Locational components of urban and regional public policy in postwar Vietnam: The case of Ho Chi Minh city (Saigon)

Ho Chi Minh city is a primate city in which wartime dislocations have resulted in severely overcrowded conditions as well as a shrunken economic base. The new government has opted for a policy based on the rapid decanting of a large proportion of the urban population by encouraging internal migration to New Economic Zones in the hinterlands. This policy is based on a hierarchial administrative structure with agricultural productivity as its prime goal. A Green Belt policy has been articulated that uses the New Economic Zones as building blocks. The Green Belts constrain urban growth as well as provide foodstuff for the remaining urban residents. The ultimate objective of the overall policy is a balanced urban and regional environment that is in tune with Vietnam's agricultural economy.     

浅析城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策

对当前正在实施的城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策进行了初步分析,认为当前大多数地方开展增减挂钩工作立足点存在偏差,导致工作方式的切入点出现偏向。文章对增减挂钩的深刻内涵进行了剖析,并提出了工作实践中应注意的问题。     

Prosperity and the New Economy in Canada’s major city regions

Canada’s three large city regions—Montréal, Toronto and Vancouver—have been relatively successful in retaining their Manufacturing bases, while at the same time adding substantial numbers of New Economy job opportunities. Deindustrialization appears to have occurred primarily in the Montréal CMA (Census Metropolitan Area) and in some smaller communities where motor vehicle manufacturing was significant. Growth in New Economy jobs has occurred in the larger CMAs; the smaller urban areas have had little success in attracting these jobs. For the most part, these trends appear to be path dependent: prosperous communities with substantial proportions of New Economy jobs are likely to remain prosperous and to attract more such jobs. The lack of significant correlation between Economic Health and the presence of immigrants, same sex couples, performing and visual artists suggests that local economic development strategies based on these factors may have limited success.     

Policy responses to informality in urban Africa: the example of Maputo,Mozambique

In the global South informality constitutes one of the leading issues for urban policy makers. The planning challenges around informality are particularly relevant in urban Africa as most Africans make their livelihoods in the informal economy. This paper examines issues of state policy responses to informality through the lens of street traders. Under scrutiny are policy responses towards street trading in Mozambique’s capital, Maputo, a city that has experienced the advance of informalization. It is argued that the dominant approach towards informal trading across urban Africa is of a ‘sanitising’ policy response by the local state which is rooted upon traditions of modernist urban planning in search of ‘ordered development’. The research discloses that in Maputo national and municipal authorities have adopted a more tolerant approach to the informal economy, mainly because it provides a livelihood to so many of the city’s poor and because of potential social unrest likely to be triggered by a repressive approach. In Maputo the core narrative is of an urban informal economy viewed by officials as an important livelihood for the city’s poor, albeit one which is subject both to periodic harassment and encouragement to ‘formalize’. The analysis represents a contribution to the expanding corpus of writings on Africa’s informalising cities and specifically concerning policy responses towards street trading.     

Land use change modeling and the effect of compact city paradigms: integration of GIS-based cellular automata and weights-of-evidence techniques

In recent decades, attaining urban sustainability is the primary goal for urban planners and decision makers. Among various aspects of urban sustainability, environmental protection such as agricultural and forest conservations is very important in tropical countries like Malaysia. In this regard, compact urban development due to high density, rural development containment is known as the most sustainable urban forms. This paper attempts to propose an integrated modeling approach to predict the future land use changes by considering city compactness paradigms. First, the cellular automata (CA) were applied for calculating land use conversion. Next, weights-of-evidence (WoE) which is based on Bayes theory was utilized to calibrate CA model and to support the transitional rule assessment. Several urban-related parameters as well as compact city indicators were utilized to estimate the future land use maps. The results showed how compact development parameters and site characteristics can be combined using the WoE model to predict the probability of land use changes. The modeling approach supports the essential logic of probabilistic methods and indicates that spatial autocorrelation of various land use types and accessibility is the main drivers of urban land use changes.     

临沂市兰山区城乡建设用地增减挂钩工作探讨

城乡建设用地增减挂钩是改善农村生产生活条件和环境,实现城乡统筹,建立城乡统一的土地市场的必然要求。通过对临沂市兰山区的分析,在对＂挂钩政策＂实施中存在的问题分析的基础上,得出＂挂钩政策＂应遵循的基本原则,提出了在挂钩政策下的一条切实可行的操作模式,并依此提出政策建议,为政府决策提供了依据,使其为新农村建设做出更大的贡献。     

菏泽市加强“双保工程”建设的几点做法

城乡建设用地增减挂钩试点和指标置换政策是国土资源部统筹城乡发展的一项重大创新举措,该文从菏泽市实际出发,对严格土地用途管制,严格规划计划,严控建设用地规模,严格执行国家产业政策和供地政策,落实好城乡建设用地增减挂钩试点和指标置换政策提出自己的见解。     

