天青石中锶同位素组成测定——酸溶和碱熔样品分解方法的对比

利用酸溶法和碱熔法分解天青石样品，经过离子交换分离得到纯净的Sr，测定^87Sr／^86Sr同位素比值，实验结果表明两种样品分解方法得到的^87Sr／^86Sr同位素比值的偏差〈0.0001，证明在天青石锶同位素组成测定中，酸溶法和碱熔法都是可行的；但与碱熔法相比，酸溶法更简易并且利于本底值的控制。     

Determination of Trace Elements in Geological Reference Materials G‐3, GSP‐2 and SGD‐1a by Low‐Dilution Glass Bead Digestion and ICP‐MS

We present a revised alkali fusion method for the determination of trace elements in geological samples. Our procedure is based on simple acid digestion of powdered low‐dilution (flux : sample ≈ 2 : 1) glass beads where large sample dilution demanded by high total dissolved solids, a main drawback of conventional alkali fusion, could be circumvented. Three geological reference materials (G‐3 granite, GSP‐2 granodiorite and SGD‐1a gabbro) decomposed by this technique and routine tabletop acid digestion were analysed for thirty trace elements using a quadrupole ICP‐MS. Results by conventional acid digestion distinctly showed poor recoveries of Zr, Hf and rare earth elements due to incomplete dissolution of resistant minerals. On the other hand, results obtained by our method were in reasonable agreement with reference data for most analytes, indicating that refractory minerals were efficiently dissolved and volatile loss was insignificant.     

ICP-MS测定蔬菜样品中重金属元素的两种微波消解前处理方法

微波消解法是处理生物样品的主要技术,但存在处理效率不高等问题还有待进一步研究。本文采用高压低通量(12位)和低压高通量(41位)微波消解法对蔬菜样品进行前处理,电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定砷、镉、铬、铜、镍、铅和锌,氢化物发生-冷原子荧光光谱法(HG-CAFS)测定汞。采用两种前处理方法消解标准物质GBW 10010(大米)和GBW 10014(圆白菜),ICP-MS的测定值与标准值基本吻合,全流程加标回收率为91.5%~103.8%;用于测定GBW 10010和GBW 10014,因GBW 10010中铬、铅、砷,GBW 10014中砷的含量较低,测定值与标准值的相对误差较大;其余元素的测定值与标准值基本相符,表明两种前处理方法均能满足分析要求。但在保证测定结果质量的前提下,低压高通量微波消解处理样品,试剂用量少,单次样品处理量大,更加适合大批量生物样品的前处理。     

微波消解-气相色谱法测定沉积物中的木质素

改进了由Hedges和Ertel建立的沉积物样品中木质素碱性氧化铜氧化分解方法,研究了利用微波加热辅助氧化铜氧化分解沉积物中的木质素,然后用气相色谱法分离测定其单体分子。考察了温度和微波消解时间对木质素消解效率的影响,实验表明在150℃下消解90 min达到最高效率;建立的方法对沉积物中木质素各单体分子分析的加标回收率为91.4%～108%,平均相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为4.5%。改进的方法便于控制反应条件,提高分析效率,是较理想的沉积物样品中木质素组成分析的方法。     

沙棘树干茎流液中总氮总磷联合消解的测定方法

对于总氮和总磷的测定,国家标准HJ636—2012和GB11893—89规定总氮用碱性过硫酸钾消解,紫外分光光度法测定,总磷用中性过硫酸钾消解,分光光度法测定,两种方法分别取样、消解,分析效率低。本文对国家标准方法进行改进,建立了在一份样品中用过硫酸钾作为氧化剂一次消解,分光光度法联合测定树干茎流液中总氮、总磷含量的方法。样品中的含氮化合物在碱性过硫酸钾溶液中,在高温下氧化分解转化为硝酸盐氮(NO-3-N),其吸光度与总氮浓度成正比;含磷化合物在酸性过硫酸钾溶液中,在高温下氧化分解转化成正磷酸盐(PO3-4-P),其吸光度与正磷酸盐浓度成正比。经实际样品验证,方法精密度(RSD,n=5)为总氮2%,总磷4%,加标回收率为98.0%~104.2%(总氮)和94.0%~107.0%(总磷)。本方法将国家标准方法中配制两条标准系列、两次高压消解改进为配制一条标准系列、一次消解,可以节省50%的样品使用量,且提高了分析效率。由于有机质含量较高时,在本法条件下样品不易消解清亮,影响总氮、总磷的测定,该方法适用于有机质含量较低的树干茎流样品分析。     

