Bi6Te2Mo2o21—A New Artificial Crystal and Its Growth Method and Physical Properties

E.M.Levin,R,Kohlmuller et al.^[1]have reported the phase diagrams of the Bi2O3-TeO2 and Bi2O3-MoO3 binary oxide systems.This paper is intended to describe a new phase named chilunited-Bi6Te2Mo2O21 in the Chilu molybdenium ore deposit at Anxian County,Fujian Province.Because of small-sized mineral grans(-10μm),it is difficult to determine the crystal structure and physical properties of the mineral.According to its composition,we have successfully synthesized this new mineral using the fusion method.The synthesized single crystal,up to 700×300×300μm^3(0.063mm^3)in size,has been studied in great detail on its compositional and structural characteristics as well as physical properties.     

Diatomaceous deposits of Fayium, Egypt; characterization and evaluation for industrial application

The Holocene lacustrine diatomaceous earth of Fayium,South West of Cairo,has been studied to define its minerals,chemistry,petrography and physical properties.Minerals were processed by way of calcination at 550℃ ,followed by acid leaching to reduce levels of mineral impurities.The diatomite is of biogenic opal A.with calcite as the main ganue mineral,quartz and clay minerals(smectite followed by kaolinite in abundance and a trace amount of illite).Silica in the diatomaceous earth accounts for about 63% on average.Positive correlation between CaO and CO2 indicates that Ca is present mainly as calcite.Al2O3,Fe2O3,MgO and K2O are attributed mainly to clay minerals.However,the physical properties of the diatomaceous earth as filter-aids and filler for paints and plastics are poor because of general high levels of impurities.The technological performances of the diatomaceous earth have been significantly improved owing to upgrading of diatoms through mineral processing trical.     

Deep Tectonic Processes and Superaccumulation of Metals Related to Granitoids in the Nanling MetaUogenic Province,China

The Nanling region is an important nonferrous and rare metal metallogenic province in South China, in which most of the deposits are related to granitoids in genesis. It covers southern Hunan, southern Jiangxi, Guangxi, Guangdong and Fujian provinces, with a total area of about 550,000 km2. This metallogenic province is well known in the world for its rich tungsten and tin resources. In the past 40-odd years, a vast amount of mineral exploration activities and studies of the geology of mineral deposits have been carried out and great achievements obtained in the province. This paper is focused on a discussion about the deep tectonic processes in the orogenic belt during the Mesozoic and their contribution to the superaccumulation of metals. Tectonically, this metallogenic province is composed of three units: (1) the marginal continental orogenic belt in the Southeastern Coast fold system in the Yanshanian; (2) the intercontinental orogenic belt in the collision suture belt between the Yangtze and Cathay     

Hydrothermal H?gbomite Associated with Vanadiferous-Titaniferous (V-Ti) Bearing Magnetite Bands in Bhakatarhalli Chromite Mine, Nuggihalli Greenstone Belt, Western Dharwar Craton, Karnataka, India

Hogbomite,a rare exotic mineral,is found to be associated with the vanadiferous-titaniferous （V-Ti） bearing magnetite bands at Bhakatarhalli,Nuggihaifi greenstone belt,western Dharwar Craton,India.We report on a second occurrence of hogbomite from the Dharwar craton in Karnataka,which is the sixth documented occurrence of this mineral from India.We evaluate the chemical characteristics of hogbomite and associated Fe-Ti-minerals in an attempt to identify its formation as a primary hydrothermal mineral in a metamorphosed magnetite layer.We report here the presence of hogbomite as a complex oxide of Fe,Mg,Al and Ti with accessory of Zn,V and Sn.Petrographic studies suggest the （V-Ti） bearing magnetite （Mt） contain spinel,hogbomite,chlorite,martite,ilmenite （Ⅱ） and minor amounts of diaspore.The hogbomite displays euhedral to subhedral textures,and is up to 250 μm along the grain boundaries of magnetite and ilmenite.In the samples studied,hogbomite is prismatic,irregular and elongated in shape.The genesis of hogbomite in veins between magnetite and ilmenite implies its precipitation from fluids without involving complicated reactions.Several models were proposed for the formation of hogbomite; however,the subject is still debatable.     

