Li+,Na+,K+/Cl-,SO2-4-H2O五元体系25 ℃相图及其应用

Li⁺,Na⁺,K⁺/Cl-,SO2-₄-H₂O五元体系相图对于硫酸钠亚型富锂卤水分离提取锂盐、锂辉石加工利用和锂盐产品的开发利用工艺制定都有指导作用。20世纪50年代曾有人研究过这一体系25 ℃时的相图,限于当时的科研水平,液相组成确定不准确,对平衡固相的判断,后来诸多研究结果证明也有错误。50多年来再没有人研究这一五元体系相图。利用我们提出的Li⁺,Na⁺,K⁺/Cl^-,SO^2-₄-H₂O六元体系热力学模型,对该五元体系的平衡溶液组成和正确的平衡固相进行理论预测,给出了该体系的完整相图。结合硫酸锂混盐分离、加工实例阐述了该五元体系相图的应用。     

南极大气CO_2、CH_4和N_2O本底趋势特征分析

对南极大气温室气体CO_2(含δ~(13)C-CO_2和δ~(18)O-CO_2)、CH_4和N_2O长期测值进行比较分析。结果表明,南极是全球大气温室气体浓度(CO_2稳定同位素丰度值)随纬度分布变化中的最低(高)区域。南极大气温室气体浓度值变化趋势、年增长率与全球整体上一致,但在具体数值上存在差异。南极CO_2平均年增长率(1958—2014年)为(1.43±0.59)mg·L~(–1)·a~(–1),低于同期赤道(1.51±0.72)mg·L~(–1)·a~(–1),但1980—2014年和2000—2014年年增长率均高于南半球中纬度地区。δ~(13)C-CO_2和δ~(18)O-CO_2丰度趋势揭示了化石燃料排放和全球尺度过程对CO_2的影响,但南极是受影响最小的区域。1983—2014年南极CH_4平均增长率为(6.2±4.9)μg·L~(–1)·a~(–1),低于北半球中纬度(6.5±5.6)μg·L~(–1)·a~(–1)而高于赤道(5.6±5.3)μg·L~(–1)·a~(–1)和南半球中纬度(6.1±4.9)μg·L~(–1)·a~(–1),这与CH_4人为排放增强主要在北半球中纬度地区而显著被OH氧化在赤道和中纬度地区的事实是吻合的。南极N_2O平均年增长率为(0.87±0.15)μg·L~(–1)·a~(–1)(2005—2013年),与南半球中纬度地区接近但低于北半球而高于赤道地区。     

Li,K／Cl,SO4—H2O体系相平衡的热力学

介绍了根据自己研究测定的Li,K/Cl,SO4-H2O体系25℃的渗透系数等热力学性质获得的Pitzer混合参数，并用自己能量小化方法计算25℃Li,K/Cl,SO4-H2O体系的相图，结合测定得到的该体系50℃75℃的相图和复盐LiSO4转变温度的研究，整个体系相平衡和热力学的研究结果可用于盐湖卤水锂盐的分离提取。     

气流输送对乌鲁木齐市PM10、PM2.5和PM1.0质量浓度的影响

应用聚类分析法,对乌鲁木齐市2009-2010年逐日气流72 h后向轨迹按季节进行分类,结合对应时段的PM10、PM2.5和PM1.0观测数据,分析了不同气流输送轨迹对研究区3粒径段气溶胶浓度的影响.结果表明:冬季,气流对研究区气溶胶的搬运、稀释作用明显,气溶胶浓度平均值与对应气流移动速度成反比;春季,流经沙漠区的气流分组对应气溶胶浓度平均值偏高,且气溶胶谱分布向粗模态移动;夏季,大气清洁,携带城市气溶胶的西北气流对研究区气溶胶浓度平均值影响较大,未携带外源物质的几组气流流速与气溶胶浓度基本呈负相关;秋季,研究区受外源气溶胶影响不大,且气流对污染物的输送、稀释作用也不强烈,各分组气溶胶浓度差别不大.     

