入海河口鱼类生物与水环境关系的研究现状与进展

入海河口区域作为许多鱼类的生活和繁殖场所,其环境变化对鱼类有着重要的影响。鱼类与水环境的研究对于河口环境及人类活动的评估有着重要作用,同时准确了解河口地区水环境与鱼类的关系,可以及时掌握环境状态及其变化,有利于进行科学的管理,以维持河口生态系统的稳定和渔业资源的可持续发展。本文综述了河口鱼类生物对水环境中温度、盐度、溶解氧等水环境因子的响应,并探讨了该领域的研究现状和未来的发展趋势,建议在水环境因子对鱼类生物量的影响以及多种水环境因子之间的联合作用等方面加强研究。     

中国典型水域磺胺类合成药物的环境生物地球化学特征

作为广谱抗菌的人工合成药物——磺胺类(SAs)是应用最早的一类人工合成抑菌剂之一,被广泛用于人类医疗、禽畜及水产养殖等。大量磺胺类药物的应用随代谢进入水环境中,对水生生态系统和人类健康产生重要影响并构成潜在风险,截至目前,这些影响和风险并未被探明。因此,对8种典型磺胺类合成药物在我国典型水环境中的分布特征进行了阐述,评估了它们对不同水生生物的生态毒性及生态风险,并诠释了它们在生物体内的代谢及其在生态系统中的降解途径。结果表明,不同水环境中磺胺类合成药物的浓度分布差异显著,磺胺甲恶唑和磺胺嘧啶分别在水体及沉积物中的浓度和污染程度最高;水体藻类是磺胺类合成药物最敏感的水生物种,其次是甲壳类和鱼类,磺胺甲恶唑对水生生态系统构成高风险;磺胺类合成药物进入体内后被代谢成不同的产物,与母体合成药物一同进入水环境中经历降解过程;生物降解是水生生态系统中磺胺类合成药物去除的主要途径,不同种细菌、真菌及藻类均可降解磺胺类合成药物。在以后的研究中,应当进一步加强磺胺类合成药物对水生生物的慢性毒性以及合成药物混合毒性的研究,明晰水环境磺胺类合成药物的分布-代谢-传输-效应的综合过程,探析磺胺类合成药物在水生...     

Nrf2参与水生动物氧化应激调控的研究进展

环境变化会诱导机体活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)水平升高,从而产生氧化应激。氧化应激对所有生物的生存、生长、发育和进化都具有深远的影响。核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2, Nrf2)被公认为细胞氧化应激调控的主导者,与伴侣蛋白Kelch样环氧氯丙烷相关蛋白1 (kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, Keap1)一起控制数百个解毒酶和抗氧化蛋白编码基因的表达。近年来, Nrf2在水生动物中逐渐获得重视,并在一些模式鱼类如斑马鱼、鲤鱼及其他一些鱼类和水生无脊椎动物中得到研究。介绍了Nrf2的结构以及调控机制,回顾了近年来水生动物Nrf2通路参与氧化应激调控所取得的进展。研究表明, Nrf2在水生动物中广泛存在,在非生物(金属、有机污染物、无机盐、药物及微塑料等)、生物(细菌、病毒、有毒藻类)以及生境变化(冰融、盐胁迫)诱导的氧化应激调控中发挥重要作用。Nrf2一经激活入核,在小Maf蛋白的协助下与抗氧化反应元件(antioxidant-responseelement,ARE)结合,启动一系列ARE驱动基因的表达,并和孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor, Pxr)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)以及芳烃受体(arylhydrocarbonreceptor,AhR)等细胞通路协同作用参与一系列生理过程。Nrf2在水生动物响应环境变化过程中发挥重要的细胞保护机制,有望发展成为抗逆育种潜在的基因靶点。     

阳光紫外辐射对水生动物的影响及作用机制

阳光紫外辐射对水生动物个体水平如生长、发育和存活等方面产生不利影响.从DNA损伤、蛋白质损伤、呼吸爆发和细胞凋亡等方面较系统地分析了影响机制,另外,还从逃避紫外辐射、光保护物质、DNA修复、体内的抗氧化系统等方面分析了水生动物对阳光紫外辐射的响应机制.最后提出应当重点开展原位实验、长期效应、间接影响、群落及生态系统和响应机制等工作.     

