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TOGA-COAREIOP海表通量估算 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
使用TOGA-COAREIOP1992年11月5日至1993年2月19日向阳红5号海上船舶(2°S,156°E)观测资料,通过3种不同的总体方法估算了这个点的海表面通量。首先得出一个中性拖曳系数和风速之间的准线性关系,然后用迭代法处理依赖于稳定度的拖曳系数和输送系数,在此基础上计算了动量、感热和潜热通量。在暖池区与西风相对应的通量远大于东信风相对应的通量,海表通量的量值也依赖于稳定度,特别是在弱风条件下。估算的海表净热量平衡表明从海洋向大气大量的热输送主要是由潜热通量和有效长波辐射产生的。其中潜热通量的数值最大、感热通量数值最小。最后和同期日本R/VHakuho考察船(0°,156°E)用涡动相关法得到的直接测量通量比较,作了精确度分析,表明用总体方法估算的通量是可靠的。并用向阳红5号船的资料估算的有效长波辐射和直接测量值作了比较,也和热带西太平洋TOGA调查作了比较分析。 相似文献
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祁连山老虎沟12号冰川近地层微气象特征分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用2009年9月1日-2010年8月31日祁连山老虎沟12号冰川海拔4 550m气象观测资料,分析并讨论了气温、降水、比湿、气压、风速、风向、总辐射、感热和潜热通量的变化特征。结果表明,在冰川下垫面影响下,气温的逐时变化呈现出升温比降温要快,但季节变化则相反,气温变化的位相比风速要超前;降水主要集中在5~9月,占全年降水的68.1%;冬季平均风速最大,夏季最小,春季高于秋季,春、秋季冰川风的强度要大于谷风,夏季则相反,冬季冰川风占绝对主导地位,且冰川风对地气间的能量交换有重要影响;全年感热通量日平均值大部分都为正值,而潜热通量基本都为负值,在气温较高、风速较大的情况下二者均有明显的增加;夏季感热和潜热通量的绝对值都比冬季要大。 相似文献
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农田近地面层CO2和湍流通量特征研究 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
利用1985年5月至6月在北京郊区中国科学院农业生态试验研究站的麦田中实测的小麦不同生长期的CO2浓度梯度、光合有效辐射、净辐射、土壤热通量和温度、湿度及风速梯度等量的数据,采用空气动力学方法,计算了CO2通量、感热通量、潜热通量和动量通量。并对观测场地、仪器设备、校准方法及误差分析进行了描述。结果表明:从5月14日到6月15日,在1m,2m和10m处,CO2浓度振幅的日变化分别为103.4到27.5,87.5到27.3和69.8到11.5ppm;光合型和呼吸型的平均CO2浓度分别为345.3,350.6,357.5ppm和373.9,369.7,362.1ppm。在白天,CO2通量和梯度的输送方向是从大气向植被,在中午(11时到13时)输送达到负的最大值。在夜间,CO2通量和梯度输送的方向与白天相反,并且,在早晨(4时到6时)达到正的最大值。CO2通量与净辐射(Rn)、可利用能(H+LE)、光合有效辐射和动量通量之间有较好的相关关系 相似文献
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利用2008年4~5月大理国家气候观象台近地面层观测系统的梯度、涡动相关通量观测资料,结合背景场环流分析,分析了西南季风爆发前后大理近地面层的风速、风向变化特征、风速廓线和垂直切变变化特征以及动量、感热和潜热通量变化特征。结果显示:西南季风爆发前,大理近地层风向以东南风为主,平均风速较大;风速日变化的双峰型特征较显著,风速的垂直切变大,动量通量数值较大且日变化特征较明显。西南季风爆发后,大理近地层西北风频率显著增加,平均风速减小;风速日变化以单锋型为主,风速垂直切变较前期显著减小,动量通量数值减小而日变化特征较不显著。西南季风开始前后大理地气热量交换都以潜热为主,西南季风开始前一旬期间,潜热通量的逐日变化特点是随时间逐渐减少,感热通量逐渐增大,二者差值逐渐减小;西南季风开始后潜热通量的逐日变化为逐渐增大而感热通量逐渐减少,二者差值逐渐增大。就月平均值的日变化而言,潜热通量峰值变化不大,雨季略低于干季的4月;感热通量4~6月的月平均逐月降低。其原因既与雨季天气的变化有关,也与下垫面状况的改变相联系。 相似文献
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以地表能量收支平衡方程为基础,将地表通量同近地层内的常规气象资料联系起来,模式要求输入地面风速、温度和总云量等常规气象观测资料,输出近地层的湍流特征参数U* 、θ* 、L和参数化的地表通量(净辐射、感热通量、潜热通量和土壤热通量),澳大利亚Wangara试验资料被用来检验了该模式。计算结果和实际资料吻合较好。 相似文献
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根据1998年南海季风试验西沙海面铁塔梯度观测资料,利用总体(Bulk)系数法和多层结通量廓线法对西沙海面的海-气通量进行了估算,得出两种方法估算的潜热通量、感热通量基本一致。总体系数法估算的潜热通量比多层结通量廓线法略大1~3 W·m-2,感热通量小0~1.5 W·m-2。一般而言,季风爆发期间潜热输送逐渐增加;季风爆发前期夜间潜热通量比季风爆发后期大;季风爆发后期,白天潜热通量明显大于爆发初期和中期。感热通量季风爆发前海面向大气输送,爆发后期大气向海面输送。动量通量和摩擦速度随风速增加。 相似文献
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利用船测近海层湍流热通量资料验证OAFlux数据集 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
美国伍兹霍尔海洋研究所(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,WHOI)的客观分析海气通量(Objectively Analyzed air-sea Fluxes,OAFlux)数据集中的近海层湍流热通量数据被公认为最可信,并被广泛地用于气候模式模拟结果检验。利用NOAA ETL(Environmental Technology Laboratory)两个固定观测站点的科学试验的船测通量数据库(TOGA COARE试验观测资料和KAWJEX试验观测资料),对OAFlux的热通量进行验证。结果表明:OAFlux的潜热通量普遍高于船测值,并且风速较大时,两者差异较大。风速对潜热通量的变化趋势起主导作用,海表和大气湿度差影响甚微。低风条件下,OAFlux的潜热通量和船测值差异则很小。海面湍流感热交换很弱,通量值本身依然受到风速的主导作用,但由于感热通量值与观测仪器误差十分接近,导致比较分析异常困难。分析结果表明:在上述两个观测试验期内,由于海表空气湿度和大气的湿度差变化不显著,海气相互作用的强度主要取决于海面风速的变化。 相似文献
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河西地区地表感热特征分析 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
利用河西地区13个测站的资料和金塔试验资料,通过聚类分析和小波分析等研究方法,分析了河西地区地表感热的变化特征,结果表明:河西地区13个站感热输送的最大值一般出现在5月或6月,最小值出现在12月。3~4月份普遍急剧增大,在10~11月急剧减少。近50年间,河西地区大部分台站春季感热输送呈上升趋势,夏季呈明显的下降趋势。春季感热通量的主要显著性周期为3年。河西地区中部春季感热变化与风速、地气温差变化的相关关系都比较好,在河西西部春季感热变化与风速的相关关系较好,而在河西东部春季感热变化与地气温差的相关关系较好。 相似文献