Determination of Selenium Concentration in Sixty Five Reference Materials for Geochemical Analysis by GFAAS after Separation with Thiol Cotton

Selenium has been determined in sixty five geological reference materials of different origins by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Samples were decomposed with a mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acids. Selenium was reduced to Se^IV with hydrochloric acid, and then fixed and separated from the matrix on thiol cotton. After digestion of the thiol cotton in hot nitric acid, the Se concentration was measured using palladium and magnesium nitrates as a matrix modifier. The limit of determination was 0.02 μg g⁻¹, the precision of the results (relative standard deviation of 3 to 8 replicates) varied from 2.6 to 17.7% with an average of 7.9% in the range 0.02-42.7 μg g⁻¹ and was similar to the value obtained for synthetic samples. Our results are in good agreement with available literature values.     

封闭压力酸溶-盐酸提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地质样品中的多元素

高温、高压封闭压力酸溶可有效分解岩石、土壤、沉积物等地质样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)进行测定,大部分元素可得到满意的回收率;但Zr、Hf、REEs、Rb、Th、U等元素用硝酸复溶困难,测定结果不准确。本文对传统的封闭压力酸溶方法进行改进,用盐酸复溶提取代替硝酸复溶提取,ICP-MS法测定岩石、土壤、沉积物等国家一级标准物质中Li、Be、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Rb、Sr、Mo、Cd、In、Cs、Ba、Ti、Zr、Nb、Sn、Sb、W、Hf、Ta、Tl、Pb、Bi、Th、U以及稀土元素(REEs)等46个元素。将原方法中的称样量25 mg加大至100 mg,溶样时间由12 h延长至48 h,有效地解决了取样代表性及HNO3复溶提取时Rb、Sr、REEs等元素测定结果偏低的问题。分析结果表明,除元素As和V在电感耦合等离子体质谱测定中存在Cl的干扰不能准确测定之外,其他44个元素的测定值与标准值基本一致。改进后的方法测定下限为0.01～0.85μg/g,精密度(RSD,n=10)为0.73%～13.1%,准确度小于<10%。方法准确、可靠,适用于各种不同种类地质样品的分析。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定植物样品中微量元素

采用过氧化氢-硝酸作溶剂,微波消解样品,外标方法校准,电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定植物样品中硼、镉、铜、钴、铬、钼、锂、镍、铅、镧、锗11个微量元素。确定了微波消解仪和等离子体质谱仪的最佳工作参数,研究了有机残留物和共存离子的干扰和消除方法,选择了各元素的测定同位素,以45Sc和103Rh双内标补偿基体效应,建立了样品测定方法。方法检出限(10s)在5~150 ng/g,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=12)在1.27%~5.27%。对多种国家一级生物标准物质进行分析验证,测定值与标准值相符。方法适用于植物的果实、根、茎、叶等不同类型样品中多种微量元素的测定。     

干法灰化和微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定植物样品中22个主次量元素

采用干法灰化和微波消解两种样品分解方法处理植物试样,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定样品中铝、钡、钙、铜、钾、镁、钠、铁等22个主、次量元素的含量,用两种前处理方法对国家一级标准物质进行测定,比对测定值与标准值,验证两种方法的准确度和精密度。结果表明,不同的样品分解方法对各元素的测定结果会产生不同程度的影响。选择适宜的分解方法可以大大提高植物样品中铝、铁、硫等元素测定结果的准确度。干法灰化和微波消解两种前处理方法的精密度(RSD,n=11)均小于5%。     

Complete Trace Elemental Characterisation of Granitoid (USGS G-2, GSP-2) Reference Materials by High Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry

