玻片反射器的透射旋转及其实用

Based on the principles of physical, optics, the author has derived a formula for the calculation of the angle of rotation D, when transmitted polarized light passes through a dielectric. The theory of transmitted rotation of glass reflector is, too, discussed in the paper. It has been shown that for linear polarized light normal to the plane of incidence, the original angle of rotation will inerease and for that parallel to the plane of incidence the decrease of the original angle of rotation will be expected. With the formula derived, calculations are made for certain cases. The trial-measurements of angles of.transmitted rotation by the coated glassreflector of some ore microscopes have been carried Out and the results indicate that the theoretical calculations are well coincident with the practical measurements. Finally, a new way is suggested for the application of transmitted rotation.     

双石英试板和二色试板原理及灵敏度

In this article the formula for brightness of biquartz plate and dichroiscope under various conditions is derived and the most sensitive conditions for its application are established. The theoretical calculation demonstrates that for biquartz plate, the difference of brightness between the two halves reaches its maximum when rotation angle ψ of biquartz plate is equal to oblique angle A of polars from the cross position or to the apparent rotation angle of anisotroption Ar. Therefore, it is advisable to use Mace de Lepinay half-shadow wedge in which rotation angle ψ is wriable. As for dichroiscope, the difference of brightness between the two halves reaches its maximum when its vibration direction is parallel to that of the polarizer. Thus, in preparing dichroiscope,one of its vibration directions should be parallel to the polarizer.     

Datum Level and NMO Corrections to Shallow Seismic Reflection Data on Rugged Topography

The application of the seismic reflection method is often limited in complex terrain areas.The problem is the incorrect correction of time-shift caused by topography. To apply normal moveout(NMO) correction to reflection data correctly, static corrections are necessary to be applied in advance for the compensation of the time distortions of topography and the time-delays from near-surface weathered layers. For environment and engineering investigation, weathered layers are our targets so that the static correction mainly serves the adjustment of time-shift due to an undulating surface. In practice,seismic reflected raypaths are assumed to be almost vertical through the near-surface layers because they have much lower velocities than layers below. This assumption is typically acceptable in most cases since it results in little residual error for small elevation changes and small offsets in reflection events. Although static algorithms based on choosing a floating datum related to common midpoint gathers or residual surface-consistent functions are available and effective, errors caused by the assumption of vertical raypaths often generate pseudo indications of structures. This paper presents the comparison of applying corrections based on the vertical raypaths and bias (non-vertical) raypaths. It also provides an approach of combining elevation and NMO corrections. The advantages of the approach are demonstrated by a synthetic example of multi-coverage seismic reflection surveys on rough topography.     

Cambrian- Ordovician Deep - Water Deposits in Southwest Jiangxi, China

The Cambrian-Ordovician rocks in southwestern Jiangxi are mainly composed of deep-water deposits, in which 5 facies have been recognized: sandstone facies, sandstone-mudstone facies, siltstone-mudstone facies, mudstone (slate)facies, and chert facies. They are of turbidity current origin and are related to pelagic and hemipelagic deposits. In the light of facies distribution, the Cambrian-Ordovician deposits can be classified into 3 facies associations formed in middle fan, outer fan and deep-sea plain environments respectively. The 3 different orders of vertical cycles in the stratigraphic sequence are considered to be controlled by factors such as sea-level fluctuation, basin subsidence and submarine fan progradation. The tectonic setting of the sedimentary basin is interpreted as passive continental margin based on the chemical composition analysis of the sandstone.     

Research on the Application of the Light-Energy Spectrum Fusion Technique to Land and Resources Survey

This paper introduces how to use remote sensing images including Landsat (MSS and TM) andairborne radioactivity images to identify the type of rocks in the areas covered by vegetation. The relationship between light spectrum (Landsat MSS and TM) and energy spectrum (U, Th and K) is discussed on the basis of correlation analysis, and it is proven that there are correlations between the Landsat MSS or TM data and the U, Th and K. data. By using the fusion technique, new images were generated, which contain both the light spectrum and the energy spectrum information.Taking the Lucong basin as the study area, the present paper demonstrates the successful identification of various types of rocks using the fusion technique. Different types of rocks are represented by different colours on the new light-energy spectrum images, so that volcanic rocks of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods can be discriminated. Another example, in the Lingquan basin in Northeast China, not only the different types of rocks are su     

