Excavation Problem in Mixed Ground Conditions at the Kabatas–Mecidiyekoy Metro (Istanbul) Tunnels

Mechanized tunnelling is a well-established tunnel construction method which allows constructing tunnels in various conditions including mixed ground conditions as well as tunnels in vulnerable urban areas. The selection of the excavator suitable for the geological structure is important in terms of realizing an efficient tunnel excavation. Tunnel excavation studies of Istanbul Kabatas–Mecidiyeköy Metro tunnels are implemented as a double tube. Geology in this section is composed of sandstone, siltstone, mudstone interbedded or as separate units along with dyke intrusions. Calcareous clay, clayey limestone, clayey sand are also rarely observed. Between the Kabatas–Mecidiyekoy tunnels includes two types of mechanical excavation methods namely tunnel boring machine (TBM) and new Austrian tunnelling method (NATM). Main purpose of this study is mixed ground and their impacts on mechanized tunnelling. At the end, some issues have been presented which seems to be important for the success of TBM and NATM in the mixed grounds. As the tunnel excavation studies continued, the problem of collapse on the ground surface of Barbaros Boulevard in Besiktas station increased the importance of tunnel excavation under mixed ground conditions.     

Construction Problems on the Karstified Limestone Tuffs of Condeixa, Central Portugal: A Case Study

During the excavations for the foundations of a three storey building on the limestone tuffs of Condeixa, Central Portugal, a large dissolution fissure and smaller dissolution voids were found. Since the area has never been the subject of engineering geology investigation, it was decided to evaluate the risk associated with the construction of the building. These limestone tuffs were formed in a continental environment by the precipitation of calcite carried by the water coming from the large limestone body in the east. The precipitated calcite mixed with the terrigenous materials and around trunks and leaves of plants, originating a very heterogeneous and porous ground, which is characteristic of limestone tuffs. The study started with a detailed geological survey followed by a large number of destructive drillings, located essentially under the pad foundations. The results revealed several karstic cavities with serious problems for the building foundations and the structure, and many smaller dissolution cavities, often filled with clayey soils. The ground treatment solutions used included, dental cleaning, filling with concrete or granular material the dissolution structures accessible at the level of the foundation, reinforcement of the footing and the structure of the building and adding a continuous foundation beam to hold the foundations together. The cost of the engineering geology study, site investigation, ground treatment, and the reinforcement of the foundation and building, increased the total construction cost from 2%, at the design stage, to 4.8%.     

基于RS与GIS的碳酸盐岩遥感影像特征研究——以黔南地区为例

文章利用Landsat8卫星影像数据,结合黔南碳酸盐岩岩性图、黔南构造要素图等地质资料,以石灰岩、白云岩以及石灰岩与白云岩互层三类岩组地层作为切入点,获取并分析了黔南地区碳酸盐岩的空间分布特征及其在遥感影像上的表现特征。结果发现:①石灰岩地层在影像上总体显示为色调单一、地形高差大,基本无水系和建设用地分布;白云岩地层在影像上总体表现为色调丰富、水系发育、建设用地分布多;石灰岩与白云岩互层地层总体影像特征介于二者之间。②分布于不同构造发育区域的碳酸盐岩岩组地层在遥感影像上的表现特征差异较大,即使是同种岩性的地层也会由于受到节理、断层、向斜和背斜等构造的影响形成形态各异的影像。      

高原生态脆弱区钻探技术体系综合研究与示范

高原生态脆弱区若尔盖铀矿田是我国四大基本类型铀矿田之一,地处高原藏区、生态脆弱、山高坡陡,地层为灰岩、硅灰岩及碳质板岩交互,区内断裂构造发育,岩层产状陡,孔内漏失、垮塌、水敏缩径及孔斜并存,导致取心率低、钻进效率低、质量差。解决若尔盖钻探技术难题是一项系统工程,从改善孔内安全、提高钻进效率、改善施工质量、减少钻机搬迁及提高搬迁效率等方面集成创新、综合治理,形成一套适合若尔盖复杂地层的综合钻探技术体系,在西部高原及深孔复杂地层钻进具有示范与推广作用。     

隧道围岩强度不均地段塌方成因及其处理方法

由于地质构造作用以及风化作用,工程场地岩体中多存在围岩强度不均地段.在隧道施工过程中就经常遇到软硬岩石交汇而形成的地质条件复杂地段;给隧道的施工带来了很多不利情况,并且也是导致隧道塌方的原因之一.2006年1月,承德韩郭线二级公路工程,喇嘛梁隧道软硬岩石交汇地段由于地下水作用导致围岩风化程度不均,产生软弱结构面并造成了大面积塌方.基于现场的追踪调查与考察,本文详细描述了利用拱顶架设工字钢梁并配合超前注浆小导管的支护方法来处理这类围岩.     