Delineation of Potential Mineral Resources Region Based on Geo-anomaly Unit

It is well known that the geophysical and geochemicalanomalies are very important for the location of mineral de-posits. However,the concept of geo-anomaly and its signifi-cance in mineral exploration had hardly been expounded until1 990 s.In fact,the geo-anomaly that has wider implicationsthan the geophysical and geochemical anomalies do,can bewidely applied to the assessment of mineral resources and theexplanation of some crucial geological phenomena. A geo-anomaly is defined as a geological…     

Speciation of sulfate components in size-fractionated aerosol particles using sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure （XANES）

Sulfates are a main constituent of aerosols, which sulfate aerosols, it is necessary to determine what can cause various environmental problems sulfate ions are contained in these aerosols In the evaluation of the influence of In this study, sulfur K-edge XANES was used to determine sulfate species present in size-fractionated aerosol particles based on the post-edge structure after the main absorption peak in the XANES region. Aerosol samples were collected as part of the Japan-China joint project, ＂Asian Dust Experiment on Climate Impact＂ using a low-volume Andersen-type air sampler. XANES was measured at Beamline BL-9A at Photon Factory, Japan. A comparison of the XANES spectra of reference sulfate materials and aerosol samples collected in Tsukuba in Japan clearly showed that （NH4）2SO4 was the main sulfur species in particles with a smaller diameter and gypsum was the main sulfur species in particles with a larger diameter. A simulation of the XANES spectra by reference materials allows us to obtain the quantitative mixing ratios of the different sulfate species present in the aerosol samples. The presence of minor sulfur species other than （NH4）2SO4 and gypsum at the surface of mineral aerosols is suggested in our simulations and by a surface-sensitive conversion electron/He-ion yield XANES. In the absence of a contribution from a large dust event, the mole concentration of gypsum in the mineral aerosol fraction determined by XANES is similar to that of Ca which is determined independently using ion chromatography. This shows that the Ca and sulfate in the mineral aerosols are present only as gypsum. Considering that calcite is the main Ca mineral in the original material arising from an arid and semi-arid area in China, it is strongly suggested that gypsum is formed in aerosol during its long-range transportation by a reaction between calcite and sulfate ions.     

莱河矿稳定性的热力学分析

Laihunite, a mineral of ferric and ferrous iron silicate discovered in China in recent years, occurs in high grade metamorphic BIF coexisting with magnetite, quartz,fayaiite, ferrosilite and almandine. Complete nets based on Sehreinemakers bundles and partial nets with maximum closure after the method described by H. W. Day have been constructed by taking into account the existance of this minertl in order to illustrate phase relations for the (n 3) multisystem in the system of Fe2O3-FeO-SiO2. Judging from Lindsley‘s experimental data on ferrosilits, laihunite is expected to be stable at pressures probably higher than 15 Kb. Two-pyroxene and olivine-clinopyroxene geothermometere give temperatures of formation between 600--700℃. Free energy of laihunite calcultted according to the method of Chert and estimated values of heat capacity allow oxygen fugacity to be plotted against temperature at different total pressures with respect to a number of univariant reactions in which lailunite is involved. The log fo2 -T diagram demonstrates that to a first approximation the stability flels of laihunite overlaps the upper part of the magnetite field, but its upper limit is a little beyond the hematite-magnetite equilibrium. The three major requirements for laihunite stability, i.e., an unusual high pressure, a temperature in the order of 600--700℃ and a relatively higher oxygen fugacity are mutually, exclusive in common geological environment, which may probably account for the rare occurrence of this mineral in nature. For the BIF in which laihunite occurs, the pressure caused by the weight of overlying strata is not high enough to give rise to its formation even in the extreme case of geothermal gradient.So it is suggested that additional tectonic pressure in response to plate activity might have been involved.     

Quantitative Prediction of Concentrated Regions of Large and Superlarge Deposits in China

Identification and quantitative prediction of large and superlarge mineral deposits of solid mineral resources using the mineral resource prediction theory and method with comprehensive information is carried out nationwide in China at a scale of 1:5000000. Using deposit concentrated regions as the model units and concentrated mineralization anomaly regions as prediction units, the prediction is performed on GIS platform. The technical route and research method of locating large and superlarge mineral deposits and principle of compiling attribute table of independent variables and functional variables are proposed. Upon methodology study, the qualitative locating and quantitative predicting mineral deposits are carried out with quantitative theory Ⅲ and characteristic analysis, respectively, and the advatntage and disavantage of two methods are discussed. This research is significant for mineral resource prediction in ten provinces of western China.     