Speciation and Precipitation of Uranium Complexes in Hydrothermal Solutions Related to Granite—type Uranium Deposits

Uranium-bearing hydrothermal solutions during the stage of ore deposition are weakly alkaline and of the Ca^2 -Na^ /HCO3^- -F^- type.UO2(CO3)2^2- and UO2F4^-, are dominant in the hydrothermal solutions with respect to their activity.Wall-rock hydrothermal alterations ,temperature and pressure drop and the reducing capability of rock assemblage (Δeh) led to a decrease in Eh of the hydrothermal solutions and an increase in Eh at which uranium began precipitating.Therefore,the mechanism of uranium precipitation is essentially the reduction of uranium complexes.The granite-type uranium deposits are the most important type of uranium resources in China.Discussions will be made in this paper concerning the hydrothermal speciation and precipitation mech-anisms of uranium complexes in the light of fluid inclusion and geological data from some major de-posits of this type in South China.     

Alkyl Naphthalenes and Phenanthrenes: Molecular Markers for Tracing Filling Pathways of Light Oil and Condensate Reservoirs

<正>Condensates and light oils are generally characterized by high maturity,low concentration of sterane and terpane biomarkers and low content of non-hydrocarbon fraction.As a result,some commonly-used sterane,terpane and carbazole migration parameters in conventional oil reservoirs may have a certain limitation in condensate and light oil reservoirs for their poor signal-noise ratios in the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Naphthalene,phenanthrene and their methylated substituents,however,are present in significant concentrations in condensates and light oils.Taking the Fushan depression(in the Beibuwan Basin,Northern South China Sea) as an example, this paper attempts for the first time to use polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH)-related parameters to trace migration directions and filling pathways for condensate and light oil reservoirs.The result shows that TMNr(i.e.1,3,7-TMN/(1,3,7-TMN + 1,2,5-TMN),TMN:trimethylnaphthalene)),MPI-1 (i.e.1.5×(2-MP + 3-MP)/(P + 1-MP + 9-MP),P:phenanthrene MP:methylphenanthrene),MN/DMN (Σmethylnaphthalene/Σdimethylnaphthalene,%) and MN/TMN(Σmethylnaphthalene/Σtrimethylnaphthalene, %) can be used to trace the filling pathways of condensate and light oil reservoirs.These parameters,together with geological consideration and other bulk oil properties(e.g.the gas to oil ratio and density),suggest that the condensates and light oils in the Huachang oil and gas field are mainly sourced from the Bailian sag that is located to the northeast of the Huachang uplift in the Fushan depression.     

Hydrothermal sedimentation characteristics of the Dajiangping superlarge pyrite deposit, Yunfu, Guangdong

The Dajiangping pyrite deposit is hosted in a carbonate-clastic rock series which is characterized by a bioreef-chert suite in its middle part.Conformable lenses of various sizes constitute the orebodies which often branch transitionally into the surroundings.Syngenetic deformation fabrics can be observed in orebody NO.3.Orebody No.4 is composed almost entirely of massive pyrite,with conspicuous hydrothermal sedimentation and bacterium-alga features.The hydrothermal sedimentation origin is also reflected by simple chemistry of the ore (predominated by quartz and pyrite),the presence of U and Th,and the REE compositions of pyrite and ankerite.The ores are rich in organic matter and the difference in organic content between the banded ores and the massive ores is mainly owing to the difference in the clastic components they contain rather than to the subsequent processes of reworking .Co/Ni rations in the ore may reflect the temperature pattern during hydrothermal sedimentation.     

