锡林浩特市市区地震砂土液化研究

收集整理锡林浩特市区34个钻孔资料,采用标准贯入试验法和剪切波速法对其进行地震砂土液化的判别,结果显示:当地震烈度达到Ⅶ度时,锡林浩特市区存在砂土液化问题,并给出锡林浩特市市区砂土液化分布范围。     

以剪切波速为宗量的一种砂土地震液化的不确定性判别法

利用基于剪切波速的砂土液化判别法，本文提出了一种可考虑剪切波速的随机性和液化及液化危害等级的模糊性的液化和液化危害等级的判别法。作者首先讨论了当剪切波速具有随机性时液化的发生概率，进而给出了确定场地液化和危害程度的发生概率。在此基础上，结合液化和液化危害程度（等级）的模糊性，利用模糊事件的概率分析方法，提出了可同时考虑随机性和模糊性的场地液化和液化危害性的发生概率的计算方法。     

宏观液化等级和宏观液化指数的概念及评定标准

液化震害调查是检验现有抗液化理论和方法的根本途径,而目前液化现场调查缺少指导性标准及定量化研究。本文根据汶川地震现场调查数据并参考以往地震液化调查数据资料,提出了宏观液化指数和宏观液化等级的概念,并建立了宏观液化指数和等级的评定标准。通过此评定标准给出了汶川地震液化点的宏观液化指数和等级,并综合评定了汶川地震主要液化区的宏观液化等级,即绵阳地区宏观液化等级为Ⅲ级,即中等;德阳地区宏观液化等级主要为Ⅲ级-Ⅳ级,即中等-严重;成都地区液化震害等级主要为Ⅱ级-Ⅲ级,即轻微-中等。本文建立的宏观液化指数及等级标准为宏观液化调查的定量化研究开辟了途径,但形成规范性标准尚需进一步深入研究。     

浅基础水平场地砂土液化危害性评价

分析了《建筑抗震设计规范》中砂土液化危害性评价方法的不足,通过确立液化土层在不同震害模式情况下的液化震陷计算值,建立了以震陷值S为指标的浅基础水平场地地基液化危害性评价等级,得到了其评价程序.     

某长江大桥深度超过15米的砂土层液化势的综合评价

不同抗震设计规范的砂土液化判别方法或国内外其他有代表性的液化判别方法所采用的地震动参数和土性指标及其埋藏条件是不同的,因而采用这些方法对同一工程场地进行液化势预测时其评价结果通常有一些差异,甚至会得到相反的结论。为了给重大工程建设提供较为合理、可信的地基液化势预测结果,采用多种液化判别方法进行场地液化势的综合评价是比较客观的,也是必要的。本文结合某长江大桥桥基工程,采用建筑抗震设计规范的砂土液化判别方法、国内外有代表性的液化判别方法、有限元数值分析法等多种方法逐一对该工程场地砂性土层进行液化判别,并结合室内动三轴液化试验结果,对主桥墩不考虑冲刷条件和考虑一般冲刷深度5m条件时的砂性土层进行了液化势的综合评价,并将各土层的液化势分为液化、可能液化和不液化3个等级,得到了较为合理可靠的判别结果。     

饱和砂土液化的动三轴试验判断与评价

基于动三轴砂土液化试验,采用抗液化剪应力判剐方法和地震反应分析计算结果与地震剪应力时程相结合的综合判别方法,对某长江大桥工程场地的饱和砂土液化进行了判断,并对其液化危害程度进行了等级划分,给出了不同超越概率下的预测结果。     

黄土液化微细观特性试验研究

黄土液化演化过程的微观机理分析是液化防御的科学问题之一。通过微细观及动力学试验探索黄土液化的本质和影响因素。首先用CT细观扫描实验探索黄土渗透液化的细观变化,研究表明土体液面上升的根本原因是弱碱性盐类胶结物的吸水作用导致土样含水面整体上升;试样达到高饱和度,大孔隙周围颗粒间胶结物质破坏后有效应力为零,土层液化。粉土的孔隙尺寸和特殊的胶结物质导致高饱和度。土样微观结构的差异也会影响土的液面上升和破坏强度。针对低黏性粉土、粉质砂土及粉质黏土的三类黄土液化实验分析表明,低黏性粉土动荷加载时间更短,更易于液化,即低粘性粉土液化最为严重,粉质砂土为中等液化,粉质黏土相比其他黄土类别不易液化。电镜扫描土样微观结构参数分析表明,土颗粒周围胶结物质的化学元素比值(Ca/Fe),以及土颗粒粒径分布和孔隙尺寸(孔隙与颗粒比)均影响液化等级,可初步判断液化的强弱。     

汶上县城区砂土地震液化调查分析

通过钻孔、标准贯入试验等手段,对汶上县城区进行砂土地震液化调查分析。划分砂土液化等级,并给出汶上县城区在Ⅶ度、Ⅷ度时的砂土液化分布图,为城市建设工程抗震设防提供依据。     

