考虑卸荷作用的黄土湿陷性评价方法研究

卸荷作用会导致湿陷性黄土部分湿陷量未发生,但目前黄土湿陷性评价方法中未考虑卸荷因素的影响。推导并建立了卸荷条件下黄土湿陷系数的表达式,并通过卸荷湿陷试验确定了表达式中的参数取值。首先定义湿陷完成比、卸荷应力比分别用来表征卸荷作用发生前黄土湿陷变形的完成程度及卸荷作用发生时卸荷量的大小。运用湿陷完成比及卸荷应力比推导出卸荷湿陷系数的计算公式。该公式揭示出卸荷湿陷系数是对湿陷系数一定程度的折减,而该折减与湿陷完成比及卸荷应力比有关。随后进行黄土在不同湿陷完成比和卸荷应力比下的卸荷湿陷试验,得到上述条件下黄土卸荷湿陷量的取值。对试验结果进行分析得到卸荷湿陷系数的具体表达式。该公式可用于计算在不同初始压力下,任意湿陷完成比及卸荷应力比下的卸荷湿陷系数。通过对比卸荷湿陷系数的试验值与计算值验证了所推公式的合理性及准确性。得到了考虑卸荷作用的黄土湿陷性影响系数的确定方法,进一步总结了卸荷作用对黄土湿陷性的影响规律。     

激光共聚焦扫描显微镜测定烃类包裹体气液比的误差校正研究

通过烃类包裹体PVT模拟可以重建捕获温度和捕获压力,气液比是影响PVT模拟结果的重要参数,然而由于缺少烃类包裹体标准样品,一直未能深入研究激光共聚焦显微镜气液比测定精度的问题。本文利用人工合成包裹体技术合成了一种用于校正激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(LSCM)测定气液比的烃类包裹体标准样品,根据已知的合成烃类包裹体的油气组成、捕获温度和捕获压力计算出烃类包裹体的理论气液比,并利用LSCM测定烃类包裹体的实际气液比,通过计算实际测试值与理论值的差值以分析实际测定气液比的误差,实现对激光共聚焦扫描显微镜的误差标定。实验结果证实,高分辨率的LSCM测定烃类包裹体气液比的绝对误差小于0.5%,可以为包裹体PVT模拟提供精确参数。本研究肯定了LSCM测定烃类包裹体气液比方法的准确性,进一步证实了烃类包裹体的PVT模拟结果可以为油气成藏研究提供可靠数据。     

A cavity expansion–based solution for interpretation of CPTu data in soils under partially drained conditions

A cavity expansion–based solution is proposed in this paper for the interpretation of CPTu data under a partially drained condition. Variations of the normalized cone tip resistance, cone factor, and undrained-drained resistance ratio are examined with different initial specific volume and overconsolidation ratio, based on the exact solutions of both undrained and drained cavity expansion in CASM, which is a unified state parameter model for clay and sand. A drainage index is proposed to represent the partially drained condition, and the critical state after expansion and stress paths of cavity expansion are therefore predicted by estimating a virtual plastic region and assuming a drainage-index–based mapping technique. The stress paths and distributions of stresses and specific volume are investigated for different values of drainage index, which are also related to the penetration velocity with comparisons of experimental data and numerical results. The subsequent consolidation after penetration is thus predicted with the assumption of constant deviatoric stress during dissipation of the excess pore pressure. Both spherical and cylindrical consolidations are compared for dissipation around the cone tip and the probe shaft, respectively. The effects of overconsolidation ratio on the stress paths and the distributions of excess pore pressure and specific volume are then thoroughly investigated. The proposed solution and the findings would contribute to the interpretation of CPTu tests under a random drained condition, as well as the analysis of pile installation and the subsequent consolidation.     