华北陆台上一个大型沉积盆地古生界油气的形成与演化

Based on the studies of geological history during the Paleozoic time. depoaitional esvironment, the evolution of organisms, the content of organic substances and the distribution of oil-generatlng strata, various indicators concerning oil generation are discussed and. compared in terms of Organic substance composition, the alkane and isopronoid in saturated hydrocarbon, characteristic functional group of the aromatic hydrocarbon and its structure, element composition and free radical concentration in asphaltene as well as carbon isotopes. The following conclusions can be drawn: (1) During the Later Paleozoic, the mud stone of the two oil-generating depressions of the Ponhsi Group on the western part of the basin was the most important reservoir and the black mud stone and limestone were secondary in importance. (2) Both the Ordovicoan Machiakou limestone and the shale of grapholithic facies are main oil (gas) generating strata in the western part of the basin. The Changhsia Group of the middle Cambrian system may also be oil-generatlng but is of little consequence. (3) Oil and gas formation in the Upper and. Lower Paleozoic groups represent two. different evolutionary stages. In the Upper Paleozoic group the petroleum formed is a kind of light oil, and large quantities of natural gas had been formed from the coal-bearing Taiyuan and Shansi Groups as a result of metamorphism. In response to the action of temperature and. presses over the prolonged geological period, oil sad gas formation in the lower Paleozoie group corresponds to a more advanced evolutionary stage, during which the generation of natural gas is the dominant process in comparation with oil condensation. Therefore the lower Paleozoic group is believed to be more promising for gas prospecting.     

DTA Characters of Biotites of Different Genetic Types and Their Implications

A new method is proposed to determine the genetic types of granites.Based on detailed DTA measurements on biotite in granites from south China and the Sanjiang area,characteristic thermal properties are presented for biotites of different origins.Mechanisms are discussed for the differences in thermal behavior of biotite in terms of chemical composition,crystal structure,ordering and polytypism.These characteristic thermal parameters of biotite can be used to shed light on granie genesis with the advantages of rapidness ,simplicity and economy.     

The Mobility of Rare—Earth Elements During Hydrothermal Activity：A Review

The mobility of the rare-earth elements(REE)during hydrothermal activities is increasingly documented.Geological and experimental evidence suggests that REE may be mobile in solutions rich in F^-,Cl^-,HCO3^-,CO^2- 3,HPO4^2-,PO4^3-,or in combinations of the above ligands,even though little has been known about which ligand or which combination is most effective in mobilizing REE. The fractionation of REE resulting from hydrothermal activities is inconsistent.One set of field data implies the prererential mobility of the light rare-earth elements(LREE).whereas another set of field observations indicates the dominant mobilization of the heavy rare earth elements(HREE),and some theoretical prediction is comtradictory to the field evidence.The Eu anomalies due to hydrothermal activities are complex and plausible explanation is not available.The existing experimental approaches dealing with REE are not adequate for explanation ofREE behaviour in aqueous solutions.Systematic experimental approaches are suggested.     

西藏花岗岩类中长石的特征与花岗岩类的演化

The coefficient (K) and distribution frequency of alkali feldspars in Xizang granitoids arc higher in later stages as compared with those in earlier stages The An value of plagioclase gradually decreases from earlier to later Stages. The Ab value of alkali feldspars of earlier stages is lower than that of later stages. Alkali feldspars from ordered to disordered have been all discovered. For most plutons, the extent of orer-disorder between alkali feldspar phenocrysts and groundmass is basically similar. On the other hand, however, the majority of plagioclase is of ordered type. Feldspars of late Yenshanian are of higher order state than that of Himalayan. In the light of composition and structure state as mentioned above it can be said that granitoids in Southern Xizang have a magmatie origin and they tend to be more acidic during their evolution from earlier to later stages.     

Using the Maximum Effective Moment Criterion to Interpret Quartz <c>‐Fabric Patterns

The Maximum Effective Moment (MEM) criterion predicts that the initial orientation of ductile shear zones and shear bands is ~55° relative to the maximum principal stress axis (σ1) and that the kinematic vorticity number (Wk) is ~0.94. These preferred orientations should be reflected in the pattern of quartz -fabrics in shear zones and shear bands. Common quartz -fabrics in plane strain can be divided into low-temperature (L) and high-temperature (H) fabrics, with each group showing three patterns. A steady flow with a constant value of Wk≈0.94 gives rise to L-1 and H-1 patterns, which are commonly characterized by a single axis girdle normal to the shear zone and a single -point maximum parallel to the shear zone.Once the conjugate set develops, L-1 and H-1 have opening angles of ~70° and ~110°, respectively. L-2 and H-2 are asymmetric patterns associated with variable deformation partitioning and vorticity values of 0< Wk<0.94. In contrast, L-3 and H-3 are symmetric patterns associated with 100% deformation partitioning and Wk=0. The opening angle in quartz -fabrics is implicitly linked to the temperature during deformation. The opening angle is ~70° at low temperature and ~110° at high temperature. However, a linear correction between the opening angle and the temperature cannot be established. During deformation partitioning, synthetic shear bands form earlier than antithetic bands and are more easily developed. This may result in opening angles of <70° for low-temperature fabrics and of >110° for high-temperature fabrics. The following criteria can be used to recognize reworked shear zones that have experienced multiple orogenic phases and changes in the stress state: 1) the initial Wk is larger or smaller than ~0.94; 2) the change in Wk is abrupt, rather than progressive; 3) inconsistent shear senses are inferred for the different phases of deformation; and 4) a negative value of Wk is found in reworked shear zones.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987114000231

