南京江北地区下蜀黄土粒度分形与全新世环境演变

根据分形理论,对南京江北下蜀黄土剖面不同层位样品进行分形维数定量计算。计算结果表明：粒度的分形维数与黄土和古土壤层位具有良好的对应关系,对沉积和成壤环境具有很好的指示意义。全新世最适宜期（8 500～3 100 a BP）发育的古土壤层位（S0）分形维数最高,其维数平均值为2.7237,明显高于全新世晚期（3 100 a BP）形成的表土层（Ts）和末次冰期堆积的黄土层（L1）分形维数,其平均值分别为2.3823\,2.351,全剖面维数平均值则为2.5063,造成它们的差别可能是由于受到不同的成壤强度影响导致土壤颗粒分选性差异所致。     

泾河中游地区全新世成壤环境演变研究

根据长武ETC全新世土壤剖面的测定分析,探讨了该地区全新世成壤环境演变过程,阐明了先周时代土壤特征及人类耕作对成壤过程的影响。研究结果表明,全新世早期气候温和干燥,沙尘暴明显减弱,风尘堆积速率降低,具有轻微生物风化成壤作用;对应于全新世最适宜期,该地气候温暖湿润,生物风化成壤作用大于风尘堆积作用,为典型的黑垆土成壤期。从3 100 a B.P.开始,季风气候格局发生转变,气候干旱化,沙尘暴加剧,风尘堆积速率大于生物风化成壤速率,土壤资源自然退化,形成弱成壤层和黄土层,两层均属于全新世黄土L₀。先周时期耕作层对应古土壤层的顶部,土壤具有典型的团粒结构。3 100 a B.P.时的季风转变导致的气候干旱化与土壤退化促使了游牧民族南迁和"古公迁岐"事件的发生。     

关中平原中西部地区全新世11 500—3 100 a BP成壤环境演变和沙尘暴活动研究

 全新世环境演变研究是过去全球变化研究的重点，也是当今全球变化研究的重点和热点。深入了解和研讨全新世成壤环境演变和沙尘暴活动对于丰富全新世环境变迁理论、认识现阶段的沙尘暴活动，促使人与自然环境协调发展都有着十分重要的意义。通过研究关中平原中西部地区全新世地层中粒度、磁化率、CaCO3和pH值四项指标，综合分析了本区全新世11 500—3 100 a BP期间的成壤环境演变及与之相关的沙尘暴活动信息。     

淮河上游全新世黄土与成壤环境变化

Based on field surveys, soil samples were collected at the YPC site, Yuzhou City, Henan Province for analysis of contents of major and trace elements and their variations with XRF and comparison with the curves of magnetic susceptibility, pH value distribution, loss on ignition and particle-size distribution. It was concluded that the dust source of loess in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River Basin was different from that in the Loess Plateau. And the Holocene pedogenic environmental changes in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River Basin were revealed. Foundation: National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40571154; No.40471119 Author: Li Xinyan (1978–), Ph.D, specialized in resource exploitation and environmental science.     

渭河流域东部全新世环境演变与古文化发展的关系研究

 在对渭河流域东部全新世黄土剖面磁化率、粒度、Rb/Sr、CaCO3等气候指标测定分析的基础上,结合已测定的光释光（OSL）年龄和古文化研究的最新成果,探讨了该区环境演变与人类古文化演进的历史及其相互关系。研究发现,在9.34~6.77 ka BP全新世最适宜的气候条件下,在7.80~7.30 ka BP出现了老官台文化,之后发育了仰韶早期文化;在全新世中期6.77~5.48 ka BP干冷气候初期出现了仰韶文化最繁荣的庙底沟类型文化;中后期随资源环境的持续恶化,该区出现了仰韶文化衰落的西王村类型文化;在全新世中晚期的5.48~3.12 ka BP气候再次发生好转推动了该区龙山文化的发展;4.60~3.76 ka BP期间频繁发生的洪水事件可能进一步强化了人地关系,并进而推动了该区文化进入夏商人类文明时期;3.12 ka BP以来趋于干冷的气候在推动该区人类文明进一步发展的同时,人类活动对环境影响的强度和范围也日益加大。渭河流域古文化得以延续发展至今,一方面说明气候环境的变化并未超越先民适应能力的范围,另一方面也说明渭河流域具有先民维持生存和发展的优越资源环境条件。     

环境变迁、经济开发与政区演变的相关研究——以上海浦东地区为例

该文以上海浦东地区为典型地域的研究表明，政区演变具有内在与外在两种动力机制，它们对政区不同要素的作用有所侧重，而环境变迁、经济开发等背景因素对政区设置产生的影响，具有一定的阶段性。     