夯实水泥土桩复合地基共同作用的试验研究

为研究夯实水泥土桩复合地基中桩体、垫层、地基土的共同作用及其工作性状,进行了不同桩长、不同配比单桩载荷试验,不同桩长的单桩及四桩复合地基载荷试验,不同面积置换率的9桩复合地基载荷试验。通过专门的测试元件对复合地基中的地基土反力分布、桩侧摩阻力等进行测定。根据试验结果分析了复合地基破坏模式,探讨了桩体、垫层、地基土的相互作用特性。对地基土反力分布特征、桩土荷载分担比、桩土应力比、单桩及复合地基中桩侧摩阻力分布特征等进行了研究。     

多孔介质两相系统毛细压力与饱和度关系试验研究

两相系统毛细压力-饱和度(h~S)关系曲线的确定是多孔介质多相流动研究的基础。采用简易试验装置对理想和实际介质中水-气和油-水两相系统中的h~S关系曲线进行了测定。试验结果表明,对于相同两相系统,多孔介质孔隙度愈小,同一毛细压力对应的饱和度相应愈大;对于不同两相系统,理想介质的关系曲线在一定毛细压力以下平缓,较大毛细压力时陡直,实际介质关系曲线走势相对较陡。分析结果表明,水-气和油-水两相系统的实测数据符合Parker等提出的基于van Genuchten(1980)关系式的折算理论;应用折算理论,可以在同一多孔介质某一两相系统h~S关系已知的情况下较好地估计同一孔隙度条件下其它两相系统的h~S关系曲线。     

基于监控量测的公路隧道二次衬砌受力分担比例

依托垫江至邻水高速公路铜锣山及明月山隧道,对公路隧道二次衬砌受力分担比例进行研究。通过围岩压力实测值与普氏理论、太沙基理论和公路隧道设计规范深埋围岩压力公式计算值进行对比,结果表明: Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级围岩压力计算值比较符合实测情况。通过对围岩压力、初期支护与二次衬砌的接触压力现场量测数据进行分析,得出Ⅲ级( 深埋) 、Ⅳ级( 深埋) 、Ⅴ级( 深埋) 和Ⅴ 级( 浅埋) 围岩二次衬砌受力分担比例分别为29. 20%、35. 28%、41. 38% 及32. 17%。研究成果对于公路隧道结构设计有着理论指导作用。     

珠江口盆地白云凹陷地层压力演化与油气运移模拟

珠江口盆地位于中国南海北部, 是中国近海含油气盆地中一个重要的盆地.珠江口盆地勘探逐渐由浅水区向深水区推进, 浅水区钻井揭示地层为正常压力, 但对深水区的油气运移指向和地层压力分布认识不清楚.应用钻井测试资料, 地震资料和盆地模拟技术对珠江口盆地白云凹陷深水区的地层压力演化和油气运移进行了研究.模拟结果显示地层压力的聚集与释放以及流体运移与构造运动的发生有密切的关系.从模拟结果的分析中可以得出如下结论: (1) 珠二坳陷经历了3次幕式地层压力的聚集与释放.这3次压力的释放与晚始新世珠琼运动二幕、渐新世中期南海运动、中中新世末至晚中新世末东沙运动有关, 其中东沙运动期间是本区油气运移的主要期次, 现在浅水区的常压是由于东沙运动时超压释放后的结果. (2) 钻井测试与模拟结果显示, 现今地层压力在浅水区为常压, 在深水区有弱超压存在.引起地层压力分布的差异主要是由于浅水区和深水区沉积的岩相和岩性的不同. (3) 油气运移有2个指向, 一个运移指向浅水区域, 另一个指向深水区域.由于浅水区砂岩百分比含量高, 砂体连通性好, 油气聚集比较分散, 比较而言深水区油气在扇体里富集程度较高, 更有利于形成大油气田.      