微量元素地球化学循环对海洋酸化的响应

通过深入分析海洋中碳、营养盐、微量金属元素的地球化学特性对酸化响应的研究进展,指出海洋酸化不仅会影响海洋中的碳化学,而且能影响海洋中营养盐、微量元素等的地球化学特性和过程;海洋酸化一个重要的、但被低估的结果是能大范围地改变海洋碳系统之外的无机和有机化学环境;不同海域的生物和地球化学系统对酸化产生不同的响应,同一物质循环的不同过程对酸化的响应可能截然不同;酸化给海洋带来的影响是极其复杂多变的,而且这些影响之间还存在错综复杂的相互作用;生态系统对海洋酸化的自然响应是很多生物和非生物因素独立和共同作用的结果,对很多单一物种或单一因素酸化响应的简单概括或总结,远不能描述海洋酸化对整个生态系统的影响规律。海洋酸化微量元素响应研究,应该具体到物质循环的关键环节(如碳泵、生物泵、硝化作用、固氮作用以及元素赋存形态转化等)及关键要素(如POM,DOM及CDOM等)等的响应,并探讨它们之间的相互作用,进而更全面地了解海洋酸化对海洋中物质循环的影响。     

海滨生物地貌研究进展

海滨环境孕育了各式各样的生物地貌,通过生物与环境之间的物质能量交换,海滨生态系统的生物组分与地貌组分之间双向作用得以实现。特别是在现代海岸发育进程中,生物地貌塑造者对局地地貌产生的微弱作用,可以在宏观尺度上对海滨地貌的形成和发展产生深远影响。本文简要介绍了海滨生物地貌作用的主要机制和类型、海滨环境不同生物地貌作用复杂多变的动态过程,并对研究海滨环境生物地貌作用的方法、探索生物地貌格局的多尺度成因、递归的循环过程规律以及海滨生物过程与非生物干扰及过程的相互联系等领域取得的成果进行了总结。当前,海滨生物过程和动力-沉积-地貌过程之间的双向研究已成为认识和利用生物海岸对全球变化响应和反馈作用的关键,今后还需要对不同生物地貌作用的耦合、海滨生物地貌过程的生物作用模拟以及海滨生物地貌过程的演化等问题进行深入研究。     

天然水环境中的溶解有机物及其光化学降解对重金属生物可利用性的影响

溶解有机物(DOM)在控制水生生态系统的化学、生物和物理特性中起着重要的作用.DOM不仅能够结合黏土颗粒,而且也能结合对环境和生物有重要影响的Hg,Cu,Pb,Cd,Ni等重金属和有机污染物,从而改变这些物质的迁移、生物可利用性和毒性.本文综述了天然水环境中DOM与重金属的相互作用和对其生物可利用性的影响,并对影响DOM光化学降解的因素及其对重金属生物可利用性的影响做了总结.已有的研究表明:DOM的结构、分子量、浓度、重金属种类、水环境条件等均会影响到DOM与重金属污染物的相互作用;光化学降解会显著改变DOM与重金属的相互作用,从而使其生物可利用性发生变化.     

棘皮动物呼吸代谢研究进展

呼吸代谢是动物进行能量代谢的基本生理活动,动物所摄取的能量大部分都消耗在维持其生命活动的新陈代谢中,研究动物呼吸代谢可了解动物的生理状况及对外界环境条件的适应能力。目前有关鱼类、甲壳类和贝类等呼吸代谢的影响因素的研究国内外已有很多报道。棘皮动物作为海洋底层生物,对海洋生态系统结构和功能的维护具有非常重要的作用,因而对其呼吸生理生态的研究也越来越受到关注。本文就影响棘皮动物呼吸代谢的生物因素和非生物因素进行综合评述。     

