白垩纪地球物理场异常与地球深部动力学

通过对白垩纪超静磁带（CNS）期间发生的重要地质事件，如大洋缺氧事件，大量火山活动以及温度升高等的综合分析，并结合地球磁场古强度研究结果，探讨了白垩纪地球物理场异常与地球深部动力学的可能相关性。     

地球失磁与地磁极性倒转的探讨

在地磁成因的磁核观点基础上,探讨了地球失磁与地磁极性倒转的可能原因,地球失磁可能是内核温度升高造成的。地磁极性倒转发生在地球失磁之后,当内核温度降低至居里点以下时,磁核将重新形成,其方向取决于最核心的磁粒,磁粒的磁场方向,取决于磁粒由顺磁质向铁磁质转变的一瞬间,外部磁化力的合方向,这个方向可能是正的也可能是反的,则地磁极性可能不变或倒转。     

地球磁场极性倒转的限制

地磁极性倒转是地球磁场的重要特征之一.研究极性转换过程中地球磁场的时空分布规律是认识地磁倒转机制的重要途径.国际上利用湖相和海相沉积物以及火山岩体对转换场形态学作了大量的研究工作,但由于湖相沉积物的剩余磁性受生物扰动和化学变化影响大,所得结果可靠性较低;深海沉积物则     

地磁变化之探

近日,美国《科学》杂志的一篇文章报道：近150年来,地球南北极磁场正在急剧地衰减,如果这种衰减持续下去,地球磁场可能在下个千年的某个时期消失。但更多的专家认为,地磁场并不会真正消失,地球磁场的衰减只是地球南北两个磁极倒转中的过渡而已。     

地球磁场强度对地球内部动力学过程的制约

利用K-Ar年龄测定法确定了辽西义县组下部出露的玄武岩时代相当于地磁极性年表的M0(121.0~120.6 Ma). 在详细岩石磁学和地磁场古方向测定的基础上, 利用改进的Thellier方法对该时代的火山岩进行了地球磁场古强度测定, 确定了与M0对应的地球磁场虚偶极矩(VDM)为(3.66 ± 0.10)´10²² Am², 相当于现今值的45%. 结合已有的全球地球磁场古强度数据, 探讨地质历史时期地球磁场变化的地球内部可能控制因素及地球动力学意义.     

近12000年以来北京地区地球磁场变化机理探讨

距今12000年以来北京地区地球磁场长期变化由长周期(大于1000年)和短周期(约500年)两部分组成，长周期和短周期分量分别受控于漂移场和稳定场的变化.与日本地区相比，北京地区地球磁场最显著的特征是在距今(5110-4670)±110年之间曾发生短极性漂移事件，这样的短极性地磁事件可能与地球外核流体运动的异常变化有关.     

Blake亚时及其形态学研究

本文对西宁黄土剖面古土壤层S₁的721块定向样品进行了详细的岩石磁学和古地磁学研究,获得了Blake亚时转换过程中地球磁场变化特征较精确的记录。主要结果为:1.Blake亚时位于S₁的中下部;与地球磁场方向和强度变化相联系的持续时间分别为3900a和5000a。2.Blake亚时转换过程中地球磁场主体变化特征是由6次快速倒转构成,每次快速倒转所经历的时间为百年的量级,虚地磁极（VGP）极移曲线沿美洲大陆移动,这意味着在此期间地球磁场可能仍以偶极子场为主。3.Blake亚时是一次不成功的极性转换。4.黄土高原西部黄土-古土壤序列的主要磁性矿物可能仍是磁铁矿,次生剩磁主要是粘滞剩磁,当加热温度达到300℃之后即可获得单一组分的特征剩磁。     

地球外核的电荷密度

为计算地球磁极处的磁感应强度,建立地球的磁场是由带电的地球外核的旋转产生的模型.先根据毕奥-萨伐尔定律计算球形模型绕自转轴旋转时在自转轴直径上产生的磁感应强度;再利用已知的地球外核的内外半径及地球半径和磁极处的磁感应强度值,计算出地球外核的电荷体密度及面密度.结果表明:若外核的电荷呈均匀的体密度分布,则其电荷体密度为3.5507 C/m³;若外核的电荷均匀分布在外核的外表面,则其面密度为2.4581×10⁶ C/m².通过地球表面的磁感应强度信息利用物理规律和地球物理数据推测地球内部难以直接进行探测的相关信息,具有实际意义.根据地震学方法对地球外核厚度、转向等变化的最新研究数据按该文模型可推测地球磁场强度、极性等的变化.而地球磁场的变化对地球上的人类生活颇有影响.     