盾构衬砌管片土压力反分析研究

作用在管片上的土压力是影响管片设计的关键因素之一。目前松弛土压力的计算理论存在较多假定,与实际受力状态存在很大的差异,而且由于壁后注浆使得盾构隧道管片土压力实测比较困难,普遍存在土压力实测数据可靠性不高的问题。针对以上问题,建立了一种管片土压力反演分析方法,根据相对易于测定的管片内力实测数据,采用最优化方法反演作用在管片上的土压力的大小和分布。反演计算结果表明,深埋与浅埋条件下隧道土压力有较大的不同,且与目前设计土压力假定的分布也有很大的区别。     

Seismic piezocone interpretation for shear wave velocity (<Emphasis Type="Italic">V</Emphasis><Subscript>S</Subscript>) determination in the Persian Gulf

Shear wave velocity is one of the important factors representing the dynamic characteristics of soil layers. Hence, many researchers have focused their studies on determining shear wave velocity by direct field measurements or expressions developed by other soil parameters. The shear module and damping ratio of the soil layers also play a similar role in the majority of dynamic soil response analyses. Nevertheless, since they have to be measured in the laboratory by resonant column or cyclic triaxial tests on undisturbed samples, the possibility of preparing such samples and the reliability of the obtained results are of great concerns. In the present study, great effort has been made to determine the above dynamic factors by means of field data obtained from a versatile instrument, namely the seismic piezocone (SPCT_U), and to derive expressions correlating them with some parameters obtainable by much simpler instruments. The reliability of laboratory measurements on undisturbed samples is also evaluated. The seismic piezocone test apparatus has been employed to evaluate the soil properties at 1-m depth intervals by means of measuring tip resistance, sleeve resistance, pore pressure and shear wave velocity. The shear module and the damping ratio are calculated using field data. Meanwhile, in order to assess the laboratory measurements of these parameters, some resonant column tests and cyclic triaxial tests on undisturbed samples of the same soil layers have been carried out. In order to compare the field results of shear modulus and damping ratios with those obtained from laboratory tests, the influences of the soil nature and sample disturbance on the conventional laboratory methods are evaluated and discussed. The shear wave velocity is correlated to overburden pressure and the corrected tip resistance for two groups of fine soils, namely silty clays and carbonate clayey silts, which mainly cover the areas under study in this project, are located in southern parts of Iran near the Persian Gulf. According to the results of the present study, there are narrow limits of shear modulus regarding soils for which the laboratory tests and the field measurements yield approximately the same shear modulus. This limit of shear modulus is about 30–50(MPa) for clay deposits and 70–100 (MPa) for sandy deposits. Also the shear wave velocity can be calculated by a simple expression from total overburden pressure and the tip resistance of simple cone penetration test results conventionally available in many soil explorations prior to engineering practices. However, if the pore pressure inside the saturated soil deposits can be measured by a piezocone apparatus, the shear wave velocity may be calculated using another suggested equation in terms of effective overburden pressure in the present study. Regarding the shear module and the damping ratio, due to the disturbances of the stiff deposits in the sampling process and great deviations of laboratory results from field results, the laboratory measurements of these parameters out of the above limits are not recommended.     

Improving magnetotelluric data-processing methods

A magnetotelluric (MT) data processing algorithm that demonstrates high robustness to intense electromagnetic noise that occurs in measured MT data has been developed. The key features of the algorithm are a specific approach to estimating different transfer functions and the ability to utilize all four channels acquired at remote reference stations. The code utilizes various techniques to reduce the estimation errors, including the robust Huber estimator, jack-knife approach, improved remote reference technique, and compensating for overestimation of power spectra. The proposed algorithm has high efficiency in processing data with a low signal-to-noise ratio.     

