中国晚泥盆世晚期“阶”和“亚阶”的划分与对比

简要回顾了中国晚泥盆世晚期地层“阶”和“亚阶”划分的历史沿革,阐述了划分的基本原则,即在全球性或大区域性关键地质事件和生物进化事件研究的基础上,“阶”和“亚阶”的底界应置于地质事件之后某一或某些主导生物门类谱系演化的分支点上,且以主导生物门类的某一新分子在谱系中首次出现来定义.根据地层的分布和发育特征,拟将中国晚泥盆世晚期地层分为2阶:锡矿山阶和邵东阶.锡矿山阶可分为冷水江亚阶(亚阶Ⅰ)和新化亚阶(亚阶Ⅱ),邵东阶又可分为邵阳亚阶(亚阶Ⅲ)和新邵亚阶(亚阶Ⅳ).冷水江亚阶的底界与锡矿山阶的底界相一致,也与国际上法门阶的底界相一致,以牙形类Palmatolepis triangularis的首次出现为标志;新化亚阶的底界以牙形类Palmatolepis rhomboidea的首次出现为标志;邵阳亚阶的底界与锡矿山阶的顶界和邵东阶的底界相一致,以牙形类Palmatolepis rugosa trachytera的首次出现为标志;新邵亚阶的底界以牙形类Bispathodus aculeatus的首次出现为标志,顶界与邵东阶的顶界相一致,也与国际泥盆系一石炭系界线一致,以牙形类Siphonodella sulcata的首次出现为标志.     

广西全州地区晚泥盆世牙形石和腕足类生物地层

广西东北部泥盆系发育良好,化石丰富,对研究中国华南地区泥盆纪生物地层具有重要意义。对广西全州地区东山剖面上泥盆统佘田桥组、锡矿山组和孟公坳组进行了系统的化石采集及室内分析,共获得104枚牙形石化石和34件腕足类化石。经鉴定,牙形石共21属19种,腕足类化石共6属9种。根据化石种属在东山剖面上的分布,自下而上可划分出8个牙形石带:Icriodus brecis带,Schmidtognathus hermanni-Polygnathus cristatus带,Schmidtognatus wittekindtii带,Palmatolepis linguiformis带,Palmatolepis triangularis带,Palmatolepis rhomboidea带,Icriodus cornutus带和Palmatolepis gracilis manca-Rhodalepis polylophodontiformis带,指示研究区内佘田桥组、锡矿山组、孟公坳组分别对应国际年代地层单位的弗拉斯阶上部、法门阶下部和法门阶中上部,并通过Palmatolepis triangularis的首现确立了该地区弗拉斯阶和法门阶(F-F)的界线;在东山剖面共划分出2个腕足类组合带:弓石燕(Cyrtospirifer)组合带和云南贝(Yunnanella)-帐幕石燕(Tenticosififer)组合带,它们分别与东山剖面中牙形石Palmatolepis falsiovalis-Palmatolepis linguiformis带、Palmatolepis rhomboidea-Palmatolepis marginifera带对应。     

国际泥盆系GSSP与华南泥盆系划分

简要介绍国际泥盆系各阶界线定义、界线层型,以及目前进行的国际泥盆系埃姆斯阶、吉维阶、弗拉斯阶和法门阶亚阶划分的情况,并讨论了中国区域性阶与国际性阶之间的关系:除了埃姆斯阶和法门阶在华南分别进一步细分为郁江阶和四排阶以及锡矿山阶和邵东阶等外,那高岭阶、应堂阶、东岗岭阶和佘田桥阶大致分别相当于布拉格阶、艾费尔阶、吉维阶和弗拉斯阶;今后需加强对上述几个中国区域性阶底界确切时代的研究。国际泥盆系中各亚阶在我国大体可以应用,但吉维阶中亚阶-上亚阶、弗拉斯阶下亚阶-中亚阶的分界及最上法门亚阶的底界在华南台地相区岩石地层上不易划分。     

湘中锡矿山地区泥盆纪—早石炭世地层系统

通过剖面研究,笔者建立了木区泥盆纪—早石炭世地层系统。论证了世界锑都赋矿层位七甲江灰岩时代为晚泥盆世佘田桥中期。锡矿山组底界从长龙界页岩中通过,并以Yunna-nellina hanburyi, Icriodus costatus出现划归锡矿山组下段。底栖相邵东组产牙形刺Bispathodus cf.costatus带,孢粉Retispora lepidophyta-Vallatisporites pusillites组合带等无疑应置于法门阶上部。据此,重新厘定了标准地点锡矿山阶(法门阶)包括锡矿山组下段、锡矿山组上段和邵东组三部分。盂公坳组底底部产孢粉Vallatisporites vallatus, Retusotriletes incohatus, Hymenozonotriletes explantus等,从而论证本组之底则为湘中及华南底栖相下石炭统岩关阶之底。大塘阶底界显然以Kueichouphyllum sinense, Thysanophyllum及其共生的(虫廷)类Dainella—Eostaffella组合出现和有孔虫Plectogyra, Mediocris, Climacammina, Archaediscus极大繁盛为划分标志。     

滇西南耿马地区泥盆纪牙形石的发现

在耿马东部大龙塘等地的硅质岩系中新发现大量牙形石，可建立两个牙形石带：Palmatolepis gigas带、Palmatolepis triangularis带。此套含牙形石硅质岩系的时代属于晚泥盆世弗拉斯阶—法门阶，对比为曼信组。     