环境变迁、经济开发与政区演变的相关研究——以上海浦东地区为例

该文以上海浦东地区为典型地域的研究表明 ,政区演变具有内在与外在两种动力机制 ,它们对政区不同要素的作用有所侧重 ,而环境变迁、经济开发等背景因素对政区设置产生的影响 ,具有一定的阶段性。     

干旱区内陆河流域中游地区全新世沉积相变与环境变化——以石羊河流域为例

中国干旱区内陆河流域中游地区分布了大量晚第四纪河、湖相交替的沉积地层,这些沉积物被广泛用于古气候和古环境重建。然而,以往的研究较多关注沉积物的理、化、生指标,而忽略了沉积相变的古环境意义,这可能使古环境重建结果产生偏差。针对这一问题,选取干旱区典型内陆河——石羊河中游地区的JDT全新世沉积剖面,进行年代学、沉积相、岩性和粒度的研究,并与该区域已有的HSH全新世剖面的地球化学和古生物指标进行对比,在分析沉积相的基础上讨论二者的环境代用指标,重建石羊河中游地区全新世的古环境。两个剖面在年代和岩性上具有很好的一致性,指示了石羊河中游地区约8500 cal yr BP-3000 cal yr BP以来的沉积过程。两剖面从底部到上部可分为六层:河流相沉积(F层)——河湖相沉积(E层)——湖相沉积(D层)——浅湖—风成沉积(C层)——风成沉积(B层)——风成沉积(A层),代表了不同沉积相及其转换过程。综合讨论沉积物岩性、沉积相和各种古环境代用指标认为:石羊河中游地区的沉积相体现了从河流相到湖相再到风成沉积物的变化过程,指示了全新世的干旱化过程。这与以往研究中认为石羊河流域全新世气候变化具有波动性的观点存在一定差异。因此,在研究沉积相变化的基础之上讨论沉积物的物理、化学和生物指标的含义,而非简单地研究这些指标的数值,是干旱区流域性气候变化对比研究的新视角。     

信息化影响下经济发达地区个人联系网络演变——以苏锡常地区为例

人是信息化的主体,信息化的迅速发展对个人联系网络产生了重要影响.在对苏锡常地区12城镇2100余份调查问卷结果整理的基础上,借助SPSS软件和建模的方法从个人的信息来源、联系方式、联系频率等三个方面对信息化影响下苏锡常地区个人联系网络的演变特征和规律进行分析,得出以下结论:电视、报纸等传统信息来源比重降低,而因特网、手机等新型信息来源的比重上升;地理实空间的传统联系方式比重逐渐下降,而网络虚空间的远程通讯方式蓬勃发展,且处于强势主导地位等,地理实空间和网络虚空间是互补而非替代关系等.地区城市间个人联系和交流变得频繁,且个体联系频率指数的增幅与城镇等级成显著的正相关关系.     

大城市边缘区人居环境系统演变规律——以广州市为例

文章以广州市为例,揭示了大城市边缘区人居环境系统的演变规律:首先,人居环境系统演变过程可以划分为初期、中期、后期三个阶段,各阶段在城市化水平、经济发展状况、基础设施建设、社区形态、景观类型、土地利用等方面都呈现出显著的特征;其次,提出了人居环境容量概念,并借助于GIS空间分析方法,发现边缘区人口密度不断地增加,人居环境容量逐步趋于饱和;第三,大城市边缘区人居环境演变呈现出不均衡的周期性变化。在此基础上,借鉴Verhulst逻辑斯蒂方程与复合生态系统的动力学机制,构建了大城市边缘区人居环境演变的阶段性、生命周期与可持续发展模型。揭示大城市边缘区人居环境系统演变的规律,可为大城市边缘区人居环境系统优化调控提供理论依据,充实人居环境科学理论体系。     

长江中游江汉-洞庭盆地全新世以来水文环境演变与人类活动

Based on the comprehensive analyses of 18 core profiles’sedimentary sequences and lithological characteristics in Jianghan-Dongting Basin of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the spatial-temporal distribution of archeological sites in this area,we reconstructed the Holocene hydro-environmental evolution,and its relationship with human occupation.The comparison reveals:11.5–5.5 ka BP,the water level of rivers and lakes in the middle Yangtze River appeared a rising trend,concurrently,under the development of Neolithic culture and rice agricultural activities,human occupation extended from piedmont plain to inner basin plain in the study area.The water level fell in 5.5–4.0 ka BP,meanwhile,the number of human settlements of Qujialing-Shijiahe culture rapidly increased,especially in the inner basin plain.The water level rose again around 4.0 ka BP,floods spread massively in this period,which led to the decline of Shijiahe culture.The main causes for hydro-environmental evolution in the study area are the fluctuation of sea level and the aggradation of fluvio-lacustrine sediments.     