挤密砂桩加固水下软土大型原位载荷试验研究

港珠澳大桥岛隧工程水下深厚软土采用挤密砂桩进行加固,设计了一套大型原位载荷试验系统对水下挤密砂桩 （sand compaction pile,SCP）复合地基的力学和变形特性进行研究,通过在水下设置高精度静力水准系统获得了良好的沉降观测结果。试验结果表明,水下挤密砂桩复合地基在同一置换率下的应力分担比与载荷水平以及时间效应密切相关;应力分担比比值随荷载级别的升高表现出先减小后增大的趋势,在同一荷载级别下比值随着时间逐步衰减,并最终趋于某一定值。对比分析了几种散体材料桩复合地基承载力理论的计算结果,表明按被动土压力法得到的复合地基承载力与载荷试验结果较为接近。对于高置换率的挤密砂桩复合地基,采用建筑地基处理技术规范提出的沉降折减系数计算得到的复合地基沉降与实测值最为接近,采用日本经验公式计算得到的沉降量偏大。研究结果对于水下挤密砂桩复合地基的设计计算和深水原位测试具有一定的参考意义。     

路堤荷载下刚-柔性桩复合地基应力特性研究

介绍了温州瓯海大道桥头路堤采用低强度砼桩和水泥搅拌桩组合复合地基处理桥头跳车问题。通过在路堤下埋设钢弦式压力盒,获得了路堤下低强度砼桩、水泥搅拌桩以及土的应力比数值随时间的变化规律,并分析了三者荷载分担比随时间的变化特性。现场测试结果还表明,路堤荷载下桩土应力比要比刚性承压板下小得多,其研究成果可为路堤下刚-柔性桩复合地基设计提供有益参考。      

深海沉积物贯入阻力影响因素及其变化规律

深海沉积物土工力学特性是深海资源开发设备设计的重要依据。根据现有的深海土工力学原位测量和取样实验的数据,分析沉积物物性参数与贯入阻力的相关关系,建立含水率、湿密度和孔隙比与压力沉陷的关系式。结果表明:研究区深海沉积物以砂质粉砂、黏土质粉砂为主,具有高含水率、大孔隙比、低密度等特征;物理参数与贯入阻力之间有较好的相关关系,其中,含水率、孔隙比、孔隙度与贯入阻力呈反比相关关系;而湿密度与贯入阻力呈正比相关关系;以含水率、湿密度和孔隙比为自变量的多变量回归分析方程能更好地表达沉积物物理特性与贯入阻力的相关关系;基于Bekker沉陷模型,建立接地比压与贯入阻力的关系,能客观反映深海沉积物的沉陷特性与承载特性。     

应用顺磁性液体测量微小矿物比重和磁化系数的初步研究

一、前言 比重是矿物的一个重要物理常数。迄今为止,测量比重已有多种经典方法。但对于测量微小矿物比重及扩大比重测量范围,已有的方法已不能满足要求。为此,笔者利用六十年代后发展起来的磁流体新技术,利用对于仅在垂直方向上有梯度变化的磁场中,顺磁性液体具有“按比重分层的现象”这     

水平旋喷桩施工引起周围土体变形分析

水平旋喷桩施工期间,大量高压流体注入土层,引起土层内部产生较大的膨胀作用,致使周围一定区域的土体发生变形。水平旋喷桩施工引起土体变形可以归结为压力膨胀和体积膨胀共同作用的问题。依托单根水平旋喷桩施工的现场实例,建立了水平旋喷桩施工引起土体变形的数值模型。将水平旋喷桩施工引起的土体变形问题简化为圆孔的膨胀问题,可以统筹考虑注浆压力和注浆流量的影响。首先需要确定注浆压力的影响半径和注浆流量引起的体积膨胀比,然后可以通过数值模型计算膨胀引起的土体变形。数值分析结果与现场实测值的对比表明,当注浆压力影响半径为成桩半径的6倍时,数值计算结果与现场实测值吻合较好。     