Engineering Geology of Limestone in Malaysia

This paper provides an overview of the engineering geology of limestone. Limestone is of rather wide occurrence in Malaysia. It is interesting in view of the unique landforms and karstic features that are encountered in limestone terrains, e.g. steep, subvertical limestone cliffs rising abruptly and majestically above the ground surface and highly variable and pinnacled subterranean limestone bedrock. The karstic features and associated engineering geological problems of both the limestone hills and the bedrock are discussed in the paper. Rockfalls, sinkholes, cavities, etc. are some of the common engineering geological problems associated with limestone terrains. Some local case studies are provided as illustrations. Finally the rock mechanical properties of limestone is discussed at the end of the paper.     

某铁路隧道隧址区水文地质条件分析与洞身涌水量预算

通过详细分析隧道址区水文地质资料,认为石炭系灰岩、三叠系中统河湾组白云质灰岩和上统大水塘组下段安山玄武岩为强含水层组,大量的岩溶发育于石炭系灰岩和三叠系中统河湾组白云质灰岩中。以井水断层及太元背斜为界,将研究区分为太元背斜和街子坡复式向斜2个水文地质单元,并对各单元中水量、水质与地下水的补给、径流及排泄条件等进行了说明。采取并测试了13组地下水同位素样品,结果发现,区内地下水均来源于大气降水。应用地下水动力学和降水系数法对隧道洞身的涌水量进行了预测,推断隧道的正常涌水量为56 880m3/d,最大涌水量为68 300m3/d。为防止隧道塌方,提出了"短进尺、快循环、弱爆破、少扰动、紧封闭、超前注浆"的施工方法,并要求在施工中做好超前地质预测工作。     

Re-evaluation of rock core logging for the prediction of preferred orientations of karst in the Kuala Lumpur Limestone Formation

Based on the relationship between the geological structures and river patterns, the preliminary prediction of the karstic features in the Kuala Lumpur Limestone Formation, based on the existing geological, map appears to be directed between N030° to 070° and N120° to 150°. The factual evidence of this occurrence is obtained from investigation in the field: first, using the two sites exposed for construction of the SMART tunnel under Kuala Lumpur and second, based on the SMART tunnel project rock cores recovery. A much detailed prediction was made by re-evaluating the TCR, RQD and SCR values. The reassessment of these values enables the drilled ground to be classified into four different qualities of rock mass: good quality limestone; moderate quality limestone; weathered limestone; and fully developed void-like karst. According to this new classification system, the tunnel appears to align generally in the heavily karstified limestone in the northern section and massive good quality limestone in the southern section of the study area; which is represented as rose diagrams. The evidence for this analysis is given and the methods used for these studies are explained.     

Elasto-plastic Behavior of Raghadan Tunnel Based on RMR and Hoek–Brown Classifications

Lining contact pressure and ground deformation of Raghadan transportation tunnel (Amman, Jordan) were investigated. The tunnel is 1.1 km in length and 13.5 m in diameter. This study was intended to integrate useful relations among the widely used rock classification system (RMR: rock mass rating), Hoek–Brown classification, and lining-ground interaction. The materials encountered along the tunnel alignment were limestone, dolomatic limestone, marly limestone, dolomite, and sillicified limestone. The ground conditions along the tunnel alignment including bedding planes, joint sets and joint conditions, rock quality, water flow, and rock strength were evaluated based on the drilled boreholes and rock exposures. Elasto-plastic finite element analyses were conducted to study the effect of rock mass conditions and tunnel face advance on the behavior of lining-ground interaction. The results of the analyses showed that lining contact pressure decreases linearly with the increase in RMR value. Also the results showed that tunnel lining contact pressure and crown inward displacement decreases with the increase in the unsupported distance (distance between tunnel face and the end of the erected lining). Ground displacement above the tunnel crown was found to be increases in an increasing rate with the decrease in the depth above the crown. This displacement was also found to be affected by the RMR value and the unsupported distance.     

Water Resource Development in the Quaternary Ryukyu Limestone Regions of Japan:Application of the GIS to the Site Selection of Underground Dams

Based on the natural and social conditions as well as hydrogeological characteristics of the Ryukyu limestone, a major aquifer in the Ryukyu Islands, a conception of underground dam, was proposed in the early 1970s in order to develop ground water resources in the Quaternary Ryukyu limestone regions of Japan. The practice of nearly thirty years has shown that the underground dam is an environment-friendly and effective way for developing ground water in these regions.To further improve the technology associated with underground dam, the authors introduced related analytic methods. The application of the geographical information system technology to site selection of the underground dam is reported in this paper.     