长江中游江汉—洞庭盆地全新世以来水文环境演变与人类活动

本文基于长江中游江汉—洞庭盆地18个钻孔岩性、沉积特征及年代数据,结合研究区考古遗址点时空分布特征,恢复研究区全新世以来水文环境演变过程,并探讨了区域水文环境演变的成因机制及其与人类活动的关系。结果表明,受东海海面上升和泥沙淤积等因素影响,距今11.5—5.5 ka,长江中游地区河湖水位呈上升趋势,随着新石器文化的发展及稻作农业活动的增加,人类文化聚落自山前平原地带逐渐向盆地平原中部扩展;距今5.5—4.0 ka,长江中游河湖水位有所下降,新石器晚期的屈家岭—石家河文化迅速发展,聚落数量增多,平原腹地聚落比例增加;距今4.0 ka前后,河湖水位再次有所上升,洪泛过程加剧,可能是石家河文化快速衰落的主要原因。     

浙江上山遗址剖面记录中更新世以来的环境演变

At about 173 ka BP of the late period of mid-Pleistocene, the second terrace of the river had been formed as a result of uplift happening in Shangshan area because of the climate, sea level change and tectonic action. Between 173-75 ka BP, aeolian deposited on the terrace, a layer of reticulate red clayey soil about 80-100 cm thick deposited and developed under the warmer and higher temperature. In the last glacial period, the drop of the temperature and the decrease of the precipitation induced the dust-storms increased, A layer of Xiashu loess about 1.0-1.5 m thick accumulated on Shangshan terrace in the last glacial, which has the reticulate red clayey soil buried. At the beginning of the Holocene （11500 a BP-）, temperature went higher gradually and precipitation got more, the pre-persons moved on the Shangshan terrace （11,400-8600 a BP）, which is one of the most important archaeological sites, and can connect the paleolithic culture with Neolithic culture. It could be assumed from the results that the lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the home of rice cultivation, too. The lower place to the west of the Shangshan site experienced the two cycles process of the fluvial facies and the lacustrine facies, indicating that the water source of the pre-historical Shangshan is the river water or lake water. Two AMS 14C age proved the water source disappeared more than 1000 years ago.     

Environmental change since mid-Pleistocene re-corded in Shangshan achaeological site of Zhejiang

At about 173 ka BP of the late period of mid-Pleistocene, the second terrace of the river had been formed as a result of uplift happening in Shangshan area because of the cli-mate, sea level change and tectonic action. Between 173?75 ka BP, aeolian deposited on the terrace, a layer of reticulate red clayey soil about 80?100 cm thick deposited and developed under the warmer and higher temperature. In the last glacial period, the drop of the tem-perature and the decrease of the precipitation induced the dust-storms increased, A layer of Xiashu loess about 1.0?1.5 m thick accumulated on Shangshan terrace in the last glacial, which has the reticulate red clayey soil buried. At the beginning of the Holocene (11500 a BP?), temperature went higher gradually and precipitation got more, the pre-persons moved on the Shangshan terrace (11,400?8600 a BP), which is one of the most important archaeo-logical sites, and can connect the paleolithic culture with Neolithic culture. It could be as-sumed from the results that the lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the home of rice cul-tivation, too. The lower place to the west of the Shangshan site experienced the two cycles process of the fluvial facies and the lacustrine facies, indicating that the water source of the pre-historical Shangshan is the river water or lake water. Two AMS 14C age proved the water source disappeared more than 1000 years ago.     

浙江上山遗址剖面记录中更新世以来的环境演变

通过对上山文化遗址的野外勘察、野外采样和室内粒度、磁化率、释光年代(OSL)和AMS14C年代分析,探讨了上山地区地貌演变过程,分析了上山文化形成与发展的环境背景。研究结果表明,中更新世早期,上山地区为河流相砾石层堆积,中更新世晚期173kaBP左右,由于气候和海面变化及其新构造运动的影响,形成了河流的二级阶地。而后阶地上接受风尘堆积,形成了中更新世晚期的网纹红土。晚更新世,粉尘堆积加速,堆积了厚约1m的下蜀黄土。全新世(11.5kaBP-)开始,气候转暖,粉尘堆积速率降低,上山台地上保存有命名为"上山文化"的新石器遗址,其年代为11400￣8600aBP,遗址中发掘出大量陶器和石器工具,并发现有栽培水稻遗存,这是迄今为止长江下游地区发现的最早新石器遗址,是探索该地区农业起源和新石器文化演化具有重要意义的地点。上山台地西侧低地经历了河流相—湖沼相—河流相—湖沼相的地貌过程,并且AMS14C年代表明,西侧水源消亡于距今1000多年,而台地东侧仍有河流流过,表明上山遗址所处地貌位置为靠近河湖水源的河流阶地之上覆有风成黄土的低平台地。     