The United States Geological Survey granitic and granodioritic reference materials G‐2 and GSP‐2 were decomposed in high‐pressure bombs using both HF‐HNO₃ and HF‐HNO₃‐HClO₄ in order to evaluate the feasibility of characterising the entire suite of geologically relevant trace elements through direct analysis with a high‐resolution inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometer (HR‐ICP‐MS). The digested samples were diluted to the appropriate levels and analysed at low, medium and high resolution depending on the required sensitivity and potential interferences for each element. Memory effects during analysis of the high field strength elements (HFSE) were negligible when analysed using an all‐Teflon, uncooled sample introduction system and combined with adequate wash times with 4% v/v aqua regia + 0.5% v/v HF between samples. The concentration of the remaining lithophile elements was determined with a conventional, cooled, Scott‐type spray chamber using a wash solution of 1% v/v HNO₃. Total procedural blanks contributed between 0.01 to 0.5% to final sample concentrations and blank subtractions were typically unnecessary. Abundances for Li, Hf, Ba, Zr, Ga, Rb, Sr, La, Ce, Th and U were systematically higher, while those for the heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), Cu and Y were systematically lower in this study compared to USGS values for G‐2 and GSP‐2. This is likely to be related to, respectively, higher recoveries from more efficient digestion of refractory phases (i.e., zircon, tourmaline), and better resolution of interferences when using a HR‐ICP‐MS. Sample digestion experiments also showed that perchloric acid digestion in high pressure bombs resulted in superior recoveries and better precision for the bulk of the trace elements analysed. The concentration of the remaining elements overlapped within uncertainty with recommended reference values and with values determined in other studies using isotope‐dilution TIMS, ICP‐MS and XRF. Concentrations for the elements Cd, Sn, Sb, Ta, Bi, Tb, Ni and Mo are also reported for G‐2 and GSP‐2 reference materials. Our study shows therefore that it is feasible to determine thirty‐nine geologically relevant trace elements accurately and directly in granitoid sample digests when using a HR‐ICP‐MS, thereby negating the need for ion exchange or isotopic spiking.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析汤岗子热矿泥白粉中的矿物元素

对汤岗子热矿泥白粉中矿物元素进行分析研究。采用微波消解法处理样品,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对汤岗子热矿泥白粉中钠、镁、钾、钙、铁、锌、锰、铜、硒、锗、钼、铬、铝、镍、砷、汞、铅等17个矿物元素进行分析。结果表明,在优化实验条件下,方法检出限为0.000279 9~14.66μg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为0.18%~6.20%,回收率为91.1%~108.2%。汤岗子热矿泥白粉中含有丰富的矿物元素。     

F-K域多波变速波场分离

波场分离是多波多分量地震资料处理的基础工作,本文利用多波资料的动力学和运动学特征在Ｆ－Ｋ域实现多波炮集记录变速波场分离,可分解ｘ－ｚ分量中的Ｐ－Ｐ波和Ｐ－ＳＶ波,经过对理论模型和物理模型ｘ－ｚ二分量记录的试处理,获得了分解效果良好的Ｐ－Ｐ波和Ｐ－ＳＶ波记录     

高压密闭消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定海洋沉积物中稀土元素

样品用HNO3-HF高压密闭消解,电感耦合等离子体质谱测定海洋沉积物中15种稀土元素。研究了消解方法、酸体系和质谱干扰对稀土元素测定的影响。结果表明,相比于电热板消解和微波消解,高压密闭消解具有酸用量少、消解完全、消解过程损失少等优点;HNO3-HF体系能有效地分解海洋沉积物样品;利用干扰离子校正方程,能有效地校正Ba和轻稀土元素所形成的多原子离子干扰。15种稀土元素的方法检出限为3～15 ng/g。使用水系沉积物标准物质GBW 07309和GBW 07311、海底沉积物标准物质GBW 07313进行验证,测定值与标准值基本吻合,相对标准偏差和相对误差均低于5%。方法用于长江口沉积物样品的测定,精密度(RSD,n=6)小于5%,加标回收率为95.8%～104%。该方法检出限低,精密度和准确度高,适用于大批海洋沉积物样品的分析。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定钒钛磁铁矿中铁钛钒

样品采用HCl-HF-HNO3-HClO4四酸溶矿、H2SO4-HF-HNO3三酸溶矿、KOH碱熔3种分解方法进行处理,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定钒钛磁铁矿中的铁、钛、钒。结果表明,3种样品处理方法应用于ICP-AES测定是可行的。KOH碱熔适用于方法比对,三酸溶矿适用于样品内检分析,四酸溶矿适用于大批量样品测定。对铁、钛、钒三元素选择适合的分析谱线,以冶金行业钒钛磁铁矿标准样品制备的溶液绘制标准曲线,可消除试液基体和介质不一致对测定结果的影响。样品试液中主要共存离子对选择的分析线干扰小。采用四酸溶矿ICP-AES测定铁、钛、钒的方法检出限分别为0.0032%、0.0024%、0.0003%,方法精密度(RSD,n=12)为0.43%～5.06%。经实验室间比对和批量样品方法比对实验,测定值无明显系统偏差。建立的方法具有样品分解完全、测定含量范围宽、分析简便快速、结果准确等优点,适用于钒钛磁铁矿样品中铁、钛、钒的测定。     

