 深刻影响着深海陆源碎屑的输运及沉积演化。本文研究结果为深入认识南海北部底流活动演变和南海深海过程提供了新证据。     

南海大尺度地转环流的季节特征

使用Ｓ．Ｌｅｖｉｔｕｓ的温度、盐度的气候资料，用诊断分析方法获得南海年平均和各季的海面起伏以及大尺度地转环流的统计结果，并比较了其季节变化。结果表明：南海冬、夏季的地转环流场有相反的流动趋势；但在东北部常年存在气旋式环流，在其驱动下巴士海峡西侧存在准定常的Ｎ向流；南海还存在明显的随季节变化的强流区。     

冬季南海暖流及其右侧的西南向海流

黑潮源地是否有一分支进入南海,这是一个长期以来没有得到确证的重要问题。我国学者在1958—1960年的海洋调查研究中指出,南海东北部的外海水来源于太平洋,是太平洋水团进入南海后进一步变性形成的,并且在2—4,12月份都发现有黑潮分支到达粤东沿岸的迹象。朱祖佑进一步指出:在冬季,黑潮的一个分支通过巴士海峡进入南海,与盛行的东北季风产生的西南向表层流会合;而当夏季南海盛行西南季风时,这支黑潮支流与西南季风的表层流会合,向东北流入台湾海峡。这是迄今为止,有关黑潮分支进入南海的一个肯定性意见。最近,黄企洲指出,确有黑潮支流通过巴士海峡进入南海。     

南海大尺度地转环流的季节特征

使用Ｓ．Ｌｅｖｉｔｕｓ的温度、盐度的气候资料，用诊断分析方法获得南海平均和各季的海面起伏以及大尺度地转环流的统计结果，并比较了其季节变化。结果表明：南海冬、夏季的地转环流场有相反的流动趋势；但在东北部常年存在气旋式环流，在戎驱动下巴士海峡西侧存在准定常的Ｎ向流；南海还存在明显的随季节变化的强流区。     

南海东北部冬季流况和海面风况之关系

本文采甲1958—1972年南海船舶天气观测报告和多年的海流调查资料,以及1907—1973年的海洋调查资料,对南海东北部冬季海流进行初步探讨。其中最具特色是逆NE风而流动的从SW往NE流去的海流。由表层水温水平梯度算得的梯度流表明,116°E以东的海流均往NE向流去,其强度与南海东北部风况有关,NE风强盛时海流也强盛,在弱的SE风时,流速相应地较弱,在NE风场向SE风场过渡或SE风场向NE风场过渡的时期内,流速最小。计算流和实测流均有着上述共同的规律性。     

太平洋—印度洋贯穿流南海分支研究综述

从海洋动力学角度,概述了太平洋-印度洋贯穿流南海分支的主要入流和出流通道—吕宋海峡和卡里马塔海峡的研究现状。太平洋-印度洋贯穿流南海分支是太平洋、南海和印度尼西亚海域进行水体和热盐交换的传输带,对西太平洋、南海、印尼海和东印度洋的环流系统有重要影响。吕宋海峡水交换和卡里马塔海峡贯穿流都呈现冬季大夏季小的季节变化特征,对维持南海的物质、能量和动量平衡起重要作用。太平洋通过吕宋海峡向南海输运水体和热盐,并传递ENSO等气候信号,对南海的环流、水体和海洋环境都产生重要影响。卡里马塔海峡向印度尼西亚海区的水体和热盐输运对印度尼西亚贯穿流有重要意义。太平洋-印度洋贯穿流南海分支和印尼贯穿流的年际变化趋势呈反位相,两者相互调制相互影响,维持了太平洋-印度洋两大洋间的平衡关系,对全球大洋环流的结构和长期的气候变化有重要作用。     