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整体传输公式是一种常用的计算洋面海气通量的方法。在作气候平均计算时,存在两种平均方法:方法一F_1=AB及方法二F_2=AB。显然,方法一是合理的,而方法二是对方法一的近似。本文利用COADS资料针对不同的平均时间计算分析了方法二对方法一的近似程度,结果表明:利用方法二计算长期气候平均,平滑时间超过5天则对计算结果必须进行订正;对感热和潜热通量,月平均方法二在20%的精度内可代替方法一,而旬平均方法二则可在10%的精度内代替方法一;动量通量月平均和旬平均精度分别为40%和20%。因此方法二在计算月平均动量通量时必须作订正,或直接用方法一进行计算,本文同时计算比较了1972年(E1 Nino年)和1975年(非E1 Nino年)太平洋洋面的各项能量及总能量收支,发现1972年洋面能量收支年变化幅度比1975年小得多,其差别主要决定于感热和潜热的变化。 相似文献
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Difference in the Interdecadal Variability of Spring and Summer Sensible Heat Flux over Northwest China 下载免费PDF全文
ZHOU Liantong 《大气和海洋科学快报》2009,2(2):119-123
The present study investigates the difference in interdecadal variability of the spring and summer sensible heat fluxes over Northwest China by using station observations from 1960 to 2000. It was found that the spring sensible heat flux over Northwest China was greater during the period from the late 1970s to the 1990s than during the period from the 1960s to the mid-1970s. The summer sensible heat flux was smaller in the late 1980s through the 1990s than it was in the 1970s through the early 1980s. Both the spring and summer land-air temperature differences over Northwest China displayed an obvious interdecadal increase in the late 1970s. Both the spring and summer surface wind speeds experienced an obvious interdecadal weakening in the late 1970s. The change in the surface wind speed played a more important role in the interdecadal variations in sensible heat flux during the summer, whereas the change in the land-air temperature difference was more important for the interdecadal variations in sensible heat flux in the spring. This difference was related to seasonal changes in the mean land-air temperature difference and the surface wind speed. Further analysis indicated that the increase in the spring land surface temperature in Northwest China was related to an increase in surface net radiation. 相似文献
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南疆沙漠腹地大气边界层湍流通量特征的观测研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
利用新疆塔中站2006年4月、8月的三维风速。温度和水汽脉动资料,运用涡旋相关法计算得到了春、夏季塔中10m高度的动量、感热和潜热通量。结果表明,塔中地区地表热量输送以感热输送为主。春季每天的最大感热通量变化范围为120—320W·m^-2,月平均值为220W·m^-2;夏季最大感热通量的变化范围为140—340W·m^-2,月平均值为230W·m^-2。感热通量值在夜间为负,白天为正,符号的改变出现在日出、日落前后。夏季潜热通量最大值一般为20—60W·m^-2,平均值为27W·m^-2,潜热通量比感热通量小一个量级。春季动量通量的平均值为-0.063W·m^-2,夏季动量通量的平均值为-0.091W·m^-2。日变化规律比较明显,日出后,动量向下传输增大,在09-10时(地方时)出现一个最大值,随后动量向下传输并开始减小。 相似文献
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The role of a river of small dimensions in driving the surface exchange of sensible and latent heat fluxes at the bottom of
a valley is investigated using large-eddy simulation (LES). Simulations were performed using different valley topographies,
river widths and large-scale wind speed and direction. In all cases, the river acted as a sink of both sensible and latent
heat during daytime. Despite the general agreement concerning the flux direction above the river surface, specific differences
exist between the simulations. The topography enhances the wind divergence caused by the river, and the larger negative surface
fluxes above the river occur when there are no slopes, a consequence of larger wind speeds above the river. For large-scale
winds aligned with the valley axis, the surface fluxes depend on the large-scale wind speed, but this dependence is reduced
if the large-scale wind is perpendicular to the valley axis. There is a minimum of temperature and a maximum of specific humidity
above the river surface. The scalar budgets show that sensible heat flux converges above the river, being balanced by the
warm air subsidence at the centre of the valley. Latent heat fluxes, on the other hand, converge above the river surface,
