南麂海区美国红鱼网箱养殖试验

1996年 1 0月底从青岛引进平均体长为 2 .1 cm、体重为 0 .5 g的美国红鱼苗 75 0 0尾在南麂海区进行网箱养殖试验 ,养至 1 997年 1 2月 2 5日止 ,其平均体长为 3 2 .8cm,尾均重达6 92 .8g,鱼苗期成活率为 5 5 .7% ,养成期成活率达 98.4% ,饵料系数为 7.2 2～ 9.5 9。此外 ,还对该鱼的放养时间、苗种培育、鱼病防治、人工增殖以及网箱抗风浪措施等问题进行了初步探讨     

膨化饲料投喂鲈鱼稚幼鱼的试验报告

用膨化饲料、鲜活饲料和以上两种饲料配量物提供鱼体重为１．２￣１０ｇ的鲈鱼稚、幼鱼进行比较饲养,三种饲为每天每百克鱼提供的饲料蛋白质几乎相等,经过３０ｄ的饲料,结果表明膨化饲料投喂鲈鱼稚、幼鱼,有较高的增重率,同时降低投饲系数、发病率、饲料成本和鲜杂鱼的耗费数量。     

不同类型的配合饲料养殖卵形鲳Chan的初步研究

使用2种不同蛋白源配方的饲料投喂卵形鲳Chan。结果表明：投喂豆粕型饲料与投喂鱼粉型饲料在平均尾重，平均日增重、平均饲料系系等生长指标上无显著差异（P＞0．05），两者的成活率，鱼获得量则存在显著差异（P＜0．05）。说明海水网箱养殖卵形鲳Chan饲料的蛋白来源可利用植物蛋白代替动物蛋白。     

南方池养牙鲆全人工配合饲料饲养试验

采用全人工配合饲料(试验组饲料)与湿颗粒饲料 (对照组饲料 )对南方池养牙鲆进行为期 204d的饲养试验.结果表明,试验组与对照组牙鲆的尾相对增重率分别为 2 304%、2 297%,尾平均日增重差异不大,平均饲料系数分别为 1. 56、2. 58,牙鲆增重 1kg所需饲料成本分别为 10. 92元和 13. 55元,试验组比对照组节省饲料成本2. 63元 /kg鱼增重;试验组与对照组牙鲆平均内脏比 (分别为 6. 50%、6. 38% )、平均丰满度(分别为 1. 09、1. 07)、肌肉粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量等差异不显著(p>0. 05),10种必需氨基酸和 5种鲜味氨基酸的含量很接近.由此可见,南方池养牙鲆采用全人工配合饲料饲养是完全可行的.     

人工配合饲料与小杂鱼饲养赤点石斑鱼效果的对比试验

本试验分别以配合饲料、小杂鱼饲养赤点石斑鱼，观察不同饲料对其生长和养殖水体氮、磷含量变化的影响，经过42d的饲养，投喂配合饲料的试验组与投喂小杂鱼的对照组尾平均日增重分别为0．60、0．50g／尾，饲料系数分别为2．34、7．90。赤点石斑鱼摄食后水体中的NH3-N、NO2-N、TP含量随着其摄食后时间的延长呈先升高后下降的趋势，NH3-N、TP含量在鱼摄食后18～22h内达到高峰，NO2-N含量在鱼摄食后10～14h达到高峰。试验组水体的NH3-N含量低于对照组(p＜0．01)，NO2-N含量在排泄高峰期也低于对照组(p＜0．10)，TP含量在鱼排泄高峰期高于对照组(声＜0．05)。     