三元体系Na2B4O7—NaHCO3—H2O和Na2CO3—NaBO2—H2O等温溶解研究

作为研究四元体系Na2B4O7-Na2CO3-NaHCO3-NaBO2-H2O的开端，测定了三元体系Na2B4O7-NoHCO3-H2O和Na2CO3-NaBOH2-H2O在0℃，15℃，45℃时的溶解度，绘制了相应的组成－性质图。两个三元体系的溶度图在研究温度范围内均属于低共饱型，平衡固相为组分化合物或其水合物。     

Microstructure of NH4Cl-NH3-H2O System Studied by ATR-FTIR, Raman and MD Simulation

The solubility of ammonium chloride in aqueous ammonia decreases then increases with increasing ammonia concentrations. The molecular mechanism behind this trend is unclear. In this study,ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopic techniques were used to determine the effect of ammonium chloride on hydrogen bonding in aqueous ammonia and ultimately explain the observed solubility trend. Spectral analyses were conducted in the wavelength range of 2500-4000 cm~(-1). The results showed that the addition of ammonium chloride endorses the formation of N-H…N hydrogen bonds between ammonium ions and ammonia molecules when the concentration of ammonia is greater than 10% ammonia. However,for concentrations lower than 10%,ammonium ions mainly bond to water molecules,leading to hydrogen bonds of the N-H…O type that are generally less stable than N-H…N bonds. The spectral analyses are confirmed by MD simulations. The results presented herein are useful in the development of novel techniques for the separation of ammonium potassium chloride.     

四川盆地中三叠统雷口坡组雷三、雷四段盐岩沉积环境与成因研究

四川盆地雷口坡组大量钻井资料揭示中三叠统雷口坡组主要成盐期分别为雷三2期和雷四2期。岩性组合特征、沉积环境研究表明,在川中的平昌—南充—遂宁一带发育雷三2期浓缩盐膏质蒸发泻湖微相,在川中-川西地区的南部—盐亭—成都—邛崃地区发育雷四2期盐膏湖盆微相。两期盐岩差异主要表现是,雷三2期时,盆地处于频繁的海进、海退过程中,沉积环境变化较快,成盐环境相对开放,盐盆往往多次蒸发浓缩、补给、淡化,海水表现出接近或者达到盐岩沉积浓度,其间往往夹杂石膏和云质团块沉积。雷四2期时,四川盆地处于持续的海退蒸发期,蒸发量远远大于补给量,海水以蒸发浓缩为主,海水表现为超过石盐沉积浓度,沉积石盐中夹杂卤石,局部地区钾含量极高。     

基于137Cs、241Am和210Pb计年的上级湖沉积速率研究

利用放射性核素210pb、137Cs及241Am测年方法,确定上级湖表层沉积物的年龄、沉积速率及其变化,分析湖泊沉积速率变化与自然环境演化、人类活动(尤其是修筑堤坝等水利工程)之间的关系,为合理开发利用湖泊资源、保护生态环境提供理论依据.137Cs测年结果表明,沉积柱芯中137 Cs 1964年时标不明显,不存在1975年、1986年时标;利用241Am及210Pbex辅助计年,确定质量深度6.37 g· cm2处为1964年,至表层的平均沉积速率为0.135 g·cm-2·a-1.利用210Pbex CRS模式计算出每个样品深度所对应的年代,与历史资料较吻合.210Pbex CRS计年结果显示,自1859年以来上级湖的沉积速率不稳定,以二级坝建成使用的1960年为界,划分为建坝前平均沉积速率低及建坝后沉积速率上升两个大的时段.上级湖沉积速率的变化与流域旱、涝变化及人类活动有关.     

Slow-ridge/hotspot interactions from global gravity, seismic tomography and 87Sr/86Sr isotope data

Among the mantle hotspots present under oceanic areas, a large number are located on—or close to—active oceanic ridges. This is especially true in the slow-spreading Atlantic and Indian oceans. The recent availability of worldwide gravity grids and the increasing coverage of geochemical data sets along active spreading centres allow a fruitful comparison of these data with global geoid and seismic tomography models, and allow one to study interactions between mantle plumes and active slow-spreading ridges. The observed correlations allow us to draw preliminary conclusions on the general links between surficial processes, which shape the detailed morphology of the ridge axes, and deeper processes, active in the upper mantle below the ridge axial domains as a whole. The interactions are first studied at the scale of the Atlantic (the Mid-Atlantic Ridge from Iceland to Bouvet Island) from the correlation between the zero-age free-air gravity anomaly, which reflects the zero-age depth of the ridge axis, and Sr isotopic ratios of ridge axis basalts. The study is then extended to a more global scale (the slow ridges from Iceland to the Gulf of Aden) by including geoid and upper-mantle tomography models. The interactions appear complex, ranging from the effect of large and very productive plumes, almost totally overprinting the long-wavelength segmentation pattern of the ridge, to that of weaker hotspots, barely marking some of the observables in the ridge axial domain. Intermediate cases are observed, in which hotspots of medium activity (or whose activity has gradually decreased) located at some distance from the ridge axis produce geophysical or geochemical signals whose variation along the axis can be correlated with the geometry of the plume head in the upper mantle. Such observations tend to preclude the use of a single hotspot/ridge interaction model and stress the need for additional observations in various plume/ridge configurations.     