and they are balanced by the horizontal advection of humidity towards the river margins. 相似文献
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利用简化动力学近似分析黑河实验区的感热通量 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
本文利用简化动力学近似.运用统计和参数化两种方法分析了黑河实验区的感热通量.结果表明:不稳定条件下绿洲区的感热通量与近地面辐射温度(T3)和空气温度(Ta)之差符合幂定律方程;沙漠地区符合形式为H=f[u(T2-Ta)]的幂定律方程。利用从实验得到的热传输附加阻尼表示式kB^-1=0.2u(T2-Ta)用于对空气动力学阻尼(ra)的参数化,可适用于不同下垫面.并得到了比较满意的感热通量值.最后利用以上结果计算了实验区的潜热通量并做了比较分析。 相似文献
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Ultrasonic wind measurements, sonic temperature and air temperature data at two heights in the advection experiment MORE II
were used to establish a complete budget of sensible heat including vertical advection, horizontal advection and horizontal
turbulent flux divergence. MORE II took place at the long-term Carbo-Europe IP site in Tharandt, Germany. During the growing
period of 2003 three additional towers were established to measure all relevant parameters for an estimation of advective
fluxes, primarily of CO2. Additionally, in relation to other advection experiments, a calculation of the horizontal turbulent flux divergence is proposed
and the relation of this flux to atmospheric stability and friction velocity is discussed. In order to obtain a complete budget,
different scaling heights for horizontal advection and horizontal turbulent flux divergence are tested. It is shown that neglecting
advective fluxes may lead to incorrect results. If advective fluxes are taken into account, the sensible heat budget based
upon vertical turbulent flux and storage change only, is reduced by approximately 30%. Additional consideration of horizontal
turbulent flux divergence would in turn add 5–10% to this sum (i.e., the sum of vertical turbulent flux plus storage change
plus horizontal and vertical advection). In comparison with available energy horizontal advection is important at night whilst
horizontal turbulent flux divergence is rather insignificant. Obviously, advective fluxes typically improve poor nighttime
energy budget closure and might change ecosystem respiration fluxes considerably. 相似文献
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Two levels of triple-hot-film and sonic anemometers were deployed on a 5.5-m towerduring the Cooperative Atmospheric Surface Exchange Study (CASES-99) in October1999. Each triple-hot-film probe was collocated 50 mm from the sonic sensing path ona common boom. Various problems with using triple-hot-films in the atmosphere toresolve wind components are addressed including the derivation of a yaw angle correction using the collocated sensors. It was found that output voltage drift due to changes in environmental temperature could be monitored and corrected using an automated system. Non-unique solutions to heat transfer equations can be resolved using a collocated sonic anemometer. Multi-resolution decomposition of the hot-film data was used to estimate appropriate day and night averaging periods for turbulent flux measurements in and near the roughness sub-layer. Finally, triple-hot-film measurements of mean wind magnitude (M), turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), sensible heat flux (H), and local friction velocity (u*) are compared to those of the collocated CSAT3 sonic anemometers. Overall, the mean wind magnitudes measured by the triple-hot-film and the collocated sonic sensorswere close, consistent and independent of stability or proximity to the ground. The turbulent statistics, TKE, u*, and H, measured by the two sensor systems were reasonably close together at z = 5 m. However, the ratio of sonic measurement/hot-film measurement decreased toward the ground surface, especially during stable conditions. 相似文献