波导法测量油井持水率的理论、方法和实验研究

油井内的钢铁质套管可视为大口径圆波导,为应用电磁波传播方法测量管内混合流体的持水率提供了可能性．本文通过分析油井套管构成的导波系统的电磁波传输特性,提出一种波导测量方法,并用数值模拟和物理模拟实验结果,考察方法的可行性．结果表明,波导法具有特殊优点和良好应用前景．     

波导法测量油井持水率的理论,方法和实验研究

油井内的钢铁质套管可视为大口径贺波导，为应用电磁波传播方法测量管内混合流体的持水率提供了可能性。本文通过分析油井套管构成的导波系统的电磁波传输特性，提出一种波导测量方法，并用数值模拟和物理模拟实验结果，考察方法的可行性。结果表明，波导法具有特殊优点和良好应用前景。     

用电磁波模拟实验解释地震电磁信号

根据电磁波在地壳及大气波导层中传播的模拟实验,讨论了地震电磁信号在超低频及甚低频频段内的传播特征。用一块花岗岩板和两块铝板分别模拟地壳、电脑层和地下导电层,用海洋被铝薄膜覆盖的地图来模拟希腊群岛及其周围的海。为了弄清海洋对电磁波传播的影响,将从模拟震源发出的电磁波的传播强度标在地图上。我们得到了甚低频电磁波的长距离传播,而超低频电磁波传播从震中开始呈指数衰减。考虑波导的这一实验也许能够解释海洋对地     

地壳波导与震前电磁波异常

本文简要地介绍了地壳波导,电磁波在地壳波导中的传播特性以及我们采用的接收装置,然后分析研究了几年内观测结果。表明,大多数楚雄附近M_L≥3-4级地震,云南省内M_L≥5.0级地震以及远距离的大震前都记录到电磁波异常。这就显示了,利用电磁波异常预报中,强地震是可能的.     

产油井套管变形的一种可能解释

产油井套管变形断裂,造成油井的报废,这种现象影响了石油的生产。本文指出,由于开采石油,减低了含油层的孔隙压力,致使含油层被压缩,油层的压缩给固结在油层中的套管以一个纵向附加压力,当含油地层倾斜时,套管除受到纵向压力外,还受到一对横向水平剪力的作用。这种因油层压缩而产生的力,是造成套管变形的一种可能解释。     

有限元方法研究精细地-电离层波导VLF波传播特性

基于频域有限元方法仿真了精细地-电离层波导结构甚低频(VLF, Very Low Frequency)电磁波幅度和相位传播特性.首先给出了如何确定VLF波发射点和接收点传播路径所在大圆的方法, 接着分析了获取波导结构中不同阶波导模式传播系数的耦合模理论, 数值讨论了不同阶波导模式的衰减率和相对相速度随模式数和工作频率的变化关系, 给出了波导不同结构参数对一阶模衰减率和相对相速度的影响.与文献结果对比验证了本文有限元方法模拟VLF波传播的正确性和高效性.最后利用实验和数值仿真结果, 通过对电子密度国际电离层参考模型进行修正, 讨论了澳大利亚—青岛台VLF波幅度和相位日变化的规律.本文工作为研究地-电离层波导结构VLF波电磁特性以及提高陆基超远程甚低频导航系统的精度, 提供了新的思路和方法.

     

超长电磁波法在隐伏断裂探测中的应用

从超长电磁波法的工作原理、解释原理、应用效果分析等方面介绍了超长电磁波法在隐伏断裂探测中的应用。认为．超长电磁波法在确定新生界覆盖层厚度、隐伏断裂的位置等方面可解释度高。超长电磁波法工作效率高．勘探费用低．在隐伏断裂探测中可推广应用。     

原子能应用于石油地质勘探——放射性测井

在石油工业的地质勘探方面,广泛应用放射性方法来研究油井地质剖面,和解决钻井、采油的工程问题.特别是研究已下套管的油井,唯一的办法,只有采用放射性测井;对高矿化度液体钻进的井及石灰岩地层中钻的井中,划分地层,判别油气水层,也具有重要的作用.     