NH4Cl-CaCl2-H3BO3-H2O体系中H3BO3介稳区性质的研究

为探究南翼山油田水中NH_4Cl对H_3BO_3低温介稳区性质的影响,采用浊度法测量了253.15 K～303.15 K温度范围不同浓度的NH_4Cl对CaCl_2溶液中硼酸的溶解度影响和介稳区宽度;依次根据Nyvlt自洽方程理论求得成核级数m、经典三维成核理论求得固—液界面能γ,实验结果表明,CaCl_2溶液中的NH_4Cl对H_3BO_3溶解度影响很小;CaCl_2溶液中H_3BO_3的介稳区宽度随着NH_4Cl浓度的增加先变小后变大,氯化铵质量分数在0.12%～1.13%之间存在着一个临界值,此时硼酸的介稳区宽度最小。     

Stacking for the frequencies and Qs of 0S0 and 1S0

Summary. Using nine IDA records for the Indonesian earthquake of 1977 August 19, we have formed an optimal linear combination of the records and have measured the frequency and Q of ₀ S ₀ and ₁ S ₀. The frequency was measured using the moment ratio method. The attenuation was measured by the minimum width method and by the time-lapse method. The frequency and attenuation were measured simultaneously by varying them to obtain a best fit to the data. A 2000-hr stack, the sum of nine individual records, for ₀ S ₀ gave a frequency of 0.814664 mHz±4 ppm. The values for the Q of ₀ S ₀ for the three different methods of measurement were 5600,5833 and 5700, respectively. The error in the estimates of Q ^-1 is about 5 per cent for the minimum power method. For ₁ S ₀ a 300-hr stack yielded a frequency of 1.63151 mHz±30 ppm. The values of Q for this mode were 1960, 1800 and 1850, respectively, with an error in Q ^-1 of about 12 per cent for the minimum power method.     

30种藜科C_4植物同化器官解剖结构及δ~(13)C值

观测了藜科滨藜族(Atripliceae)、樟味藜族(Camphorosmeae)、碱蓬族(Suaedeae)和猪毛菜族(Salsoleae)30种C4植物的同化器官的解剖结构和δ13 C值,共见到12种解剖结构类型。滨藜族包含2种类型,Atriplicoid-Ⅰ型和Atriplicoid-Ⅱ型,它们的差异仅在于结构中是否含有皮下组织。樟味藜族包括3种解剖结构类型,即含有皮下组织的Kochioid-Ⅰ型、叶肉细胞和维管束鞘细胞形成近似于环形的Kochioid-Ⅱ型和不含有皮下组织的Kochioid-Ⅲ型。碱蓬族包含3种类型,Kranz-Suaedoid-Ⅰ型和Kranz-Suaedoid-Ⅱ型结构中具有皮下组织,但是Kranz-Suaedoid-Ⅱ型结构中只具有一层叶肉细胞,这种结构存在于异子蓬属的异子蓬(Borszczowia aralocaspica),而Kranz-Suaedoid-Ⅲ型结构中不具有皮下组织。猪毛菜族植物叶片/同化枝的解剖结构类型有4种,它们的差异在于结构中是否含有皮下组织、次要的较小的维管束的位置以及环形的维管束鞘细胞是否被打断。30种植物的δ13 C值范围-11.1‰~-14.5‰,显示为C4植物,与其同化器官解剖结构相对应。     

崇明东滩湿地CO2 、CH4和N2O 排放的时空差异

通过静态暗箱—气相色谱法研究了长江口崇明东滩四类典型湿地(围垦湿地、高潮滩、中潮滩和低潮滩)CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放特征及影响因素。结果表明,在生长季尺度下,CO₂、CH₄和N₂O均以排放为主;在昼夜尺度下,CO₂和CH₄在夜间排放量大于白昼排放量,而N₂O的排放高峰出现在下午;在潮水退去、潮滩暴露初期,CH₄和N₂O有大量排放,CO₂正好相反。崇明东滩温室气体排放通量自岸向海有明显的梯度变化,总体趋势是越近岸通量值越大。观测与实验表明,温度、潮汐、土壤理化性质、植物和土地利用变化都对温室气体排放通量有明显的影响,其中滨海潮滩湿地特有环境因子潮汐以"淹没—暴露"光滩沉积物的方式控制温室气体的排放。