长江中下游阻隔性河段作用机理

阻隔性河段能够阻隔上游河势调整向下游的传递,对稳定河势起到关键性作用。本文以长江中下游34个单一河段为研究对象,在系统总结长江中下游河道演变规律的基础上,归纳出阻隔性河段控制要素包括：单一微弯的河道平面形态、河段中上部无挑流节点;河相系数小于4;河道纵比降大于1.2?;凹岸黏粒含量高于9.5%;床沙中值粒径大于0.158 mm等。从Navier-Stokes方程出发,推导出河湾水流动力轴线弯曲半径的表达式,进而分析了各控制要素对水流动力轴线摆动及阻隔性河段形成的作用。阻隔性河段的判别条件为：不同流量级下水流动力轴线摆动力与河道边界条件约束力的比值始终小于1;阻隔性河段作用机理在于：即便上游河势发生调整,本河段的河道边界始终能约束主流摆动幅度,归顺上游不同河势条件下的主流平面位置,为下游河道提供了相对稳定的入流条件,从而阻隔上游河势调整向下游传递。     

克里雅河尾闾圆沙三角洲古河道剖面所记录全新世古绿洲环境变化

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地克里雅河沿岸的古绿洲与人类活动遗迹丰富,伴随着河流的变迁,遗址印记了古代文明的消失,河道成为孕育绿洲的证据.在浩瀚的沙漠中,古代文明与古绿洲属于依附关系.以圆沙古城为代表的圆沙古三角洲绿洲是孕育沙漠文明的典型.采自圆沙古城北侧深度约11 m的沉积剖面(KYN22),光释光测年和沉积学分析结果所示,剖面...     

汉江上游郧县庹家湾剖面光释光测年及意义

在野外考察基础上选择湖北郧县庹家湾剖面为研究对象。在对磁化率和粒度进行分析的同时,用单片再生剂量法进行了光释光测年（OSL）地层断代。OSL测年数据显示：剖面样品年龄处在55.11~13.57 ka BP,且与地层深度呈现出良好的对应关系,此剖面为黄土风化堆积形成。黏粒含量、黏粒/粉砂值以及磁化率值等气候替代性指标数值在马兰黄土层228~260 cm和294~370 cm深度明显高于典型马兰黄土（L₁）,具有明显的成壤特征,通过OSL测年数据判断时间为27.26~21.59 ka BP,说明在晚更新世时期气候并非持续稳定的寒冷干旱,而是具有一定的波动,在此期间气候相对温暖湿润,而且此次气候事件在黄土高原地区其他沉积记录中也有良好记录。     

The mechanism of barrier river reaches in the middle and lower Yangtze River

Alluvial channel has always adjusted itself to the equilibrium state of sediment transport after it was artificially or naturally disturbed. How to maintain the equilibrium state of sediment transport and keep the river regime stable has always been the concerns of fluvial geomorphologists. The channel in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is characterized by the staggered distribution of the bifurcated river and the single-thread river. The change of river regime is more violently in the bifurcated river than in the single-thread river. Whether the adjustment of the river regime in the bifurcated river can pass through the single-thread river and propagate to the downstream reaches affects the stabilities of the overall river regime. Studies show that the barrier river reach can block the upstream channel adjustment from propagating to the downstream reaches; therefore, it plays a key role in stabilizing the river regime. This study investigates 34 single-thread river reaches in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. On the basis of the systematic summarization of the fluvial process of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the control factors of barrier river reach are summarized and extracted: the planar morphology of single-thread and meandering; with no flow deflecting node distributed in the upper or middle part of the river reach; the hydraulic geometric coefficient is less than 4; the longitudinal gradient is greater than 12‰, the clay content of the concave bank is greater than 9.5%, and the median diameter of the bed sediment is greater than 0.158 mm. From the Navier-Stokes equation, the calculation formula of the bending radius of flow dynamic axis is deduced, and then the roles of these control factors on restricting the migration of the flow dynamic axis and the formation of the barrier river reach are analyzed. The barrier river reach is considered as such when the ratio of the migration force of the flow dynamic axis to the constraint force of the channel boundary is less than 1 under different flow levels. The mechanism of the barrier river reach is such that even when the upstream river regime adjusts, the channel boundary of this reach can always constrain the migration amplitude of the flow dynamic axis and centralize the planar position of the main stream line under different upstream river regime conditions, providing a relatively stable incoming flow conditions for the downstream reaches, thereby blocking the upstream river regime adjustment from propagating to the downstream reaches.