多卫星联合观测地基VLF电磁信号在磁层中的传播路径

正人工地基VLF电磁发射信号已经被很多近地卫星探测并研究。这些人工电磁波信号通过大气层,到达电离层和磁层,能够散射被束缚在地磁场中的高能电子,进而引起电子沉降到更低的大气层中,因此,能够帮助减轻粒子辐射对飞行器和宇航员的伤害。VLF电磁波在电离层、磁层中的传播模式分为两种:波导管传播(由于受等离子体密度不均匀分布的限制,近似沿着地磁场的场向传播,即ducted mode)和非波导管传播(不沿着地磁场     

井中磁源瞬变电磁响应特征研究

井中瞬变电磁波勘探是一个全空间地球物理场问题.采用Gaver-Stehfest逆拉氏变换方法,正演计算了瞬变信号激励下接收线圈上的电磁场响应.分析了包含井眼泥浆、套管、水泥环和地层的轴对称多层介质模型的电磁场响应特征,考察了各层介质参数对井中瞬变电磁响应的影响.不同电导率井眼泥浆的电磁场响应衰减曲线表明,井眼泥浆电导率的变化对井中瞬变电磁响应的影响极小.不同套管几何参数的电磁响应数值模拟结果显示,套管内径变化对电磁响应有较大影响;在套管厚度变化的端点处,电磁响应存在明显异常.通过对不同套管磁导率电磁响应特征的讨论,认为套管磁导率参数对电磁响应有重要影响,套管相对磁导率越高,电磁波信号越难穿过套管,响应信号幅度越低.最后,对不同水泥环参数的电磁场响应进行了数值模拟,发现对于低导地层,低阻水泥环会产生较大的测量误差;而对高导地层,水泥环厚度参数对响应信号影响可忽略不计.     

在套管中激发环向传播的准SH波的有限元模拟及实验研究

目前评价固井质量的声波测井方法均是在井内泥浆中辐射声波,再耦合到套管中激发套管波,这种测量方式在重泥浆或含气的井筒内应用时受到了限制.本文将电磁超声换能器引入到套管井中,无需井内介质的声耦合直接在套管中激发沿着套管轴向偏振、周向传播的准SH波.利用多物理场有限元仿真技术优化设计了磁盘阵列式的偏置磁场和跑道型线圈结构的电磁超声换能器,基于洛伦兹力机理实现了在铁磁材料的套管中激发和接收环向传播的准SH波的电磁超声转换技术.根据优化设计结构在实验室研制了电磁超声换能器,有限元模拟和实验室测量均观测到了沿套管环向传播的零阶及一阶准SH波.有限元模拟结果还显示在胶结良好的套管井中,准SH波一边沿着套管环向传播,一边向水泥环中辐射准SH波; 在水泥和地层界面准SH波还会发生反射,再耦合到套管中被接收器接收到,通过对比硬地层和软地层两种套管井模型中接收的反射波信息,可观测到反射的准SH波相位相反,反射波和直达波的相位变化充分验证了准SH波的传播特征.

     

An acoustic-wave theory for casing bond evaluation using viscoelastic slip boundary modeling

Slip boundary condition is commonly utilized to model elastic wave propagation through layered earth media. The same approach is used here to characterize acoustic wave propagation along a cased borehole with various cement bond conditions. By modeling the cement layer between casing and formation as a viscoelastic slip interface with complex coupling rigidity parameters, one can not only reduce the complexity in the classical elastic wave modeling of the problem, but also efficiently model various complicated wave phenomena that are difficult for the existing modeling. More specifically, the new theory can well describe the effect of the cement bond condition change and the location of the change (i.e., whether it is in the first interface between casing and cement, or the second interface between cement and formation) on the acoustic waves, demonstrating the good modeling capability and predicting power. Application of the theory to field data shows that the theory can correctly model the acoustic wave characteristics and interpret the cement bond condition, thus providing a useful fundament theory for casing bond evaluation using acoustic logging.     