黑潮水入侵南海的水文分析──Ⅱ.1994年8—9月期间的观测结果

利用1994年8－9月期间，由台湾海峡两岸的4艘海洋调查船在南海东北部海域所获之CTD和ADCP资料，并结合1992年3月间在同一海域获取的CTD资料及部分历史水文资料，对该区域的海水特性以及黑潮水入侵南海等问题进行了分析探讨。结果表明：调查期间，本海区水团分布与冬末、春初（1992年3月）航次基本相似，即南海和西北太平洋海域的海水结构有着各自相对独立的温、盐度特性。虽发现有黑潮水穿越巴上海峡进入南海，但其势力甚弱。因此，在夏末秋初，黑潮亦无直接的分支深入南海，即使在巴士海峡北端进入台湾海峡的黑潮水，其影响也是十分微弱的。由等密度面、地转流分析和实测ADCP资料显示，在调查海区的东南海域存在一支较强的N向流动。它沿菲律宾西海岸北上，绕过吕宋岛西北角流向东北，在巴上海峡呈现与黑潮水混合的迹象，其水体在冬季明显呈高温、低盐的特性；夏季则为相对低温、低盐。故在冬季的几幅卫星图像上也有较好的体现，很有可能长年存在。     

A 3-dimensional baroclinic circulation model of the South China Sea

1 INTRODUCTIONThe SoUth China Sea (SCS) is the largest coastal sea of China. It is of great interestto researchers because of its abundant resources and geographical location. The SCS is inthe tropicaI and sub-tropical monsoon wind zone of the north-western Pacific and isSurrounded by China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. lt has a complicatedRecclved 2 l March 200ltoPograPhy and is cormected with the Peeific through thc Bashi Channel which has a dePthof over 3…     

Nutrient budgets for the South China Sea basin

Varying atmospheric forcing and an elaborate geography make for a complex flow in the South China Sea (SCS). Throughout the year, the surface waters of the Kuroshio flow into the SCS, while the surface waters of the SCS flow out through the Bashi Channel. Cumulatively, there is a small (1 Sv) net outflow of surface water (0–350-m depth) from the SCS in the wet season, but a net inflow (3 Sv) in the dry season through the Bashi Channel. The differences are mainly made up by inflow and outflow of Sunda Shelf Water in the wet and dry seasons, respectively.Seawater, phosphorus, nitrogen and silicate budgets were calculated based on a box model. The results point out an intermediate water outflow (350–1350-m depth) into the West Philippine Sea (WPS) through the Bashi Channel in both the wet and dry seasons, though this, along with the nutrients it carries, is slightly larger in the dry season (2 Sv) than in the wet (1.8 Sv). More importantly, the export of nutrient-laden SCS intermediate water through the Bashi Channel subsequently upwells onto the East China Sea (ECS) shelf. The denitrification rate for shelves in the SCS is 0.11 mol N m⁻² year⁻¹, calculated by balancing the nitrogen budget. The oxygen consumption and the nutrient regeneration rates, based on the mass-balance and the one-dimensional advection–diffusion models, stand between those for the Bering Sea and the Sea of Japan.     

Hydrological analysis of Kuroshio water intrusion into the South China Sea

IN~crIONInvestigation of physical oceanography in the sleuth China Sea can be traced back tO the early17th century. America, England, Japan and Russia all carried out investigations in the sea. Butthe survey areas were limited and the data were scrappy. After entering this century big progresshas been achieved in the investigation of the sea both in the scale of survey and the depth ofstudy. So far the papers such as "Wind and drift currents in the mouth China Sea" (Dale, 1956)and "Phys…     

Helium and Oxygen isotopic evidence on exchange of waters between the western Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea

The composition and distribution of helium and oxygen isotopes in samples of seawater obtained at depths from surface to 300 m in the western Pacific(7°-26°N,122°-130°E) were discussed in detail.The results show that both δ¹⁸O and δ³He isoline extend eastward in the Pacific side of the Bashi Channel, which may suggest that the South China Sea water intrudes into the western Pacific by the Bashi Channel.     