蒙阴县城乡建设用地增减挂钩工作现状与思考

蒙阴县充分利用城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策,加大农村居民点的整合搬迁复垦力度,积极推进新农村建设,改变了村容村貌,缓解了发展与用地的矛盾,加快了城乡统筹的步伐。     

采后覆岩分带模型及工程意义探讨

采后覆岩力学状态与顶板事故、顶板水害等直接相关,有必要对采后覆岩结构进行深入研究。提出了覆岩结构“新四带”模型:垮落带、裂隙带、基岩离层带、松散冲积层带。结合前人的“三带”模型、“四带”模型进行了空间上对比分析,厘清了3种分带模型的空间关系。重点从覆岩内含水层水位受采动影响、光纤探测、顶板淋水现象等几个方面探讨了“新四带”模型的科学性,得出煤层上覆基岩内任何层段都可能产生离层裂隙(达到一定宏观尺度时称为离层空间)的结论。“三带”主要用来校核采煤支架的额定工作阻力以及指导防隔水煤(岩)柱的设计;“四带”可在一定程度上指导离层带注浆工程实践,但存在井下溃浆安全风险以及弱化“三带”原有工程价值的缺点;“新四带”传承了“三带”的工程意义,同时可有效指导顶板离层水害的防治。      

2005-2015年贵阳市生境退化程度对土地利用变化的响应

基于2005和2015年贵阳市土地利用数据,利用InVEST模型,分析了2005-2015年贵阳市生境退化程度对土地利用变化的响应,结果表明:（1）2005-2015年贵阳市城镇建设用地、农村居民点和有林地大幅增加,水田和旱地大幅下降,其他地类变化相对较小;水田和旱地转化为城镇建设用地、农村居民点和有林地最为突出;（2）10年间,贵阳市生境退化程度以下降为主,生境退化程度增加区主要分布在南部,下降区主要分布在北部、东部和西部;（3）生境退化程度热点变化以低值减少和高值减少为主;生境退化程度热点空间变化主要分布于南部。退耕还林政策及快速城镇化引起的水田和旱地转化为有林地、城镇建设用地和农村居民点是导致该区生境退化程度变化的主要因素。      

北京城市地质工作进展与思考

本文分析了北京城市地质工作主要进展,提出了当前城市地质工作中存在的主要问题,思考了未来北京城市地质工作发展方向。提出:北京建设世界城市对地质工作提出了更高的战略需求,需要充分借鉴纽约、伦敦和东京等特大城市地质工作经验,启动城市地质工作立法,强化城市地质工作服务经济社会发展的先行性作用;实施首都建设地质响应计划,统筹部署地质工作;加快首都地区地质资源环境承载能力监测预警平台建设步伐,有效解决与城市发展和城市居民生活密切相关的重大地质问题。     

Evaluation of urban underground space resources using a negative list method: Taking Xi’an City as an example in China

Utilization of urban underground space has become a vital approach to alleviate the strain on urban land resources, and to optimize the structure and pattem of the city. It is also very important to improve the city environment, build livable city and increase the capacity of the city. Based on the analysis of existing evaluation methods and their problems, a method for evaluating underground space resources based on a negative list of adverse factors affecting underground space development is proposed, to be primarily used in urban planning stages. A list of the adverse factors is established, including limiting factors, constraining factors and influencing factors. Taking Xi’an as an example, using a geographical information system platform, a negative list of adverse factors for the underground space resources in Xi’ an City are evaluated, and preventive measures are proposed. Natural resources, exploitable resources, and the potential growth of exploitable underground space resources are evaluated. Underground space assessment in the different development stages of the city, collaborative utilization and safety evaluation for multiple subsurface resources, environmental impact and assessment, as well as evaluation methods based on big data and intelligent optimization algorithms are all discussed with the aim of serving city planning and construction.     

The role of the border city Hunchun on Tumen River, China

Since the Tumen River Area Development Project(TRADP) was launched in 1991, Hunchun city located between North Korea and Russia along the river corridor, has become an important and unique border city. Hunchun, formerly a strategic military city, is emerging as an international trade linkage center through Satouz and Quanhe on the North Korea side and through Changlinzi on the Russian side. Furthermore, the establishment and operation of the Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone (HBECZ) in the city is becoming the main source of the growth, providing a new role for the border city. Its underlying economic momentum comes from the combination of the Chinese-Korean labor force and foreign investment and technology transferred from Korea, Japan, and others. The most important expected new role for Hunchun is as a new 21st century entrepot connection between the Pacific rim and Eurasia by rail and trunk lines, and as a new regional center of the border region based on both a newly generated urban subsystem and the increasing informal sector of cross border business. However, there are many obstacles to overcome in the near future, such as the possible military tensions among the three border nations, the guarantee of free entries and sailing on the Tumen river, and agreements concerning environmental conservation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