液化地层下地铁工程抗地震液化措施研究

地震液化可能诱发极为严重的破坏,已成为工程领域的重要研究课题。目前,在可液化地层下地铁工程抗地震液化设计及施工经验较少,且现行规范针对液化地层所给定的处理原则在工程实际应用中较难操作。本文以天津地铁5号线穿越中等-严重液化粉土层区段为工程背景,同时以地震液化机理、影响因素及抗液化规范的应用为基础,结合数值模拟及现场试验,给出了地铁工程抗地震液化处理措施建议,并对各项措施的适用性进行了分析。研究结果表明:抗液化措施应结合地铁结构型式、结构与液化土层的相互位置关系、液化土层的厚度、液化等级以及周边环境等因素综合确定;在结构承载力及抗浮稳定性验算中应计入土层液化引起的土压力增加、摩阻力降低以及浮力增加等因素的影响;注浆加固对盾构区间抗地震液化有利。     

砂土液化标贯判别法在天津地区适用性分析

针对天津地区典型的饱和粉土液化判别现状以及抗震设防标准大幅调整的情况,进行标贯判别法的适用性分析。通过收集大量工程钻孔数据,结合唐山地震震后调查研究结果,对比分析国内三种规范标贯法的液化判别效果;并结合Seed简化法对明显液化区、非液化区数据进行液化回判成功率对比。研究结果表明,在Ⅶ度(0.15g)和Ⅷ度(0.20g)条件下,现行《建筑抗震设计规范》(2010版)法在天津地区液化判别的安全度最高,在液化区的判定成功率最高,但在非液化区的误判率也很高,且判定的液化程度等级与实际液化情况相比明显偏重;地标《岩土工程勘察规范》法在液化区的判定成功率较高,与现行抗规2010版接近,但对非液化区的误判率降低比较明显,判定液化程度等级与实际情况吻合性较好,既保证了安全度,又体现出了一定的经济性,对天津地区粉土液化的适用性更好。     

中日规范中关于液化和侧向扩流场地桥梁桩基抗震设计考虑之比较

评述了我国液化场地和侧向扩流场地桥梁桩基抗震设计规范。总结了中日两国液化场地和侧向扩流场地桥梁桩基的抗震设计方法与技术细节,阐述了日本规范中液化场地和侧向扩流场地桥梁桩基抗震设计中的液化地基土反力折减系数的确定方法,以及土体液化侧向扩流对桩作用力的计算模式。指出我国规范中在液化和侧向扩流场地桩的抗震分析方法、不同土层分界处桩的抗震措施、桩的竖向承载力及桩的屈曲稳定性分析等方面存在的主要问题,据此给出了亟待改进的初步建议。这对我国桥梁工程的抗震安全性具有重要意义,可供我国工程技术人员参考借鉴。     

平清湖水质变化的数值预测

Pinqing Lake, which is near Shanwei city, Guangdong Province, is a lagoon. Water flow in the lake is controlled by tide current. As area of Shanwei city expands quickly, more and more urban wastewater pours into the lake. The water quality near an outfall is bad consequently. In this paper, numerical models of 2-D horizontal time-varying flow and diffusion equations are developed. Difference methods are exployed to solve the equations. After increasing domestic and industrial loads are consided, the water quality in Pinqing Lake is predicted by using the mathematics models.     

Soil–pile-bridge structure interaction in liquefying ground using shake table testing

The evaluation of seismic pile response is particularly useful for geotechnical engineers involved in the design of foundations in liquefying site. Shake table testing was performed to study the dynamic interactive behavior of soil–pile foundations in liquefying ground under different shaking frequency and amplitude. The soil profile consisted of a clayey layer over liquefiable sand over clay. The model was tested with a series of El Centro earthquake motions with peak accelerations ranging from 0.15g to 0.50g, and time step from 0.006 to 0.02 s. Representative data, including time histories of accelerations and excess pore pressure ratios that characterize the important aspects of soil–pile interaction in liquefying ground are presented. The shaking frequency has no significant effect on the magnitudes of excess pore pressure ratio, ground and pile accelerations and pile bending moments. Excess pore pressure ratio, ground acceleration and pile acceleration, and pile bending moment largely depend on the shaking amplitude.     

液化场地桩-土地震相互作用p-y曲线分析方法研究

目前,我国尚缺乏液化场地桩-土-桥梁结构地震相互作用分析的合理数值模型与简化分析方法。鉴于此,直接针对振动台试验,基于非线性文克尔地基梁模型,考虑桩周参振土的质量惯性力、上部结构的惯性力、土体辐射阻尼等效应,建立了液化场地桩-土-桥梁结构地震相互作用的p-y曲线分析模型,并给出相应的简化方法。针对振动台试验进行了0.1g El Centro波输入下的分析,验证了桩-土地震相互作用分析方法的正确性,并且推荐了计算参数的合理选取方法,可用于液化场地桩-土地震相互作用的分析。提出的液化场地桩-土地震相互作用p-y曲线简化分析方法,为实际桥梁桩基抗震设计与分析提供一定参考。     