海洋内孤立波预警监测识别技术及其在流花16-2油田群开发中的应用

我国南海内孤立波发生频繁,由于其振幅大、流速强、能量集中等特点,已成为深海油气开发海上安装工程必须考虑的重大风险之一。依托现场守护船,提出一种内波流结构单体式监测、识别技术,采用KdV方程实现内波流预警,并成功应用于流花16-2油田群开发项目海管管线终端(PLET)安装、浮式生产储卸油装置(FPSO)锚系及水下管缆回接、空气潜水等高风险作业的内波流预警安全保障中,同时基于此次内波流预警监测结果对该海域的内波生成源和生成机制进行了探讨。应用期间采用该技术共监测、识别并发布内波预警450次。应用结果表明,约93%的内波预警时刻误差在10 min以内,平均误差为±3.90 min。统计分析结果表明,该海域的内孤立波主要来源于巴士海峡而非局地的潮地相互作用,大致可以分为两类:一类是直接产生于巴士海峡,西传至该海域;另一类是局地产生,主要是由巴士海峡产生的内波西传至陆坡浅化分裂生成或是由巴士海峡产生的内潮西传至陆坡由于非线性变陡机制产生。该内波流监测技术在流花16-2油田群开发项目的成功应用,可为南海其他类似项目提供直接的借鉴。     

南海东北部及台湾海峡环流机制的数值研究

利用1个正压的数值模式研究风应力、黑潮对南海东北部及台湾海峡环流的影响，结果为：（1）以风应力为驱动机制时其流态特别是在台湾海峡的流动具有季节性，但未反映南海黑潮分支的存在；在冬季也未见有南海暖流出现，但在东沙群岛附近海域终年存在着1个气旋涡；（2）以黑潮为驱动机制时，黑潮通过巴士海峡侵入南海海域，并导致东沙群岛附近气旋性涡旋的形成。另外，模式体现黑潮南海分支、南海暖流及台湾暖流的存在，并表明广东沿岸大陆架坡折区底形效应的重要性；（3）以风应力及黑潮入流作为联合驱动机制时，模式的结果似为第1，2种情形结果的叠加。     

Currents in the Taiwan Strait as observed by surface drifters

The trajectories of 110 satellite-tracked surface drifters from 1989 to 2007 were analyzed to elucidate near-surface circulation in the Taiwan Strait. Although the summer circulation observed generally agrees with previous studies, several aspects of the winter circulation were revealed by the analyses. Unlike many earlier studies, which have suggested that a northward (southward) current prevails in the eastern (western) part of the Taiwan Strait during the northeast monsoon season, this study shows that almost all winter drifters that entered the Taiwan Strait eventually moved southward. Inside the Taiwan Strait, northward moving tracks can only be found in the Penghu Channel. After passing the Penghu Channel, the drifters were blocked by the northeast monsoon wind and the Yun-Chang Rise, and turned southward. None of the drifters flowed persistently northward through the Taiwan Strait in winter. In the southern Taiwan Strait, three typical patterns of circulation were observed for the winter trajectories—the “throughflow” pattern that enters the South China Sea flowing westward along the slope; the loop current pattern that circulates anticyclonically and returns to the Kuroshio; and the blocked intrusion pattern that penetrates into the Taiwan Strait through the Penghu Channel.     

Size distribution of detrital mineral grains suspended in surface waters of the Yellow Sea and East China sea

Anisotropic detrital mineral grains were segregated microscopically from the suspended matter in surface waters of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Microscopic grain-size measurements of the anisotropic minerals were carried out for more than 80 slide specimens which are distributed homogeneously in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. The distribution maps of mean grain size and sorting coefficients indicate that the mean size becomes coarser as one goes offshore, and the sorting coefficients are larger in the southern portion and smaller in the northern portion of this region. The clay-sized minerals in the suspended sediments carried out by the deltaic rivers of the continent were deposited in the nearshore area while coarser silt-sized minerals were suspended in offshore waters. The larger sorting coefficients (standard deviations) in the southern portion may imply that the silt-sized grains of offshore waters contain coarser sand-sized grains. The sand-sized grains may be supplied from offshore Taiwan and the Bashi Channel and transported by the main flow of the Kuroshio current.     

Satellite infrared remote sensing observation of surface circulation of the northeast South China Sea in winter

I~IOX \The investigation of physical oceanography in the South China Sea dates from early in the17th century and was carried out by scientists from many countries, including the United StateS,the United Kingdoms, Japan, .Russia and so on, but the survey area was rather limited at thattime and the data which were collected were still fragmentary. Since the 20th century, the investigation on the sleuth China Sea has made great progreSS not only in the scale of survey, but alsoin the depth …