2008年孟加拉湾春季暖池生消过程的热收支诊断分析

在夏季风爆发前孟加拉湾会出现季节性暖池,在季风爆发后它则快速消失。本文利用RAMA浮标阵列中孟加拉湾中部浮标的观测资料,通过进行混合层热收支诊断,对2008年孟加拉湾春季暖池的生消过程进行了分析。结果表明:热通量项主导了暖池的生成和消亡过程,它在暖池生成期表现为强加热效应,而在暖池消亡期变为强冷却效应;垂向卷夹的冷却作用在暖池生成阶段比较突出;温度平流项的冷却作用在冬季较强。对热通量项的进一步分析表明:短波辐射平均热效应在暖池生成期高达0.32℃/d,而在暖池消亡期降低一半,这是使热通量项在两个时期有不同表现的根本原因;潜热通量在各阶段的平均冷却效应基本保持不变,都在-0.14℃/d左右;长波辐射的冷却效应在暖池生成期比较显著,一定程度上减缓了海温的上升速度;感热通量的热效应相对较小。     

Heat budget of the western Pacific warm pool and the contribution of eddy heat transport diagnosed from HYCOM assimilation

Using the high-resolution Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model and the Navy Coupled Ocean Data Assimilation Global 1/12° Analysis (GLBa0.08), and the Objectively Analyzed Air–Sea Fluxes and the International Satellite Climatology Cloud Project products, we investigated the seasonal and interannual evolutions of heat budget, including the pseudo-heat content change, the net air–sea heat flux and the eddy heat transport (EHT), based on the time-dependent heat budget analysis in the western Pacific warm pool (WPWP). The results show that the pseudo-heat content change has significant semi-annual variation, which peaks in April–May and September. There is strong positive feedback between EHT and the net air–sea heat flux. EHT is important in balancing the sea surface heat flux into the WPWP. The seasonal EHT variability is dominated by its meridional component. On the interannual time scale, the zonal and vertical components of EHT show comparable amplitudes with the meridional one. The observed net air–sea heat flux in the WPWP is highly correlated with EHT and the pseudo-heat content change on the interannual time scale. The net air–sea heat flux leads the pseudo-heat content change by about half a month and leads EHT by about one month. The variations of the air–sea heat flux and EHT are connected to the El Niño Southern Oscillation events: during the development of El Niño (La Niña) events, the warm pool expanded eastward (retreated westward), the net air–sea surface flux into the WPWP increased (decreased) and EHT enhanced (weakened) significantly.     

Seasonal variability of sonic layer depth in the Central Arabian Sea

The seasonal variability of sonic layer depth (SLD) in the central Arabian Sea (CAS) (0 to 25°N and 62-66°E) was studied using the temperature and salinity (T/S) profiles from Argo floats for the years 2002–2006. The atmospheric forcing responsible for the observed changes was explored using the meteorological data from NCEP/NCAR and Quickscat winds. SLD was obtained from sound velocity profiles computed from T/S data. Net heat flux and wind forcing regulated SLD in the CAS. Up-welling and down-welling (Ekman dynamics) associated with the Findlater Jet controlled SLD during the summer monsoon. While in winter monsoon, cooling and convective mixing regulated SLD in the study region. Weak winds, high insolation and positive net heat flux lead to the formation of thin, warm and stratified sonic layer during pre and post summer monsoon periods, respectively.     