松江鲈鱼人工配合饲料投喂实验研究

2013年4月29日至2013年11月21日全部采用人工配合饲料对松江鲈鱼仔、幼鱼进行了投喂研究,在水温18.2~22.6℃的室内循环水中,松江鲈鱼通过升索S1~S8苗种料投喂,体重由平均0.084g/尾增至23.55g/尾,体长由平均1.95cm增至12.45cm;最大个体体长14cm,体质量33.5g;最小体长8cm,体质量14.5g。研究表明:仔鱼开口摄食外源性营养时,应以投喂卤虫幼虫为主,逐步减少卤虫幼虫,增加S1人工饲料,直至养到2cm左右,全部采用人工配合饲料喂养松江鲈鱼达到成熟规格完全可行,其平均日增长量0.115g/尾,饲料系数平均为1.1,总特定生长率(SGR)为2.76%d~(-1)。期间定时测定养殖水体的温度、pH、盐度、DO、COD、氨氮、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐等水质指标均在正常范围内。实验还表明,在盐度范围20.3~27.1的条件下松江鲈鱼可以养至成熟规格。     

罗非鱼的饲料转换率及饲料对鱼的生长和鱼肉粗蛋白氨基酸的影响

一、实验材料与方法 以尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)为实验鱼,按投喂饲料种类分成6组,每组50尾。平均个体重为10g,分别饲养于6个大小相同的椭圆形白色瓷砖池中(2.O×1.0×0.8m)。分别喂以鱼粉、花生饼面、豆饼面、浒苔粉、麸皮     

人工养殖条件下达氏鳇杂交种幼鱼生长特性的初步研究

为了解在人工养殖条件下达氏鳇(Huso dauricus)杂交种(达氏鳇♂×天然杂交种♀(达氏鳇♀×史氏鲟♂) )的生长特性,在水温11～22 ℃时,对达氏鳇杂交种体长和体重的生长进行实验研究.应用计算机软件Excel和SPSS对测量的数据进行处理分析,结果表明:平均全长为33.32 cm、平均体重为145.83 g的139日龄幼鱼经75 d的人工饲养长成平均全长为48.79 cm、平均体重为437.36 g的个体,全长与日龄之间呈线性关系L=3.292 7t 30.517,R2=0.959 4,其全长日均增长量为2.06 mm、平均瞬时增长率为 0.076 3,体重与日龄呈指数函数关系,Wgc=119.74e0.234 6t,R2=0.956;体重日均增长量为3.887 1 g、平均瞬时生长率为0.219 7;体重与全长的回归曲线为WwL=0.005 6L2.892 9,R2=0.998 2,幂指数接近于3,表明该鱼体重与全长的立方呈正相关系,属于等比生长类型.     

饲料、水温、投饲率对中国对虾摄食与生长的影响

本文探讨了实验条件下饲料、水温、投饲率等因子对中国对虾摄食与生长的影响。初步结果:(1)在23～30°C温度范围内,对虾对人工配合饲料和鲜活饵料的日摄饵量随水温上升而增加;(2)对虾对人工配合饲料和鲜活饵料的日摄饵率随体长增长而下降,配合饲料的日摄饵率在体长8cm处有一个明显的突降,对鲜活饵料的日摄饵率的突降点则出现在对虾体长l0cm处;(3)降低投饲率可使饲料效率明显提高,生长率则相应下降,但当投饲率降到50％时,饲料效率不再提高,生长率明显降低。     

青海钩虾配合饲料对罗非鱼两品系生长效果的研究

研究青海钩虾对罗非鱼两品系吉富罗非鱼和彩虹鲷生长的促进作用。实验用青海钩虾与面粉、麸皮和豆饼制成 5组 ( ～ )配合饲料及良种场原用饲料 ( 组 )饲育吉富罗非鱼和彩虹鲷 ,经2 5 d试验结果表明 :( 1)彩虹鲷增重效果以 组饲料最高 ,平均增重为 4 4 .9g,较大于 组的 4 3.1g;( 2 )所有钩虾饲料对彩虹鲷的增色效果都高于良种场的原用饲料 组 ,其中以饲料 组最高 ;( 3)饲料 I组饲育吉富罗非鱼平均增重为 4 4 g,高于 组的 4 0 .1g;( 4 )吉富罗非鱼和彩虹鲷比较则显示出吉富罗非鱼的增重率明显高于彩虹鲷而饵料系数又较低的结果。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.