核电站冷却水系统对水生生物的机械损伤

核电站冷却过程中,热,化学和机械作用均会对周围水体环境中水生生物造成一定影响。本文在整理国内外有关机械损伤文献的基础上,着重介绍了冷却水系统中机械损伤的发生部位,产生原因及其对浮游植物,浮游动物和鱼类的影响情况,并且阐述了机械损伤程度与部分生物指标间的相互关系。     

水生植物对水体中营养因子作用的响应

水生植物在水生态系统中具有重要作用,水体中营养因子会影响水生植物的生理生化。本文综述了水生植物在生长生理和分子生理方面对水体中营养因子作用的响应,揭示植物适应营养环境的生理和分子机制。这方面的研究能够为水体生态系统的保护和水生植物的开发和利用提供理论基础。     

水产动物雷帕霉素受体信号通路的研究进展

雷帕霉素受体信号通路(mTOR信号通路)广泛存在于真核生物细胞中,能够接收来自营养素、生长因子或者环境胁迫等的信号,通过调控细胞的合成代谢和分解代谢,实现对细胞生长和生理活动的精确调控。在mTOR信号通路的研究中,水产养殖动物mTOR信号通路的研究仅见于少数几种鱼类、对虾和蟹类,且其研究深度远远落后于模式生物。本文综述了近年来mTOR信号通路的研究进展,包括TOR蛋白的发现与组成,以及参与mTOR信号通路的信号因子和信号通路调控生命过程的机制。同时,本文重点阐述了mTOR信号通路在水产动物细胞中的研究现状,说明了水产动物mTOR信号通路研究的必要性,以期为水产养殖动物mTOR信号通路的进一步研究提供参考。     

The AquaDEB project (phase I): Analysing the physiological flexibility of aquatic species and connecting physiological diversity to ecological and evolutionary processes by using Dynamic Energy Budgets

The European Research Project AquaDEB (2007–2011, http://www.ifremer.fr/aquadeb/) is joining skills and expertise of some French and Dutch research institutes and universities to analyse the physiological flexibility of aquatic organisms and to link it to ecological and evolutionary processes within a common theoretical framework for quantitative bioenergetics [Kooijman, S.A.L.M., 2000. Dynamic energy and mass budgets in biological systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge]. The main scientific objectives in AquaDEB are i) to study and compare the sensitivity of aquatic species (mainly molluscs and fish) to environmental variability of natural or human origin, and ii) to evaluate the related consequences at different biological levels (individual, population, ecosystem) and temporal scales (life cycle, population dynamics, evolution). At mid-term life, the AquaDEB collaboration has already yielded interesting results by quantifying bio-energetic processes of various aquatic species (e.g. molluscs, fish, crustaceans, algae) with a single mathematical framework. It has also allowed to federate scientists with different backgrounds, e.g. mathematics, microbiology, ecology, chemistry, and working in different fields, e.g. aquaculture, fisheries, ecology, agronomy, ecotoxicology, climate change. For the two coming years, the focus of the AquaDEB collaboration will be in priority: (i) to compare energetic and physiological strategies among species through the DEB parameter values and to identify the factors responsible for any differences in bioenergetics and physiology; and to compare dynamic (DEB) versus static (SEB) energy models to study the physiological performance of aquatic species; (ii) to consider different scenarios of environmental disruption (excess of nutrients, diffuse or massive pollution, exploitation by man, climate change) to forecast effects on growth, reproduction and survival of key species; (iii) to scale up the models for a few species from the individual level up to the level of evolutionary processes.     

Bivalve molluscs as a unique target group for nanoparticle toxicity

Due to the continuous development and production of manufactured nanomaterials or nanoparticles (NPs), their uptake and effects in the aquatic biota represent a major concern. Estuarine and coastal environments are expected to represent the ultimate sink for NPs, where their chemical behavior (aggregation/agglomeration) and consequent fate may be critical in determining the biological impact.Bivalve mollusks are abundant from freshwater to marine ecosystems, where they are widely utilized in biomonitoring of environmental perturbations. As suspension-feeders, they have highly developed processes for cellular internalization of nano- and micro-scale particles (endo- and phagocytosis), integral to key physiological functions such as intra-cellular digestion and cellular immunity.Here we will summarise available information on the effects of different types of NPs in different bivalve species, in particular Mytilus spp. Data on the effects and modes of action of different NPs on mussel hemocytes in vitro demonstrate that cell-mediated immunity represents a significant target for NPs. Moreover, in vivo exposure to NPs indicates that, due to the physiological mechanisms involved in the feeding process, NP agglomerates/aggregates taken up by the gills are directed to the digestive gland, where intra-cellular uptake of nanosized materials induces lysosomal perturbations and oxidative stress. Overall, bivalves represent a particularly suitable model for investigating the effects and mechanisms of action underlying the potential toxicity of NPs in marine invertebrates.     