The possibility of a net rotation of the lithosphere with respect to the mantle is generally overlooked since it depends on the adopted mantle reference frames,which are arbitrary.We review the geological and geophysical signatures of plate boundaries,and show that they are markedly asymmetric worldwide.Then we compare available reference frames of plate motions relative to the mantle and discuss which is at best able to fit global tectonic data.Different assumptions about the depths of hotspot sources(below or within the asthenosphere,which decouples the lithosphere from the deep mantle) predict different rates of net rotation of the lithosphere relative to the mantle.The widely used no-net-rotation(NNR) reference frame,and low(0.2°-0.4° /Ma) net rotation rates(deep hotspots source) predict an average net rotation in which some plates move eastward relative to the mantle(e.g.,Nazca).With fast(1° /Ma) net rotation(shallow hotspots source),all plates,albeit at different velocity,move westerly along a curved trajectory,with a tectonic equator tilted about 30° relative to the geographic equator.This is consistent with the observed global tectonic asymmetries.     

Geological and Geophysical Conditions for Potential Natural Gas Hydrate Resources in Southern South China Sea Waters

The water depth in Nansha(南沙) waters,which is located in the southern South China Sea,varies from 200 to 2 500 m,with a deep-water(>500 m) area of 500 000 km2.In this region,there are many depositional basins with various structural features,prone to the accumulation of organic material.The temperature and pressure conditions in the deep-water environment are suitable for the preservation of gas hydrate.At several sites,we have recognized bottom-simulating reflectors(BSRs) from seismic data.Regional geology...     

岩石化学系列和元素演化周期性

Continental crust rocks can be grouped into three petrochemical, systems, i.e.,oxygen-poor, transitional, and oxygen-rich system, which are intimately related to the intensity of crustal movement. Stable areas in the crust are characterized by rocks of oxygen-poor system, while rocks of oxygen-rich system are typical of active regions.Rocks of the transitional system form all gradations between the two systems Parallel to the orogenic cycle in crustal movement an evolutionary cycle from low to high oxygen content can always be recognized with respect to rocks in each system. On the other hand, with regard to rocks of the same type in the same petrochemical system, apart from the influence of crustal movement intensity, a tendency of increasing oxygen content with decreasing orogenic age is noticeable. As a region changes from active into gradational geologically, oxygen content is found decreasing for rocks of the same type,or vice versa. In this context, new implications may be attached to studies on petrochemical system : (1) A“family tree” can be established for rocks, thus sheding light on their evolutionary hlstoryand geneses (2)To provide information on the intensity of crustal movement, i.e., the tectonic nature for the studied area at the time of magma generation, and (3) To aid in determining petrogenetie age of magmatic rocks and in making geological divisions.     

试论稀土铁建造

Geological and geochemical characteristics of REE iron formation, a term proposed by Prof. Tu Kuang-chih to specify a special type of Precambrian iron formation rich in REE, are discussed in this paper with special reference to its REE contents, REE distribution patterns, model of formation, the relationship between its development and the multistage evolution of terrestrial crust in China, and its role as an indicator of oxidation status for ancient atmosphere. Major conclusions are as follows: (1) REE iron formation is characterized by high REE concentrations as opposed to very low REE level in normal Precambrian iron formations. (2) REE iron formation was resulted from marine sedimentary-diagenetic process in miogeosyncline or intermediate regions during Proterozoic Era. To some extent,volcanic activity may be responsible for the deposition of ore-forming materials. In a broader sense, it belongs to Fe-bearing dolomite formation. On most REE iron formations there may be later mineralizations such as hydrothermo-metasomatisn, migmatitization and metamorphism superimposed. Generally, REE iron formations share common fundamental features with stratabound ore deposits. (3) It is similar to Precambrian iron formation in the enrichment of light REE.But, the degree to LREE is enriched in REE iron formation is noticed to increase with the increase of total REE eontent. Most REE iron formations are characterized hy the high ratios of ∑Ce/∑Y, Mg Fe/Ca, Na/K, Nb/Ta, Zr/Hf, Th/U, Ba/Sr, and etc. (4) The widespread occurrence of REE iron formation indicates a higher REE abundance in terrestrial crust of China and adds further support to the multistage theory regarding the chemical element evolution and differentiation in the terrestrial crust of China. (5) Preliminary data seem to support the time dependence of REE pattern and relative Eu content,     