Influence of Shear Strain on the Poisson’s Ratio of Clean Sands

In the present study, a series of resonant column tests was performed to determine the influence of confining pressure, shear strain and relative density on the dynamic properties and Poisson's ratio of poorly graded clean sand. The tests were performed on the sand specimens of size 50 × 100 mm compacted at relative densities 30, 50 and 75 %. To achieve the corresponding relative density, sand was compacted in 5 equal layers with a specific number of blows. A fixed-free type resonant column apparatus was used to determine the dynamic soil properties at various confining pressures. It has been inferred from the data that the shear modulus (\(G\)) increases with an increase in confining pressure and relative density; and decreases with an increase in shear strain. In addition, damping ratio (\(D\)) decreases with an increase in confining pressure and relative density; and increases with an increase in shear strain. In addition, Poisson’s ratio (\(\nu\)) decreases with an increase in confining pressure and relative density and increases with an increase in the shear strain. The variation of shear modulus with Poisson’s ratio is also discussed. It has been found that there has been a decrease in shear modulus with an increase in Poisson’s ratio of the soil. It is noticed that the small strain shear modulus determined from the present study closely matches with the value determined using the correlations from the literature.     

基于探针气体吸附等温线的矿物岩石表征技术IV:比表面积的测定和应用

矿物的比表面积是决定矿物表面反应能力和吸附容量的重要参数,但因其测定方法多样、分析结果受多种因素影响,致使分析结果有时会偏离实际值.为全面认识和更好地利用比表面积数据,本文在对比表征矿物材料比表面积的几种常用技术的基础上,重点介绍了基于探针气体吸附等温线的比表面积测定方法.以方解石粉体、石英粉体、蒙脱石等常见矿物材料和铁锰结壳为例,根据各类材料的比表面积测定数据,研究了探针气体种类、脱气温度和吸附平衡时问等测试条件的影响.并从表面能量非均质性和孔隙结构的角度,提出了在应用测定结果时需要注意的问题.     

地幔矿物岩石的电导率研究进展

电导率高压测量技术的完善 ,使得人们在就位测量条件下获得了一系列地幔高压相矿物的电导率。由此 ,在回顾近几年地幔矿物岩石电导率的测量结果时 ,重点介绍了地幔高压相矿物的电导率研究。文中还介绍了根据地幔矿物岩石电导率数据而获得的电传导机制研究结果以及基于实验室电导率数据建立的电导率模型。近年来的研究结果表明 ,当在实验条件控制较好的高压装置上测量电导率时 ,实验室的电导率数据应该可以用来帮助电磁学家约束对野外数据的解释。     

河南省煤层气储层压力特征及其形成机制

煤层气储层压力是煤层能量的具体表现形式之一,也是煤层气运移、产出的动力,它不仅影响煤层的含气量、煤层气的赋存状态,也影响着煤层的渗透性,从而制约着煤层气的开发。根据9口煤层气参数和试验井的试井资料,结合煤田勘探阶段的钻孔抽水试验资料,对河南省煤储层压力特征进行了系统研究。结果表明,河南省煤层气储层压力变化较大,从欠压到高压均有分布。储层压力是由地下水补给、运移和滞留造成的。在地下水径流区常形成欠压,在弱径流区和滞留区一般形成常压和高压。地下水作用下的煤层气运移不仅从地下水动力条件得到证实,而且从煤层气的成分和成因角度也得到验证。这种压力的形成机制与国内外商业化开发煤层气藏类似,异常高压区是煤层气富集和开发的有利区域。      

Some Fundamental Issues in Dynamic Compression and Tension Tests of Rocks Using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar

Accurate characterizations of rock strengths under higher loading rates are crucial in many rock engineering applications. The split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system has been used to quantify the dynamic compressive strength of rocks using the short cylindrical specimen and the dynamic tensile strength of rocks using the Brazilian disc (BD) specimen. However, SHPB is a standard tool that is suitable for metal testing; there are some fundamental issues that need to be carefully visited in applying SHPB to rock dynamic tests. This paper addresses several such critical issues, including the choice of slenderness ratio of the compressive specimen, the effect of friction between the sample and bars on the measured results of compressive strength, the necessity of dynamic force balance on the dynamic BD test, and the validity of using the standard BD equation in the data reduction. We show that with proper experimental designs that address these issues, the dynamic compressive strength and dynamic tensile strength of rocks measured using SHPB are valid and reliable.