Character of the Si and Al Phases in Coal Gangue and Its Ash

Abstract: Analysis of the Si and Al phases in coal gangue fuel and its ash is important for use of coal gangue ashes. A comprehensive study by theoretical and experimental analyses with differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction and Infrared Spectroscopy has been made in the present article to explore the diagram of the Si and Al phases in coal gangue fuel and its ashes. It is found that kaolinite and quartz are the main phases in coal gangue fuel. The ratio of moles Al2O3 to SiO2 (i.e., Al2O3 (mole) /SiO2 (mole)) is usually no more than 0.5 in most coal gangue fuel and its ashes. The kaolinit at about 984°C releases a large quantity of SiO2, which makes calcine coal gangue more active than coal gangue itself. The relationship between the ratio Al2O3 (mole)/SiO2(mole) and the components of coal gangue ash is analyzed, resulting in a formula to calculate the quantity of each phase. Applying the formula to the testing samples from an electric plant in north China supports the above conclusions.     

Origin of Listwanite in the Luobusa Ophiolite, Tibet, Implications for Chromite Stability in Hydrothermal Systems

Listwanite from the Luobusa ophiolite,Tibet,forms a narrow,discontinuous band along the eastern part of the southern boundary fault. We undertook a detailed petrographic and geochemical study to understand the mineral transformation processes and the behaviour of major and trace elements during listwanite formation. Three alteration zones characterized by distinct mineral components and texture are recognized and,in order of increasing degree of alteration,these are: zoneIII is rich in serpentine minerals; zoneII is rich in talc and carbonates; and zoneI is mainly composed of carbonates and quartz. Geochemical data for the three alteration zones show significant modification of some major and trace elements in the protolith,although some oxides show linear correlations with Mg O. Gold mineralization is recognized in the Luobusa listwanite and may signify an important target for future mineral exploration. Gold enrichment occurs in both zoneI and zoneIIand is up to 0.91 g/t in one sample from zoneI. We show that CO2-rich hydrothermal fluids can modify both the occurrence and composition of chromite grains,indicating some degree of chromite mobility. Low-Cr anhedral grains are more easily altered than high-Cr varieties. The compositions of chromite and olivine grains in the listwanite suggest a dunite protolith.     

Hydrothermal Hgbomite Associated with Vanadiferous-Titaniferous(V-Ti) Bearing Magnetite Bands in Bhakatarhalli Chromite Mine,Nuggihalli Greenstone Belt,Western Dharwar Craton,Karnataka, India

Hgbomite, a rare exotic mineral, is found to be associated with the vanadiferous–titaniferous(V-Ti) bearing magnetite bands at Bhakatarhalli, Nuggihalli greenstone belt, western Dharwar Craton, India. We report on a second occurrence of hgbomite from the Dharwar craton in Karnataka, which is the sixth documented occurrence of this mineral from India. We evaluate the chemical characteristics of hgbomite and associated Fe-Ti-minerals in an attempt to identify its formation as a primary hydrothermal mineral in a metamorphosed magnetite layer.We report here the presence of hgbomite as a complex oxide of Fe, Mg, Al and Ti with accessory of Zn, V and Sn. Petrographic studies suggest the(V–Ti) bearing magnetite(Mt) contain spinel, hgbomite, chlorite, martite, ilmenite(Il) and minor amounts of diaspore. The hgbomite displays euhedral to subhedral textures, and is up to 250 μm along the grain boundaries of magnetite and ilmenite. In the samples studied, hgbomite is prismatic, irregular and elongated in shape. The genesis of hgbomite in veins between magnetite and ilmenite implies its precipitation from fluids without involving complicated reactions. Several models were proposed for the formation of hgbomite; however, the subject is still debatable.     

Mineral Resources and Their Comprehensive Utilization in China Sea

It was said that mineral resources in oceans might be a reliable source for the material production. Ocean water is regarded as a huge “liquid deposit” for its ability to dissolve many kinds of elements. The total amount of elements in ocean water is greater than that in land. At the seafloor or below, occur a large number of mineral resources besides those in the water.China Sea, situated in the junction between North China block, Yangtze block and the Pacific plate and the Philippines plate, is excellent in ore-forming geological conditions, resulting in the presence of many kinds of deposits and abundant reserves. Mineral resources found in China Sea mainly include oil-gas resources, sea-beach placer and submarine coalfield.In addition, the manganese nodule and cobalt-rich crust are also discovered in South China Sea. Furthermore, the hydrothermal metalliferous deposit and gas hydrate may also be present in South China Sea.     