液化地基的评价及处理的体会

合理评价液化地基及采用科学的处理方案对工程建设有重要意义，总结了影响地基液化的主要因素及液化判定的一般方法，提出了一种新的液化判定方法——归一法。结合实例就液化地基的设计与处理谈了一些体会。     

Characteristics of coastal trapped waves along the northern coast of the South China Sea during year?1990

The structures and evolution of the coastal-trapped waves (CTW) along the northern coast of the South China Sea (SCS) in the year?1990 are studied using observed hourly sea level records collected from four sites around the northern SCS and a three-dimensional numerical model with realistic bathymetry and wind forcing. Analysis of the yearlong records of the observed sea level data indicates that the sea level variations are highly correlated between the stations and the sea level variability propagates southwestward along the coast. The sea level signals traveling from northeast to southwest along the coast with a propagation speed of 5.5–17.9?m?s^?1 during both the typhoon season and the winter month show the characteristics of a CTW. The wave speed is faster between stations Shanwei and Zhapo than that between Xiamen and Shanwei. Sea level variations during both typhoon season and winter month are reasonably well represented by the numerical model. The model runs focused on the wave signals related to typhoons and winter storm show that the CTW propagating southwestward along the coast can be reinforced or decreased by the local wind forcing during its propagation and there are apparent differences in the propagation characteristics between the waves along the mainland and those traveling around Hainan Island. The abrupt change of the shelf width and coastline around Leizhou Peninsula and Hainan Island are responsible for strong scattering of CTWs from one mode into higher modes. The alongshore velocities across different transects associated with CTW are investigated to examine the vertical structures of the waves. The alongshore velocity structures at transects during different events are related to the combined effect of stratification and shelf profile, which can be estimated using the Burger number. The empirical orthogonal function analysis of alongshore velocity and nodal lines of the mode structure suggest mode two CTWs in transect S2 during typhoon season and mode 1 CTWs during winter. Sensitivity model experiments are also performed to demonstrate the effects of local wind and topography on the wave propagation.     

Experimental investigation on fluid characteristics of medium dense saturated fine sand in pre- and post-liquefaction

Liquefaction of saturated loose sand is a major cause of extensive damage to buildings and infrastructures during large earthquakes. A better understanding of the behaviour of liquefied soil is becoming increasingly necessary to mitigate earthquake damage, and the fluid method has become an increasingly popular means to study the behaviour of liquefied soils. The purpose of this study is to determine the fluid characteristics of liquefied fine sand. In this paper, the apparent viscosity was measured as an index of fluid characteristics using the shaking table tests of pre-liquefaction behaviour of saturated fine sand at approximately 45 % relative density; the relationship of apparent viscosity and shear strain rate on liquefying fine sand was indicated as a power-law shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluid; and liquefying fine sand has the alternating behaviour of shear dilatancy and compressibility during cyclic loading. Additionally, a series of a monotonic axial compression loading tests in an undrained manner were performed to measure the shear stress and excess pore pressure ratio relationship on the post-liquefaction saturated fine sand at approximately 50 % relative density. The fluid characteristics of post-liquefaction fine sand exhibits rate dependence and can be described by a combined fluid model of time-independent and time-dependent power-law functions; the time-independent viscous resistance is not relevant to the excess pore pressure ratio; but the time-dependent frictional resistance is closely related to the excess pore pressure ratio. Furthermore, the results of the verification tests demonstrate that the proposed fluid model has good applicability for the fluid behaviour of the post-liquefaction fine sand.     

应用灰色系统理论进行地震灾害等级划分和灾情分析比较

通过对地震时人员死亡、受伤、房屋破坏和直接经济损失４个灾害损失指标的函数转换，使得用不同的损失指标判别灾害等级的标准取得了统一．然后，应用灰色聚类方法划分地震灾害等级，并用灰色关联度排序方法对不同的灾情进行分析比较．同时还对１９６６～１９８３年我国大陆７次重要地震和１９９５年我国大陆１７次地震进行了灾害等级划分和不同灾情的分析比较．结果表明，该方法基本可定量准确地评价地震灾情     

天津市地震经济损失模型和生命损失模型的预测研究

文中主要探讨了由地震引起的天津市经济损失和生命损失的预测问题。首先阐述了天津市震害预测的 5个背景特点 :建筑物特点、地质条件特点、建筑场地划分特点、基本设防烈度特点以及地震烈度衰减关系特点 ,根据这 5个特点将天津市划分为含有 7种建筑结构形式的 4个区域的震害预测模式。在此基础上 ,分析了天津市地震经济损失模型和生命损失模型 ,考虑了时间因素 ,然后与1976年唐山大地震的实际震害结果进行了对比及修正 ,给出了天津市 4个区域的建筑物地震经济损失率模型、社会财富损失率模型和建筑物毁坏率模型 ,并给出了计算天津市建筑物地震经济损失、天津市国内生产总值GDP地震经济损失和天津市地震生命损失的表达式 ;最后 ,将天津市地区划分为2 85 8个震害评估单元 ,以近百年来在天津市区域内曾经发生的最大地震作为假想地震 ,预测分析了天津市建筑物地震经济损失分布和地震生命损失分布结果