K-Feldspar Decomposition Using CaO by Hydrothermal Method

The decomposition of K-Feldspar is significant to the development and utilization of K-feldspar as potassium resources. Potassium feldspar powder was decomposed successfully by hydrothermal method using CaO additive. Tobermorite solid and KOH solution were obtained as a result of the hydrothermal decomposition.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定岩石和矿物中的钼

用盐酸-氢氟酸-硝酸微波消解对样品进行前处理,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定岩石和矿物中的钼,选择202.03 nm为样品分析谱线,优化了微波消解的实验条件,可消解多个样品,减少了碱熔分解样品方法引入的基体干扰,避免了极谱法中汞对人体的伤害。用不同类型国家一级标准物质分析验证,测定结果与标准值吻合。方法精密度(RSD,n=8)小于2.0%,加标回收率为96.4%~101.3%,方法检出限为0.000 5%。该方法适用于岩石和矿物中钼的测定,制样速度快,操作简便安全,样品重现性好,能满足简单、快速、批量分析的要求。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤和沉积物中痕量稀土元素

建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤和沉积物中15种痕量稀土元素的分析方法。研究了溶样试剂、微波消解程序、标准溶液配制、质谱干扰与内标元素对稀土元素测定的影响。加入氢氟酸能有效打开样品,以HNO3-HF-H2O2混合酸溶解样品,稀土元素的溶出率较高。采用模拟土壤、沉积物中稀土元素天然组成比值的校正溶液,对稀土元素间的干扰具有明显的抑制作用。通过测定单个La、Ce、Pr、Nd和Ba的氧化物及氢氧化物产率,计算出等效干扰浓度,进而校正多原子离子干扰。利用103Rh内标校正系统,有效地抑制了分析信号的动态漂移。方法检出限为1.2～7.1 ng/g,精密度(RSD)≤5.3%(n=6),加标回收率为86.1%～110.1%。使用土壤、沉积物标准物质进行验证,测定结果与标准值相符。建立的方法样品处理程序简单快速、线性范围宽、分析重现性好、结果准确,适用于大批量地质样品的分析。     

Classical and New Procedures of Whole Rock Dissolution for Trace Element Determination by ICP‐MS

Sample digestion is a critical stage in the process of chemical analysis of geological materials by ICP‐MS. We present a new HF/HNO₃ procedure to dissolve silicate rock samples using a high pressure asher system. The formation of insoluble AlF₃ was the major obstacle in achieving full recoveries. This was overcome by setting an appropriate digestion temperature and adding Mg to the samples before digestion. Sodium peroxide sintering was also investigated and the inclusion of a heating step to the alkaline sinter solution improved the recoveries of thirteen elements other than the lanthanides. The results of these procedures were compared with data sets generated by common acid decomposition techniques. Forty‐one trace elements were determined using an ICP‐QMS equipped with a collision cell. Under optimum conditions of gas flow and kinetic energy discrimination, polyatomic interferences were eliminated or attenuated. The measurement bias obtained for eight reference materials (BCR‐2, BHVO‐2, BIR‐1, BRP‐1, OU‐6, GSP‐2, GSR‐1 and RGM‐1) and intermediate precision (RSD) were generally better than ± 5%. The expanded measurement uncertainties estimated for two certified reference materials were mostly between 7 and 15%. New data sets for the reference materials are provided, including constituents with previously unavailable values and also for the USGS candidate reference material G‐3.     

密闭溶样-原子荧光光谱法测定硫磺中微量汞

采用原子荧光光谱法测定硫磺中微量汞。利用正交试验法研究了硝酸-双氧水密闭消化硫磺样品的溶解条件,确定了仪器最佳测试条件,探讨了硝酸介质、硼氢化钾浓度对测定结果的影响。在选定的仪器条件下,对食品级硫磺和工业级硫磺两种样品中的汞进行了测定,方法的检出限为0.012 7 ng/mL,回收率为98.0%~104.0%,精密度为2.00%~4.74%(n=11)。建立的方法具有灵敏度高、简便、结果准确、无环境污染的特点。     

ICP-MS测定生物样品中的微量金属元素

采用SP-60型恒压消解罐消解生物样品,用ICP-MS测定8种金属元素(Mn、Zn、Pb、La、Ce、Mo、Cr和Fe)的质量分数。依据分析结果,比较了消解程序的效果。结果表明,由10.0 mLHNO3对生物样品具有很好的消解能力,各元素的测定值与推荐值相符。