重庆中梁山岩溶地面塌陷特征及形成机理

通过详细调查重庆中梁山地区的岩溶地面塌陷灾害情况,分析出该区地面塌陷特征及形成机理。结果表明:岩溶地面塌陷主要分布在嘉陵江组中的地势低洼处、断层和溶槽处,多发生在降雨量大和地下水水位陡降时期,是自然因素和人类活动共同作用下的结果,数量较多,以土洞型为主;其致塌的力学机制以真空吸蚀作用和潜蚀作用为主,多种作用为辅;在具备岩溶塌陷发生的地质条件下,隧道建设过程中的强排水、降雨和村级公路修建与运营过程中会诱发岩溶地面塌陷的发生。根据岩溶地面塌陷的致塌力学机制和诱发因素,提出预防降雨形成的地表水过度聚集,隧道建设避免地下水陡降,村级公路和隧道选址避开岩溶发育区域等措施,以防止岩溶地面塌陷发生。      

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘岐山地区中奥陶统沉积特征及沉积环境研究

本文通过野外剖面实测、样品采集、薄片鉴定等手段,收集地球化学数据及前人研究材料,对岐山地区岩性组合、沉积构造进行了研究,分析其中奥陶统沉积环境演化过程。结果表明,岐山地区在中奥陶统下马家沟组早期沉积白云岩,为局限海台地环境;下马家沟组中、晚期沉积中厚层状灰岩,为开阔海台地环境;上马家沟组沉积厚层的纹层状灰岩夹碎屑流、浊流等深水沉积建造,水体逐渐加深,并进入台地前缘斜坡沉积环境;峰峰组发育厚层的纹层状灰岩,为台地前缘斜坡环境并向深水海盆靠近。由此判断岐山地区应为南缘凹陷上,除淳化-旬邑次级凹陷以外的另一个水体更深、坡度更大的次级凹陷。     

Cartographie de corps stériles sous couverture quaternaire par méthode de résistivités électriques dans le gisement phosphaté de Sidi Chennane (Maroc)Sterile bodies mapping under Quaternary cover using resistivity-sounding method in the phosphatic bearing of Sidi Chennane (Morocco)

In the Ouled Abdoun sedimentary basin (Morocco), the phosphatic series is composed of regular interbedded phosphatic and marly limestone layers. Some phosphatic deposits in this basin show sterile bodies causing two kinds of problems: (1) as they are hard, compact and masked by a Quaternary cover, they disturb the exploitation in some yards and give bad reserve calculations; (2) even the use of wells and mechanical boreholes did not evidence their delimitation. Therefore, electric prospecting method has been used to evidence their geometrical shape. Petrographical and geometrical studies on these sterile bodies allowed us to choose the appropriate geophysical method to map them. The electrical resistivity survey that we used in the Sidi Chennane area shows that this technique is a good tool to contour these sterile bodies. This method is now considered as useful to the mining engineers to get round them during the exploitation. To cite this article: A. Kchikach et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 379–386.     

Carboniferous Mixed Terrigenous Clastic, Carbonate and Sulphate Sediments in the Bachu Area, Xinjiang

The Carboniferous system in the Xiaohaizi area, Bachu County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, composed of typical mixed terrigenous clastic, carbonate and sulphate sediments, was mainly deposited in the tidal flat and lagoon environments. The mixed sediments occur as the following eleven types: 1. limestone intercalated with siltstone; 2. interbeds of shale and limestone; 3. gypsolyte interbedded with limestone; 4. gypsolyte intercalated with siltstone; 5. gypsolyte interbedded with shale; 6. gypsolyte intercalated with siltstone, limestone and dolomite; 7. siltstone interbedded with gypsolyte and limestone; 8. terrigenous detritus scattered in carbonate matrix; 9. carbonate as cement in clastic rocks; 10. mixed sediments of carbonate and terrigenous mud; 11. mixed sediments of carbonate grains with terrigenous sand. Based on the analysis of the dynamic mechanism of mixed sediments, it is believed that these types of mixed sediments in the study area were controlled by climate, sea level change and so     

重庆南桐矿区瓦斯抽放孔快速钻探技术措施

针对研究区岩层性质和技术状况，通过钻具的优选和合理级配，以及钻进方法、钻头类型与参数、钻进工艺、操作技术的研究，得出一套提高钻孔钻进速度的技术措施，在研究区软-坚硬互层地层瓦斯抽放钻孔施工中，台月效率比原来提高80％以上。     