试论喀斯特地貌对城市发展建设的影响 ——以喀斯特山区城市贵阳为例

以DEM数据资料为基础,采用GIS手段对贵阳地面坡度、破碎程度等地貌要素进行定量分析,并指出贵阳城市形态、用地供给条件、道路系统和绿地系统等布局和建设都受到喀斯特地貌的影响。贵阳山高坡陡,地形破碎、地下喀斯特发育、灾害隐患多,导致城市空间布局分散、城市用地供给量少质差、道路和绿地系统建设难度大;而用地条件差和组团式分散布局特征又使城市化经济成本偏高,这些问题将给贵阳城市的发展建设带来负面影响。为此,在今后的城市建设中,应强化高效集约利用土地资源和选择紧凑型城市结构、公交优先的交通模式等策略,以缓解城市建设用地紧张状况和降低城市化经济成本,此外,还应注意加强城市地貌环境管理,并对城市不同区域进行空间管制,以保证城市与地貌环境协调发展。      

海峡西岸城市群地质环境特征研究

福建南部沿海是全国城市化水平最高的地区之一,国内生产总值占福建省的51．64％,现已成为“海峡西岸经济区”建设的核心区域。城市是以人类社会为主体的生态系统,是城市社会(人口、劳动、智力)与城市空间(地质、资源、环境)对立统一的系统。区域地壳稳定是城市建设的基本条件,水是城市发展不可缺少的自然资源,闽南沿海花岗岩风化壳发育,软土环境工程地质问题突出。本文重点讨论城市区域稳定性问题、城市水资源供需平衡问题和城市开发建设可能涉及的工程地质问题。     

雄安多要素城市地质标准体系研究

雄安新区作为多要素城市地质调查试点城市,急需建立城市地质标准,为高水平现代化城市管理提供全方位技术支撑。从城市地质与现代城市行政管理有机融合的角度角度出发,通过分析我国城市地质标准现状和雄安新区规划建设需求,研究提出雄安多要素城市地质标准体系。研究表明:高起点规划、高标准建设雄安新区,需要建立一套系统的、完整的、先进的多要素城市地质标准体系;标准体系应该包括空间、资源、环境和灾害等子体系:空间涵盖全域、重点区、特色小镇、工程建设场地等四方面,资源涵盖地热、矿泉水、地下水等三方面,环境涵盖土壤质量、地下水质量、湿地质量等三方面,灾害涵盖地面沉降、地裂缝、地震、砂土液化、地面塌陷等五方面。与雄安新区规划、建设、运行等不同阶段城市管理密切结合,需要研制30项城市地质技术标准,包括空间标准6项、资源标准9项、环境标准7项、灾害标准8项。     

Marine mineral resources

Oceanic manganese nodules, for long the cornucopia of sea floor mineral deposits, have lost much of their economic attractiveness in recent years as a result of depressed metal prices and difficulties surrounding their potential extraction under the Law of the Sea Convention. In their place, commerical interest in mineral deposits within Exclusive Economic Zones has increased, while the scientific world is enamoured with the black smokers discharging at mid–ocean ridges and the polymetallic sulphides that precipitate from them.     

Application of electrical resistivity tomography methods for delineation of groundwater contamination and potential zones

Identification of damages/changes that are affecting the underground water quality due to the effect of anthropogenic activities is often done after environmental problems have become evident or water portability being strongly affected. Two main applications of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) methods have been addressed covering characterization of leachate movement from a composting area of a Sugar Mill in Southern India. Good correlation has been obtained between ERT and groundwater quality assessments as well as from groundwater monitoring data sets. The study helped in conceptualization of hydrogeologic framework in basaltic terrain. Impacts on groundwater regime associated with urbanization and industrialization can easily be assessed through the variation of resistivity in the inverse resistivity pseudo-section model of the ERT investigations. Assessment of groundwater potential in an upcoming Urban Node, Greater Hyderabad city has been illustrated in the second example. Identification of good thickness of weathered regolith for location of water harvesting through Green Fingers evolved. The small infrastructure would help carrying of enhanced surface runoff as well as to sustain groundwater yield in the urban node and thereby ensuring sustainable groundwater resource exploitation. The above studies have illustrated immense potential of the ERT tools in the assessment of groundwater contamination as well as groundwater potential.     

The Green Bay ecosystem and assessment of climate change impacts

Climate change will have major impacts in the Great Lakes region of North America. Particularly vulnerable are shallow freshwater estuaries, such as Lake Michigan’s Green Bay, located in the north-eastern part of the State of Wisconsin. Green Bay and the Lower Fox River, its major tributary, were considered to be severely polluted as early as 1925. As a result of large expenditures of money and a major research effort that has been conducted over the past 40 years or more, some progress has been made toward the restoration of ecosystem integrity. However, work remains, and within this context, potential climate change impacts pose additional challenges. We discuss in this paper a methodology that can be used to assess climate change impacts on ecosystems, and describe an application to the Green Bay ecosystem. The methodology employs numerical methods to evaluate the inputs from scientific, policy, and management experts who are knowledgeable about the ecosystem under study. The Green Bay ecosystem application reveals that runoff from agriculture and urban sources, already a major ecosystem stressor, will be exacerbated in the future as a result of climate change impacts.