近六千年间的磁极移动曲线

本文采用陕西、湖北、浙江、江西及北京地区的烧土标本测得十七个不同时代的地磁倾角与偏角数据,按照地球磁场的中心偶极模式推算了各相应时代的虚地磁极（Virtual Geomaffnetic Pole）的地理座标,得到了六千余年间VGP的移动曲线.对此曲线的一些特征进行的初步探讨表明,在近数千年间,磁极运动的方向无固定的趋势,运动的速度亦不均匀,而运动的轨迹迂迥曲折,其平均位置与地理极不重合.     

古地磁学在地磁场起源研究中的应用

地磁场起源及其倒转是地球科学的难题之一。究其原因一方面是由于无法直接观测地球内部发生的物理过程,另一方面是由于缺乏理论与实验相结合的综合研究。本文以磁流体力学为基础,将古地磁学与αω发电机理论结合在一起进行分析和研究。得出了如下新观点:(1)洛仑兹力在地核发电过程起负反馈作用;(2)较差旋转控制着地磁场西向漂移,(3)α作用使地磁极偏离地球自转轴     

Three distinct reversing modes in the geodynamo

The data that describe the long-term reversing behavior of the geodynamo show strong and sudden changes in magnetic reversal frequency. This concerns both the onset and the end of superchrons and most probably the occurrence of episodes characterized by extreme geomagnetic reversal frequency (>10–15 rev./Myr). To account for the complexity observed in geomagnetic reversal frequency evolution, we propose a simple scenario in which the geodynamo operates in three distinct reversing modes: i—a “normal” reversing mode generating geomagnetic polarity reversals according to a stationary random process, with on average a reversal rate of ～3 rev./Myr; ii—a non-reversing “superchron” mode characterizing long time intervals without reversal; iii—a hyper-active reversing mode characterized by an extreme geomagnetic reversal frequency. The transitions between the different reversing modes would be sudden, i.e., on the Myr time scale. Following previous studies, we suggest that in the past, the occurrence of these transitions has been modulated by thermal conditions at the core-mantle boundary governed by mantle dynamics. It might also be possible that they were more frequent during the Precambrian, before the nucleation of the inner core, because of a stronger influence on geodynamo activity of the thermal conditions at the core-mantle boundary.     

Geomagnetic reversal frequency since the Late Cretaceous

Models of geomagnetic reversals as a stochastic or gamma renewal process have generally been tested for the Heirtzler et al. [1] magnetic polarity time scale which has subsequently been superseded. Examination of newer time scales shows that the mean reversal frequency is dominated in the Cenozoic and Late Cretaceous by a linearly increasing trend on which a rhythmic fluctuation is superposed. Subdivision into two periods of stationary behavior is no longer warranted. The distribution of polarity intervals is visibly not Poissonian but lacks short intervals. The LaBrecque et al. [2] polarity time scale shows the positions of 57 small-wavelength marine magnetic anomalies which may represent short polarity chrons. After adding these short events the distribution of all polarity intervals in the age range 0–40 Myr is stationary and does not differ significantly from a Poisson distribution. A strong asymmetry develops in which normal polarity chrons are Poisson distributed but reversed polarity chrons are gamma distributed with indexk = 2. This asymmetry is of opposite sense to previous suggestions and results from the unequal distribution of the short polarity chrons which are predominantly of positive polarity and concentrated in the Late Cenozoic. If short-wavelength anomalies arise from polarity chrons, the geomagnetic field may be more stable in one polarity than the other. Alternative explanations of the origin of short-wavelength marine magnetic anomalies cast doubt on the inclusion of them as polarity chrons, however. The observed behavior of reversal frequency suggests that core processes governing geomagnetic reversals possess a long-term memory.     