河南某铬铁矿床中铬尖晶石蚀变的地球化学研究

In the light of mineral assemblages, mineralogical generation and genesis of chromite ores, some geochemical aspects are investigated with respect to . relative abundance, the transportion and association mechanisms of Cr and related elements in the process of metasomatie alteration of primary chromian spinel during migmatization. The formation of Fe-chromite is a result of metasomatism from primary magnesian Al-chromite through ultrametamorphism. A knowledge of its chemical characteristics will not only be desirable to understanding the chemistry of the oreforming fluid during later metasomatism, but also provide valuable informatinns as to the transport of Cr and some other points concerning geochemical evolution. Critical influence of SiO2 and Al2O3 concentrations has been recognized upon the enrichment and dispersion of Cr in the course of ultrametamorphism.     

An In Vitro Investigation of Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophage Cytotoxicity Introduced by Fibrous and Grainy Mineral Dusts

In order to study the damage mechanism of mineral dusts on the pulmonary alveolar macrophage （AM）, the changes in their death ratio, malandialdthyde （MDA） content and activities of lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） and superoxide dismutase （SOD） were measured, and the technique of cell culture in vitro was used to investigate the cytotoxicity of six mineral dusts （twelve crystal habits） from twelve mineral deposits. The results show that woUastonite and clinoptilolite have no AM cytotoxicity, while other fibrous and grainy mineral dusts damage pulmonary AM in various degrees. The cytotoxicity of fibrous mineral dusts was greater than that of the grainy ones, and the cytotoxicity of dusts was positively correlated with the active OH- content in dusts, but not necessarily so with its SiO2 content. The high pH values produced by dust was unfavorable for the survival of cells and the dusts with low bio-resistance were safe for cells. The content of variable valence elements in dusts might influence their cytotoxicity and the surface charge of dusts was not a stable factor for their toxicity. It is demonstrated that the shape of mineral dusts was one of the factors affecting cytotoxicity, and that the cytotoxicity of mineral dusts depends mainly on their properties.     

Degradation of potassium-bearing minerals by thermophilic Aspergiilusfumigatus and its optimal conditions

Potassium fertilizer is in short supply in China. However, there is a considerable resource of insoluble potassium resources in the soil mineral or potassium-baring low-degrade rocks. Most of these kinds of potassium exist in aluminous silicate minerals from which potassium cannot be absorbed directly by plants. So it is very important to study how to release potassium from soil minerals or rocks by using biological action. Recently, a large number of researches on degradation of potassic mineral by bacterial but few by fungi have been reported. In order to study the degradation of potassic mineral by fungi, we isolated a strain of thermophilic fungi TH003, which can use potassic rock as nutrient source. The strain was identified as Aspergillus fumigatus based on its morphological characters and molecular biology. In this paper, the direct and indirect processes of mineral powder degradation with the strain of TH003 were studied： mineral powder was added in medium directly for cultivation so as to investigate the direct process. For the purpose of studying indirect process, mineral powder was wrapped up in a parcel using membrane with pore size of 0.22 μm, and then the parcels were added in the medium. The interaction between mineral granules and mycelia was observed by using TEM and AFM at different stages during the whole experimental procedure. The results showed that the effect of direct process is stronger than that of indirect process. For instance, the content of K^＋ is higher in both culture media and mycelia. Direct process includes mechanical demolishment, adsorption, parceling, phagocytosis, erosion and comprehensive effect, while indirect process only refers to erosion on the surface of mineral granules by metabolic products of mycelia. The technology of fermentation engineering was employed to study the biological effects of the strain of Aspergillus fumigatus TH003 on the minerals bating low-grade potassium. Nutrition factors and culture conditions that affect the process of mineral powder degrading with the strain of TH003 were studied in this paper. The results showed that glucose and corn steep are the optimal carbon and nitrogen resources in the strain culture medium, and that pH values range from 3.0 to 9.0.     

我国铁矿床的一种新类型——弓长岭式含石墨的富磁铁矿矿床及其成因

Graphite has been identified for the first time from rich magnetite ores in Gongehangling,Northeast China.It is suggested that the deposit is originated from siderite of sedimentary origin through regional metamorphism.In view of the unique charaeteristics of its geologieal setting and mineral assemblage this deposit should be elassified as a new type in China     

Genesis of Kaolinite Deposits in the Jungar Coalfield,NorthChina: Petrological,Mineralogical and Geochemical Evidence