中国早石炭世早期阶和亚阶的划分与对比

简要回顾了中国早石炭世早期地层“阶”和“亚阶”划分的历史沿革,阐述了划分的基本原则,即在全球性或大区域性关键地质事件和生物进化事件研究的基础上,将“阶”和“亚阶”的底界应置于地质事件之后某一或某些主导生物门类谱系演化的分支点上,且以某一主导生物门类的新分子在谱系中的首次出现来定义。根据地层的分布和发育特征,拟将中国早石炭世地层分为岩关阶和大塘阶2个阶,其中岩关阶可分为3个亚阶：塘林冲村亚阶、大圩镇亚阶和小圩镇亚阶。岩关阶的底界以牙形刺Siphonodella sulcata的首次出现来确定,与现行的国际泥盆—石炭系界线相一致;岩关阶的顶界以牙形刺Gnathodus homopunctatus的首次出现来确定,略高于现行的由有孔虫定义的国际杜内—维宪阶界线位置。认为现行的国际杜内—维宪阶界线没能规避岩关阶晚期事件（海平面下降事件）的影响,大量以Eoparastaffella为代表的底栖有孔虫的出现正是此次事件的产物。     

云南建水官厅地区晚泥盆世法门期牙形石带的发现及五指山组的厘定意义

官厅地区以南红河北岸前人划分石炭系无古生物依据,对比为扬子地层区石炭系黄龙组.根据官厅地区石炭系泥晶灰岩中采获晚泥盆世法门期牙形石Palmatolepis rhomboids带,结合其夹基性火山岩及硅质岩、硅质条带灰岩等特征,将其厘定为泥盆系上统五指山组.Palmatolepis rhombids带在滇东南地区晚泥盆世...     

泥盆系弗拉阶/法门阶之交事件沉积和海平面变化

在华南板块南部被动大陆边缘和西伯利亚板块南部活动大陆边缘弗拉阶/法门阶之交识别出7种物理事件相: 细粒钙屑浊积岩相、钙质角砾岩相、软变形灰岩相、含微球粒的粒泥灰岩相、凝灰质砾岩相、黑色页岩相和火山喷溢相.它们在法门阶下Palmatolepis triangularis带底部和/或上Palmatolepis rhenana带底部具有广泛的分布, 可能是两次陨击事件记录, 是良好的高分辨率年代地层对比标志.弗拉期/法门期之交的海平面变化不具有同步性和一致性, 可分辨出2种型式(阶跃型和渐进型) 和5种状态(弗拉期最末期下降→法门期最初期上升、弗拉期最末期上升→法门期最初期下降、弗拉期最末期上升→法门期最初期上升、弗拉期最末期下降→法门期最初期下降、弗拉期最末期与法门期最初期海平面变化不明显).弗拉阶/法门阶之交生物的阶梯状绝灭可能与从上Palmatolepis rhenana带底部至Palmatolepis crepida带不均匀分布的6次陨击事件密切相关.      

广西六景泥盆纪吉维阶-弗拉斯阶界线层牙形石生物地层

广西六景泥盆系剖面是我国泥盆系标准剖面之一 ,通过对其吉维阶 -弗拉斯阶界线上下地层进行详细的牙形石生物地层研究 ,自上而下识别出 12个牙形石带 :Palmatolepis jamieae带、Palmatolepis hassi带、Palmatolepispunctata带、Palmatolepistransitans带、上 Mesotaxisfalsiovalis带、下 Mesotaxisfalsiovalis带、Klapperina dispar-ilis带、上 Schmidtognathus hermanni- Polygnathus cristatus带、下 Schmidtognathus hermanni- Polygnathus cristatus带、上 Polygnathus varcus带、中 Polygnathus varcus带、下 Polygnathus varcus带。吉维阶 -弗拉斯阶界线 (即中 -上泥盆统界线 )由 Ancyrodella binodosa→ Ancyrodella rotundiloba early form→ Ancyrodella rotundiloba late form这一演化线系中的 Ancyrodella rotundiloba early form的首次出现确定 ,处于下 Mesotaxis falsiovalis带下部 ,在谷闭组底界之上 1.80 m处。     

弗拉斯—法门期之间的生物绝灭事件

晚泥分世弗拉斯—法门期(Frasnian—Famennian)之间存在一次全球性生物绝灭事件(简称F—F事件).本文简介了F—F事件的生物绝灭、事件界线、事件成因及近年国内研究情况弗拉斯末期,大量的海生无脊椎动物,尤其是热带、亚热带浅水区造礁及附来礁生物绝灭.绝灭的生物包括层孔虫、珊瑚、腕足类、竹节石、三叶虫、菊石及浮游植物等门类中的很大一部分成员.F－F件发生在牙形石的palmatolepis gigas带和Palmatolepis triangularis带之间,最可能发生在Palmatolepis gigas最上亚带.事件发生的原因有各种不同解释:1)海平面变化说;2)古气候变冷说;3)天文事件说等.目前国内对F—F事件的研究较少,侯鸿飞、王士涛(1985)曾总结了华南等地F—F界线附近的生物群变化.笔者等研究了西秦岭中带F—F事件,探讨了这次事件的可能成因.     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

正~~     

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861