井间电磁场时域有限差分数值模拟

为进一步了解井间地下介质结构及其电性特征,本文用时域有限差分方法(FDTD),实现了井间电磁场响应的数值模拟.激发源是探测深度相对磁偶极子更大一些的电偶极子,首先选择一个位于井轴上的垂直电偶极子作为场源,并假设参与计算的介质相对于发射井井轴是轴向对称的,这样可将研究区域作为二维问题处理.推导了二维井间电磁波传播时域差分公式.该方法适用于任何方向入射的电偶极子源,尤其善于解决频域差分方法所难以描述的宽频脉冲.给出了井间金属圆柱和矿体圆柱数值模拟2个例子,结果表明,时域有限差分方法能有效的模拟井间地下介质中电磁波的传播,揭示电磁波传播规律.该方法速度快、精度高、结果稳定,适合用于井间电磁场反演成像的正演响应计算.     

Distinguishing oil and water layers by interpreting acoustic logging data with changing well diameters

During surveys, water layers may interfere with the detection of oil layers. In order to distinguish between oil and water layers, research on the properties of well diameters and oil and water layers and their relation to acoustic logging rules is essential. Using Hudson's crack theory, we simulated oil and water layers with different well diameters or crack parameters (angle and number density). We found that when the well radius increases from 0.03 m to 0.05 m, the variation ratio of compressional wave amplitude for the oil layer is less than that for the water layer. The difference of Stoneley wave amplitude between the crack parameters (angle and number density) is greater in the case of the water layer than in the case of the oil layer. The response sensitivity of wave energy is greater for the water layer than that for the oil layer. When the well radius increases from 0.05 m to 0.14 m, the maximum excitation intensity for oil layer is greater than that for the water layer. We conclude that the propagation of an elastic wave is affected by medium composition and well diameter, and the influence has certain regularity. These results can guide further reservoir logging field exploration work.     

Three‐dimensional controlled‐source electromagnetic modelling with a well casing as a grounded source: a hybrid method of moments and finite element scheme

Steel well casings in or near a hydrocarbon reservoir can be used as source electrodes in time‐lapse monitoring using grounded line electromagnetic methods. A requisite component of carrying out such monitoring is the capability to numerically model the electromagnetic response of a set of source electrodes of finite length. We present a modelling algorithm using the finite‐element method for calculating the electromagnetic response of a three‐dimensional conductivity model excited using a vertical steel‐cased borehole as a source. The method is based on a combination of the method of moments and the Coulomb‐gauged primary–secondary potential formulation. Using the method of moments, we obtain the primary field in a half‐space due to an energized vertical steel casing by dividing the casing into a set of segments, each assumed to carry a piecewise constant alternating current density. The primary field is then substituted into the primary–secondary potential finite‐element formulation of the three‐dimensional problem to obtain the secondary field. To validate the algorithm, we compare our numerical results with: (i) the analytical solution for an infinite length casing in a whole space, excited by a line source, and (ii) a three‐layered Earth model without a casing. The agreement between the numerical and analytical solutions demonstrates the effectiveness of our algorithm. As an illustration, we also present the time‐lapse electromagnetic response of a synthetic model representing a gas reservoir undergoing water flooding.     