The relative stabilities of the reverse and normal polarity states of the earth's magnetic field

Recent analyses of the geomagnetic reversal sequence have led to different conclusions regarding the important question of whether there is a discernible difference between the properties of the two polarity states. The main differences between the two most recent studies are the statistical analyses and the possibility of an additional 57 reversal events in the Cenozoic. These additional events occur predominantly during reverse polarity time, but it is unlikely that all of them represent true reversal events. Nevertheless the question of the relative stabilities of the polarity states is examined in detail, both for the case when all 57 “events” are included in the reversal chronology and when they are all excluded. It is found that there is not a discernible difference between the stabilities of the two polarity states in either case. Inclusion of these short events does, however, change the structure of the non-stationarity in reversal rate, but still allows a smooth non-stationarity. Only 7 of the 57 short events are pre-38 Ma, but the evidence suggests that this is a real geomagnetic phenomenon rather than degradation of the magnetic recording or a bias in observation. This could be tested by detailed magnetostratigraphic and oceanic magnetic surveys of the Paleogene and Late Cretaceous. Overall it would appear that the present geomagnetic polarity timescale for 0–160 Ma is probably a very good representation of the actual history, and that different timescales and additional events now represent only changes in detail.     

Long-range dependence in the Cenozoic reversal record

The frequency distribution of intervals between Cenozoic geomagnetic reversals approximates a power law, while their occurrence over time shows temporal clustering of short and long intervals. Application of the Aggregate Variance and Absolute Value methods suggest long-range dependence in this time series, a possible indication that the geodynamo operates as a self-organised complex system. This hypothesis may allow the Cretaceous superchron to be considered as an integral part of the ordinary reversal regime attested in the Cenozoic record.     

The relationship between magnetic field strength and reversal frequency: Preliminary palaeointensity results from the cretaceous quiet zone

Summary It has been predicted that the geomagnetic field strength will be at its highest during periods of low reversal frequency. Using basaltic lavas from Israel and India, which were erupted during the 35 Ma interval of normal polarity in the mid-Cretaceous (the Cretaceous Quiet Zone), we have obtained palaeointensity estimates. The mean virtual dipole moments from the two areas are about 75% of the present value. This suggests that there is no simple relationship between the time averaged strength of the dipole and the frequency of reversals.     

The palaeogeomagnetic field strength,variations in reversal frequency,and geomagnetic dynamo models

Abstract

The geomagnetic field and its frequent polarity reversals are generally attributed to magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) processes in the Earth's metallic and fluid core. But it is difficult to identify convincingly any MHD timescales with that over which the reversals occur. Moreover, the geological record indicates that the intervals between the consecutive reversals have varied widely. In addition, there have been superchrons when the reversals have been frequent, and at least two, and perhaps three, 35-70 Myr long superchrons when they were almost totally absent. The evaluation of these long-term variations in the palaeogeophysical record can provide crucial constraints on theories of geomagnetism, but it has generally been limited to only the directional or polarity data. It is shown here that the correlation of the palaeogeomagnetic field strength with the field's protracted stability during a fixed polarity superchron provides such a constraint. In terms of a strong field dynamo model it leads to the speculation that the magnetic Reynolds number, and the toroidal field, increase substantially during a superchron of frequent reversals.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Paleointensity Behavior and Intervals Between Geomagnetic Reversals in the Last 167 Ma

The results of comparative analysis of the behavior of paleointensity and polarity (intervals between reversals) of the geomagnetic field for the last 167 Ma are presented. Similarities and differences in the behavior of these characteristics of the geomagnetic field are discussed. It is shown that bursts of paleointensity and long intervals between reversals occurred at high mean values of paleointensity in the Cretaceous and Paleogene. However, there are differences between the paleointensity behavior and the reversal regime: (1) the characteristic times of paleointensity variations are less than the characteristic times of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals, (2) the achievement of maximum values of paleointensity at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary and the termination of paleointensity bursts after the boundary of 45–40 Ma are not marked by explicit features in the geomagnetic polarity behavior.