Effects of dietary exposure to the pyrethroid pesticide esfenvalerate on medaka (Oryzias latipes)

The pyrethroid insecticide esfenvalerate is widely used on orchard crops throughout California. In the aquatic environment, this compound is likely to accumulate in sediments, food particles and benthic organisms due to its lipophilicity and environmental persistence. This pilot project tested the hypothesis that esfenvalerate is toxic to medaka (Oryzias latipes) when taken up with the diet. For 7 days fish were fed diets, which contained esfenvalerate in three different concentrations (4, 21, 148 mg/kg, measured). Endpoints measured were mortality, fecundity, fertilization and hatching success of embryos, viability of larvae and cellular stress protein (hsp60, hsp70, hsp90) levels. The toxicity of aqueous exposure of medaka to esfenvalerate was also determined. Whereas the 96-h LC50 in the aqueous exposure was <9.4 microg/l, the dietary exposure did not cause mortality. Possible effects of dietary esfenvalerate were seen on fertilization and hatching success and the number of non-viable larvae. Expression of hsp60 and hsp90 showed a dose-dependent response pattern.     

Oxidative damage in rainbow trout caged in a polluted river

Sewage treatment works (STWs) are a common source of chemicals entering into the aquatic environment. In order to assess effects of these effluents on oxidative stress parameters in aquatic organisms, we caged rainbow trout at five sites: upstream, near an STW effluent, and three sites downstream in the river Viskan in western Sweden for 14 days during autumn, 2006. We then measured protein carbonyls in plasma as well as 20S proteosome activity and lipid peroxidation products, i.e. MDA and 4-HNE, in liver samples. Levels of both lipid and protein oxidative damage products were elevated in fish caged near the STW effluent while 20S activity showed no differences. This argues that complex mixtures of chemicals entering into the aquatic environment do have deleterious effects on fish. Additionally, oxidative stress parameters can serve as a biomarker in aquatic organisms.     

Effects of coastal orientation and depth on the distribution of subtidal benthic assemblages

A better understanding of biological systems can only be gained if we understand what processes are important and how they operate to determine the distribution of organisms. Coastal orientation and depth can influence environmental conditions, including the degree of water motion and availability of light, which in turn may influence the horizontal and vertical patterns of organism distribution. Here, we used a mixed‐model design to examine the effects of coastal orientation and depth on the structure of benthic assemblages by comparing the abundance and distribution of macroalgae and invertebrates in shallow and deep waters on the opposing coasts of São Miguel. Generally, coastal orientation had little influence on the distribution of most taxa. In contrast, significant differences were generally associated with depth, although patterns were spatially variable at the scale of locations. This study suggests that depth, and processes operating at the scale of location, but not at the scale of the coast, have an important influence on these assemblages, and that failure to recognise such a scale of variability may hamper our ability to better understand the processes that structure these communities.     

全球变化对海洋渔业的影响及对策

人类行为引发的全球性捕捞过度、水体富营养化、气候温暖化和臭氧层被破坏等都地世界渔业产生极大的影响,而捕捞过度使鱼群抵御环境变化的能力降低,并直接破坏渔业资源,从而放大全球变化对海洋渔业的影响。水体富化造成的有害赤潮及鱼虾病害频发、往往给业,尤其是增养殖渔业带来巨大经济损失,温暖化引起的海水升温和盐度改变,不仅直接影响海洋生物的生理、繁殖及时空分布,而且通过对海平面、上升流、厄尔尼诺现象,珊瑚礁、信