Using pore-solid fractal dimension to estimate residual LNAPLs saturation in sandy aquifers: A column experiment

The“tailing”effect caused by residual non-aqueous phase liquids(NAPLs)in porous aquifers is one of the frontiers in pollution hydrogeology research.Based on the current knowledge that the residual NAPLs is mainly controlled by the pore structure of soil,this study established a method for evaluating the residual saturation of NAPLs by investigating the fractal dimension of porous media.In this study,the soil column experiments of residual light NAPLs(LNAPLs)in sandy aquifer with different ratios of sands and soil were carried out,and the correlation between the fractal dimension of the medium,the residual of LNAPLs and the soil structure parameters are statistically analyzed,and its formation mechanism and main control factors are discussed.The results show that:Under our experimental condition:(1)the fractal dimension of the medium has a positive correlation with the residual saturation of NAPLs generally,and the optimal fitting function can be described by a quadratic model:S_R=192.02 D2-890.73 D+1040.8;(2)the dominant formation mechanism is:Smaller pores in the medium is related to larger fractal dimension,which leads to higher residual saturation of NAPLs;stronger heterogeneity of the medium is related to larger fractal dimension,which also leads to higher residual saturation of NAPLs;(3)the micro capillary pores characterized by fine sand are the main controlling factors of the formation mechanism.It is concluded that both the theory and the method of using fractal dimension of the medium to evaluate the residual saturation of NAPLs are feasible.This study provides a new perspective for the research of“tailing”effect of NAPLs in porous media aquifer.     

Aspect of the specialty metals potentials of pegmatites in western Oban Massif, SE Nigeria: A preliminary geochemical approach

Minerals in general and rare-metals in particular are of invaluable importance in the development and industrialization of any nation.This is true as they could affect a nation’s national income,employment ratio,Gross National Product,and its entire economy.The study area(western Oban Massif-SE Nigeria) was investigated for its specialty metals bearing potentials because of(1) its geology,which is similar to other specialty metals bearing areas of the world;(2) past works,which points to the area as a likely source of economic deposit of such metals;and(3) the soaring cost of these rare metals in the light of recent upsurge in global information/telecommunication technology.Results from the study,show that only cesium(Cs) and beryllium(Be) show minute signs or indications of enrichment if properly harnessed.Thus these metals should be studied in details to ascertain their economic potentials.The rocks are too deficient in the other rare-metals(lithium,zirconium,strontium,tantalite,niobium,tungsten,gallium,and chromium) to warrant further analysis.     

Evolution of Chinese Neogene Rhinocerotidae and Its Response to Climatic Variations

Chinese Neogene Rhinocerotidae has quite a complete record and its temporal range is the Early Miocene to Late Pliocene. The samples include 25 species in 4 tribes of 2 subfamilies. They are used as a foundation for the study of the evolution of the family and its relation to climatic changes. Taxonomic diversity, new records and extinctions are estimated for each Chinese Neogene mammal faunal unit (NMU). The diversity of Chinese Rhinocerotidae varies noticeably throughout the Neogene and is recognized within five stages: the Middle Miocene and Late Miocene are stages of high diversity and the Early Miocene, early Late Miocene and Pliocene are stages of low diversity. Rhinocerotid diversity and morphology are closely related to environmental factors and particularly sensitive to changes in ambient temperature and humidity. The interpretation of climatic variation reflected in the evolution of Rhinocerotidae corresponds precisely with the conclusions drawn from other workers and provides new evidence fen