Petrological, mineralogical and geochemical studies carried out on kaolinite deposits in Haerwusu surface mine,Jungar Coalfield, northern Ordos Basin, North China, define their characteristics, ore genesis and economic interest. Based on the crystalline size, two different types of kaolinite rocks, cryptocrystalline and grainy, were identified under the microscope. XRD data show that kaolinite is the predominant mineral, associated with boehmite, magnesite, anatase, pyrite,diaspore and calcite. However, high boehmite content(mean 70%) shows up in the middle layers. Kaolinite minerals present homogeneous shape and a good crystallinity(HI = 0.96–1.26). Geochemical studies show that the SiO2/Al2 O3 molar ratio of kaolinite is close to the theoretical value, and the contents of Na2 O, K2 O, CaO, MgO are less, suggesting a strong chemical weathering environment. The REE and Eu anomalies show a close relationship between kaolinite and the Yinshan Oldland granite. A Ce anomaly reflects a continental sedimentary environment with shallow water. A temperature range of26.7–34℃ was calculated on the basis of the isotopic signatures(δ18 O, δD) of the kaolinite rocks. All these data indicate that the formation of the kaolinite is caused mainly by the dissolution, coagulation, precipitation and recrystallization of aluminosilicate clastics in acidic conditions. The formation of boehmite in the middle layers indicates that the source rocks have changed. Boehmite is mainly formed by dehydration and compaction of an aluminum-rich colloid which transported into peat swamp during diagenesis. In addition, it formed by desiliconization of kaolinite under acidic conditions. Due to its high kaolinite content(up to 90%) and low iron mineral content(less than 1%), and good crystallinity, kaolinite deposits occurred at Haerwusu surface mine probably have great economical value in the future.     

Discovery of Stolzite in China and Refinement of Its Crystal Structure

Although stolzite was discovered in Yaogangxian, Hunan Province, China, in 1948, no formal report about this mineral has been published. Recently its crystal structure has been refined by means of the Rietveld method. The cell dimensions of the mineral are: a=b= 0.544503(3) nm, c= 1.20495(1)nm and α=β=γ=90° . The X, Y and Z coordinates of the atom O refined by the authors are 0.2637, 0.1137 and 0.0706, respectively. The length of the W-O bond is 0.17826 nm and the angle of the O-W-O bound are 123° and 103° ,respectively.     

金云母的亚种矿物——铬金云母

Chrome phlogopite, [K(Mg,Cr,Al),(AlSi8O10)(F,OH)2], occurs in a metamorphous chromite deposit in Honan, central China. Chemical analyses, optical and X-ray powder data indicate that it is a new subspecies of phlogopite. Chemically, chrome phlogopite is characterized by relatively high Cr2O3 concentration. The emerald color of this mineral is ciosely related to its Cr2O3 content, which ranges from 3.51 to 8.66%.     

Compositional Variation and Mineral Chemistry of the Jinshajiang and Lancangjiang Serpentinites,Yunnan Province,SW China

We present the whole rock and the mineral chemical data for upper mantle peridotites from the San-Jiang region in Yunnan, SW China. These peridotites are a part of a Paleo-Tethyan ophiolite belt occurring along the Jinshajiang and Lancangjiang suture zones. All samples of the Jinshajiang and Lancangjiang ultramafic rocks are completely serpentinized. The Jinshajiang serpentinites are characterized by no relict of olivine and pyroxene, and the Cr# content of spinels is 0.32–0.49. The Lancangjiang serpentinites were collected from two different locations; the northern location which has some relict of Opx(Al2O3 is 0.13–2.2 wt%, TiO 2 is 0.004–0.057 wt% and Mg# content is 0.895–0.933) and the Cr# content of spinel is 0.26-0.55; the southern location, which has some relict of Olivine(Fo = 90–92.5 and NiO = 0.12–0.26 wt%), and spinel Cr# ranging from 0.41 to 0.57. The whole rock geochemical and the mineral chemistry data imply that the Jinshajiang and Lancangjiang serpentinites represent abyssal peridotites residues after ~15–20% partial melting for the Jinshajiang and Lancangjiang serpentinites(south location), and ~11–19% partial melting for the Lancangjiang serpentinites(north location). In addition, the compositional trends of the spinel analyses of the Lancangjiang serpentinites imply that the MORB melt-peridotite interaction process played a significant role during their evolution. These processes are evidenced by an increase in Cr# with an increase in TiO 2, whereas the spinel analyses of the Jinshajiang serpentinites display an increase in Cr# with a decrease in Ti O2, indicating that the Jinshajiang serpentinites were subjected to a simple partial melting process.