论大气模式的垂直离散(Ⅰ)──存在问题、资料处理、坐标和基函数的选择

对常用大气模式中的垂直离散问题进行了讨论。指出了在积分静力方程和计算垂直平流、垂直扩散等时存在的问题，提出了可以采取的措施和改进办法。还对垂直坐标和基函数的选择进行了讨论。     

Tschebyscheff 函数在大气模式垂直离散问题中的应用

文章就常用全球谱模式中的垂直离散问题进行了讨论,给出了用Tschebyscheff函数积分静力方程、连续方程,以及计算垂直平流、垂直扩散等的方法。还对某些气象要素在垂直方向微商呈现间断的问题进行了分析,指出了其中存在的问题和应采取的措施。     

大气模式垂直离散的比较研究

对温度有关量的垂直离散进行了讨论。分析指出：垂直离散量的计算应分别情况不同对待，温度垂直廓线较光滑的，可以直接用差分或Ｔｓｃｈｅｂｙｓｃｈｅｆ多项式等进行计算；温度垂直廓线不太光滑的，须用能近似表示廓线不太光滑部分的基本廓线进行分离，再用差分等计算，才能取得较好的结果。用理想场计算的例子表明：用上述方法计算的结果都比直接用差分等计算的结果好，特别是在计算位势高度和温度垂直平流时效果更为明显     

全球大气数值模式动力框架研究进展

随着数值计算方法和高性能计算机技术的发展以及大气科学理论的完善,国外研制出了许多全球高分辨率非静力大气数值模式,为了让国内的模式开发者对当前全球大气数值模式的现状有一个清晰的了解,归纳总结2012年8月在美国大气研究中心参与评估测试的全世界17个非静力全球大气数值模式,主要从基本方程组、球面网格、离散方法、守恒性质、参数化物理过程与动力框架的耦合和全球大气模式的评估等进行回顾、归纳和讨论,对国内的模式研发者有一定的参考意义。     

大气环流研究存在的若干问题

1973年斯塔尔(V.P.Starr)在《Tellus》第25卷第1期上发表了《对大气环流研究进展的若干评述》一文。对地球大气环流研究的发展作了概述,叙述了有关这方面的想法和研究,并强调了观测研究的必要性。最后对未来气象理论和观测研究提出了若干问题,现摘译如下,供参考。     

当前会计电算化中存在的问题探讨

会计电算化改变了传统的会计数据处理方式,使财务人员从烦琐的数据核算当中解脱出来,但实际运行中,由于种种原因,电算化仅仅停留在“以机代帐”的水平,甚至还达不到“以机代帐”水平。该文结合单位会计电算化的开展情况,分析存在的主要问题,探讨解决办法,以便进一步规范会计电算化工作,保证会计电算化正常运行。     

大气运动非线性不稳定性研究的若干新进展

本文简要介绍了近年来运用Arnold方法（能量—Casimir方法）研究大气运动非线性不稳定性所取得的若干新进展，讨论了该理论深入发展的前景及其应用问题。     

对当前天气预报技术发展中若干重要问题的思考

从科学技术论、认识论、方法论的角度,通过历史的回顾,对预报工作中所遇到的借鉴与创新、继承与发展、信息环境技术和预报技术、新事实的揭露和新技术引用、技术应用与技术应用管理等若干关系进行讨论,从而分析研究预报技术发展决策的一些主要问题。     

关于半拉格朗日半隐式大气模式的时步问题

讨论半拉格朗日半隐式大气模式中时步的限制,展示时步过大时用一般的首尾两点平均方案计算非线性源汇项的严重误差,提出精确的源汇项计算格式并作了特例计算和比较,讨论了被模拟的大气过程和波动的特征对时步的要求,指出柯朗数NC=C·△t/△X是大气模式时空步长匹配的重要参数.指出云降水和大气化学过程特征时间对相应的正定变量的计算时步的限制.     

用解析的垂直正规模展开对大气数值模式进行垂直积分

本文提出了一个用大气自由振荡解析的垂直正规模为正交函数系构成一个完备的Hilbert空间,利用广义Fourier展开的概念,在垂直方向进行广义Fourier展开,对大气数值模式进行垂直积分.我们利用两组垂直正规模为正交函数系.第一组是等温大气的垂直正规模;第二组是多元大气的垂直正规模,并用变系数的一维平流方程进行试验积分,将积分结果与差分法、有限元法、Legendre多项式展开的结果进行比较.比较的标准是它们与解析解的均方根误差和相关系数.     