井间电磁法综述

地面电磁法在实际工作中在很大程度上受到了探测深度和分辨率的限制.为了克服这些缺点,出现了井间电磁法.井间电磁法指的是在两个(或多个)钻孔中分别发射或接收电磁波信号,利用电磁波信号进行成像并探测井间物理性质的地球物理方法.由于发射机和接收机可以分别放置在很深钻孔中,其具有大透距、大探测深度的特点,因而广泛应用于工程环境物探、矿产勘查、石油勘探等中.针对不同的应用,产生了各具特点的一些特殊方法,包括井间无线电波成像、跨孔雷达、井间电磁成像.井间无线电波成像仪目前只测量电场强度数据,工作频率低,一般是单频的电磁波,频率范围通常在1 kHz至10 MHz.由于缺少走时数据修正射线路径,井间无线电波成像主要是进行基于直射线追踪的衰减层析成像.井间无线电波成像既可用于工程与环境地球物理也可用于找矿.跨孔雷达是钻孔雷达的一种探测方式,用高频电磁脉冲探测两个井孔间介电常数和电导率的变化.跨孔雷达层析成像也叫地质雷达CT,既可进行走时成像,还可进行衰减成像.一般来说,地质雷达CT的电磁波工作频率较高,中心频率通常在10 MHz和1 GHz之间,因此在分辨率指标上占有优势,跨孔雷达主要用于工程与环境地球物...     

Electromagnetic fields in a non-uniform steel-cased borehole

Since most oil wells are cased in steel, electromagnetic (EM) signals undergo severe attenuation as they diffuse across the casing. This paper examines an effect of non‐uniform casing properties on EM fields measured in a steel‐cased well embedded in a layered formation. We use a finite‐element method for computing secondary azimuthal electric fields in a cylindrically symmetric model, and analytically obtain primary fields for a homogeneous casing in a homogeneous whole space. Although steel casing largely masks EM signals induced into a layered formation, the induced signal is more pronounced in phase than in amplitude. The effect of casing non‐uniformity is quite large in measured fields but is highly localized. When electrical conductivity varies rapidly in the casing wall, the resulting EM fields also vary rapidly. A cross‐correlation function of these variations has strong peaks at two points, the interval between them being equal to the source–receiver distance. The high‐frequency coherent noise event caused by the non‐uniform casing can be greatly suppressed by low‐pass filtering to enhance EM signals indicating formation conductivity.     

基于电磁波衰减补偿的探地雷达三维逆时偏移成像

常规探地雷达（GPR）逆时偏移大都未考虑高频电磁波在地下高电导率介质中传播的强衰减特性,致使高衰减区域的成像质量低;实际地下结构呈三维空间分布,二维GPR逆时偏移难以将反射波准确归位和绕射波完全收敛于真实位置.为此,本文构建了一种基于电磁波衰减补偿的三维GPR逆时偏移算法.该算法采用三维时域有限差分法计算正传和反传电磁波场,并通过改变反传电磁波方程中包含电导率的衰减项的正负号,人为保持反传时的时间对称性和反转不变性,以补偿正传时衰减的能量;零时刻成像条件用于获取地下三维结构的成像结果.数值试验结果表明：相比于常规GPR逆时偏移算法,基于电磁波衰减补偿的三维GPR逆时偏移可精确补偿电磁波在地下高电导率介质中正传衰减的能量,高电导率区域的成像精度更高,分辨率更好,抗干扰能力更强,其结果更有利于指导后续雷达剖面的解译.

     

超声反射法套管-地层环空间介质波阻抗反演方法与成像实例

针对套管井反射式超声波水泥固井质量检测问题,本文利用超声反射波频谱中套管共振透射窗内的复合反射系数,提出了定量反演套管-地层环空间内介质的波阻抗的方法. 利用复合反射系数中多个频率点的相移反正切函数主值,给出了波阻抗的计算公式,并把套管-地层环空间介质中波的相移的整、实特性作为波阻抗反演收敛的判据. 针对井下实际测井环境中超声换能器性能受温度和压力等的影响而发生变化,导致的声源波形（子波）和复合反射系数不确定的困难,提出了用井下原地（in situ）实测波形定量估计声源波形和复合反射系数的方法. 通过对合成数据的处理,分别考察了已知介质的声学和几何参数存在的偏差对套管-地层环空间内介质的波阻抗反演结果的影响. 本文对多组模型井检验数据进行了目的层介质的波阻抗反演与成像,成像结果与真实情况吻合,验证了反演方法的有效性. 最后对现场实测资料进行了套管-地层环空间内介质的波阻抗定量反演与成像.