深埋长隧道TBM施工关键问题探讨

针对深埋长隧道开挖所面临的高水压、高地压、高地温、大变形、难支护等问题,分析总结传统钻爆法开挖与支护技术、全断面隧道掘进机（TBM）施工技术、TBM导洞扩挖技术应用中的优劣,TBM导洞扩挖法为深埋长隧道开挖提供了新的设计思路。由于深埋长隧道的建设环境与浅埋隧道建设环境存在显著差异,TBM施工将面临3个关键问题--岩爆问题、卡盾（大变形）问题和未准确探测前方地质而发生的施工事故（涌水、突泥等）。为揭示TBM施工过程中卡盾的存在性,分别针对某一特定地质条件下深埋软、硬岩TBM施工进行理论分析和数值模拟研究。结果表明,软岩地层TBM施工发生卡盾,而硬岩完整地层TBM施工未发生卡盾。     

金川矿区深部高应力矿床开采关键技术研究与发展

金川矿区是我国唯一一座大型有色矿产资源生产基地。该矿体埋藏深、地应力高和围岩破碎所固有的不利条件,使得矿床在开采过程中面临极大困难。随着开采的延深,开采面积扩大,采场地压显现日趋剧烈,揭示和研究深埋、大面积采场的地压显现规律以及控制技术,是该类难采矿床安全、高效开采的关键。金川矿区自建矿30多年来,开展了大量的地压规律与控制技术的研究,积累了丰富的工程经验,解决了生产中的难题,使得矿山一期工程得以顺利实施。然而,随着二期工程的进展,尤其多中段开采水平矿柱日趋变薄的开采条件下,采场地压活动极为剧烈,巷道变形难以控制,并潜在着采场突变失稳的风险。本文在总结国内外难采矿床采场地压规律和控制技术研究的基础上,深入论述了金川1#矿体开采存在的问题、潜在的风险以及需要解决的关键技术难题。并明确了数值分析、现场监测与工程经验集于一体的动态反馈系统工程方法,是解决复杂采矿工程的必由之路。     

三峡库区巫山县城二郎庙小区岩溶引起的地质灾害危险性研究

三峡库区移民迁建中发现的岩溶问题是一个重大工程地质问题。巫山县新城二郎庙小区是地质灾害监测预警示范区,那里的三叠系嘉陵江组灰岩在特殊的气候、水文和地质环境下遭受了强烈的岩溶作用,岩体结构变得非常复杂,完整的灰岩变为层状碎裂岩体、岩溶角砾岩、泥质条带和残坡积角砾层。不同的地貌部位具有不同的岩溶特点和强度,总体规律性是由西向东、剖面下部至上部岩溶作用增强,其中陡坡下地形由陡变缓的转折地带和冲沟下部是岩溶作用最强烈的地带。岩溶作用形成了各种微地貌和特殊的岩体组合格局。岩溶导致岩体的力学强度和稳定性不断降低,加上其他自然因素和人为因素作用可能产生地面不均匀沉降、地裂缝、滑坡、崩塌、泥石流和地面塌陷地质灾害,这些问题必须在移民迁建以及将来城镇运行过程中引起高度重视。     

套管钻进拔桩法及其工程应用

在地下工程施工中经常会遇到被废弃的旧桩基,如何清除这些废弃桩是确保地下工程顺利施工的关键。简要介绍了废弃桩的拔除机理及拔除方法,重点对套管钻进法的拔桩工艺、施工机具设备、施工效果以及施工中有关问题作了阐述。套管钻进拔桩法具有施工工艺简单、操作方便、施工效率高,施工效果好（尤其对易断桩的拔出）、费用低等优点,可广泛应用于桩径1000mm以内废弃桩的拔除施工。     

Geo-Characterization at selected accelerometric stations in Crete (Greece) and comparison of earthquake data recordings with EC8 elastic spectra

To estimate the seismic response according to Eurocode (EC8) and almost all other national codes, site conditions have to be properly characterized so that soil amplification and the corresponding peak ground motion can be calculated. In this work, different geophysical and geotechnical methods are combined in order to define the detailed ground conditions in selected sites of the Hellenic Accelerometric Network (HAN) in Crete. For this purpose, the geological information of the sites and shear wave velocity, calculated from surface wave measurements, is used. Additionally, ground acceleration data recorded through HAN have been utilized from intermediate depth earthquakes in the broader area of South Aegean Sea. Using the recorded ground motion data and the procedure defined in EC8, the corresponding elastic response spectrum is calculated for the selected sites. The resulting information is compared to the values defined in the corresponding EC8 spectrum for the seismic zone that includes the island of Crete. The comparison shows that accurate definition of ground type through geological, geotechnical and geophysical investigations is important. However, our current comparison focuses on the distribution of values rather than the absolute values of EC8-prescribed spectra, and the results should be considered in this context.