Lagrangian Stochastic Models For Turbulent Dispersion In The Atmospheric Boundary Layer

A one-particle three-dimensional stochastic Lagrangian model fortransport of particles in a horizontally-homogeneous atmosphericsurface layer with arbitrary one-point probability density functionof Eulerian velocity fluctuations is suggested. A uniquely definedLagrangian stochastic model in the class of well-mixed models isconstructed from physically plausible assumptions. These assumptionsare: (i) in the neutrally stratified horizontally homogeneous surface layer, the vertical motion is mainly controlled by eddies whose size is of order of the current height; and (ii), the streamwise drift term is independent of the crosswind velocity. Numerical simulations for neutral stratification have shown a good agreement of our model with the well-known Thomson's model, with Flesch and Wilson's model, and with experimental measurements as well. However there is a discrepancy of these results with the results obtained by Reynolds' model.     

对当前阿克苏地区棉花播种期预报中一些问题的思考

在90年代气候整体变暖的情况下，根据1991－2001年11年间阿克苏地区春季棉化播种、出苗期间气候变化情况及制作棉花播种期预报时所遇到的问题作了一些思考和分析。     

Large-Eddy Simulation of the Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer using Dynamic Models with Different Averaging Schemes

Large-eddy simulation (LES) of a stable atmospheric boundary layer is performed using recently developed dynamic subgrid-scale (SGS) models. These models not only calculate the Smagorinsky coefficient and SGS Prandtl number dynamically based on the smallest resolved motions in the flow, they also allow for scale dependence of those coefficients. This dynamic calculation requires statistical averaging for numerical stability. Here, we evaluate three commonly used averaging schemes in stable atmospheric boundary-layer simulations: averaging over horizontal planes, over adjacent grid points, and following fluid particle trajectories. Particular attention is focused on assessing the effect of the different averaging methods on resolved flow statistics and SGS model coefficients. Our results indicate that averaging schemes that allow the coefficients to fluctuate locally give results that are in better agreement with boundary-layer similarity theory and previous LES studies. Even among models that are local, the averaging method is found to affect model coefficient probability density function distributions and turbulent spectra of the resolved velocity and temperature fields. Overall, averaging along fluid pathlines is found to produce the best combination of self consistent model coefficients, first- and second-order flow statistics and insensitivity to grid resolution.     

利用动态模式对农作物进行气候评价

农作物产量形成是一个发展的时间过程，因此进行气候评介应用动态观点，利用动态模式对农作物进行气候评价是通过建立农作物生育期逐月动态模式，把气候产量作为判据，分时段定量评价产量形成的气象条件，比通常要用的定性评价方法更直观、准确。     

论龙眼、荔枝生产的若干农业气象问题及对策

通过对龙眼、荔枝长期观察结果的分析,认为树体和花序受寒（冻）害、冬季连阴雨寡照致使成花率低,花期低温阴雨或高温干旱天气,使果树不能正常开花座果或果实败育等,是广西龙眼、荔枝生产上的主要农业气象问题。并就这些问题的发生机理及对策进行探讨。     

Discussion of Some Problems as to the East Asian Subtropical Monsoon

Based on NCEP/NCAR gridded reanalysis, TRMM precipitation data, CMAP, and rainfall observations in East China, a study is conducted with focus on the timing and distinctive establishment of the rainy season of the East Asian subtropical monsoon （EASM） in relation to the South China Sea （SCS） tropical summer monsoon （SCSM）. A possible mechanism for the EASM is investigated. The results suggest that 1） the EASM rainy season begins at first over the south of the Jiangnan region to the north of South China in late March to early April （i.e., pentads 16-18）, and then the early flooding period in South China starts when southerly winds enhance and convective rainfall increases pronouncedly; 2） the establishment of the EASM rainy season is earlier than that of its counterpart, the SCSM. The EASM and the SCSM each is featured with its own independent rain belt, strong southwesterly wind, intense vertical motion, and robust low-level water vapor convergence. The SCSM interacts with the EASM, causing the EASM rainy belt to move northward. The two systems are responsible for the floods/droughts over the eastern China; and 3） in mid-late March, the eastern Asian landmass （especially the Tibetan Plateau） has its thermal condition changing from a cold to a heat source for the atmosphere. A reversal of the zonal thermal contrast and related temperature and pressure contrasts between the landmass and the western Pacific happens. The argument about whether or not the dynamic and thermal effects of the landmass really act as a mechanism for the earlier establishment of the EASM rain belt is discussed and to be further clarified. Finally, the article presents some common understandings and disagreements regarding the EASM.     

气象节目主持现状与思考

通过对我国气象电视节目主持现状的分析,指出目前气象节目主持中存在的一些问题和解决这些问题的途径。