“暖池”表层对大气局地强迫的响应特征

利用湍流动能垂直混合模式和ＴＯＧＡ－ＣＯＡＲＥ加强观测期的观测资料,对“暖池”上混合层的垂直混合过程进行数值试验和数值模拟,分析表层温度、盐度的变化特征。结果表明：ＴＫＥ模式可以较好地模拟混层,尤其是表层温度、盐度对大气局地强迫的响应;太阳辐射是热源,感热、潜热通量等会造成“暖池”上混合层的温度降低,“暖池”对大气释放热量;降水有利于“淡水盖”形成和维持,从则使层结稳定,ＳＳＴ升高。但在气温低于海     

南沙群岛海域混合层深度季节变化特征

基于南沙群岛海域综合科学考察11个航次的实测资料,研究了南沙群岛海域的混合层深度季节变化特征。研究结果表明,南沙群岛海域混合层深度存在明显的季节变化,并且与季风和海表热通量的变化密切相关。春季,风速较小且风向不稳定,海面得到的净热通量全年最大,上层水体层结稳定,混合层深度较小;夏季,南海西南季风盛行,上层为反气旋式环流,海面得到的净热通量减少,混合层呈加深的趋势;秋季,海面净热通量继续减少,混合层深度达到最大值;冬季,东北季风驱动下形成的上层气旋式环流引起深层冷水的上升,限制了混合层的加深。     

Net Zooplankton and the biological pump off Sanriku, Japan

Taxonomic composition, size composition, standing stock, and chemical composition of mesozooplankton were determined to examine the contribution of their fecal pellets to the vertical flux of organic carbon at the outside, the edge, and the center of the warm core ring. The warm core ring significantly affects not only their taxonomic composition and size composition but also their standing stock and chemical composition. The zooplankton at the center of the warm core ring was characterized by the absence of carnivores at the top of the size-trophic relation and filter feeding planktonic tunicates at the bottom. Zooplankton carbon biomass at the outside of the ring was one-third less than that at the center of the ring. The vertical flux of fecal pellets obtained from the pellet volume (12.3 mgC m⁻²d⁻¹) contributed 19 to 96% of the flux (13 to 64 mgC m⁻² d⁻¹) estimated from the body carbon and the fecal pellet production rate. The estimated flux of fecal pellets was 6 to 27% of vertical carbon flux (236 mgC m⁻²d⁻¹) determined by the sediment traps. Microscopic determination of fecal pellets and plankton in the sediment trap samples indicated high grazing activity during the sinking process. Those observations might suggest that particles other than fecal pellets contributed significantly to the vertical carbon flux and fecal pellets were settled directly without loss or being recycled within the surface mixed layer.     

北冰洋上层双扩散阶梯热通量的分析

北冰洋中,低温低盐的上层水与高温高盐的大西洋水之间,广泛存在着稳定的双扩散阶梯。基于锚定剖面仪、冰基剖面仪和微结构剖面仪的数据,对温盐廓线中的阶梯进行研究,分析阶梯的热通量。固定跟踪了锚定剖面仪的3个阶梯,研究阶梯参数随时间的变化。发现由经验公式得出的上下两界面的热通量差,与混合层内热量的变化有较好的相关性。利用微结构剖面仪数据,计算阶梯界面通过分子热传导输送的热通量。当选取最大位温梯度时,算出的传导热通量与经验公式算出的热通量接近。因此,实验室研究得到的热通量经验公式,可以用于计算北冰洋双扩散阶梯的热通量。     

2010年马卡罗夫海盆冰站观测期间垂向热通量时间变化研究

Based on hydrographic data obtained at an ice camp deployed in the Makarov Basin by the 4th Chinese Arctic Research Expedition in August of 2010, temporal variability of vertical heat flux in the upper ocean of the Makarov Basin is investigated together with its impacts on sea ice melt and evolution of heat content in the remnant of winter mixed layer(r WML). The upper ocean of the Makarov Basin under sea ice is vertically stratified. Oceanic heat flux from mixed layer(ML) to ice evolves in three stages as a response to air temperature changes, fluctuating from 12.4 W/m2 to the maximum 43.6 W/m2. The heat transferred upward from ML can support(0.7±0.3) cm/d ice melt rate on average, and daily variability of melt rate agrees well with the observed results. Downward heat flux from ML across the base of ML is much less, only 0.87 W/m2, due to enhanced stratification in the seasonal halocline under ML caused by sea ice melt, indicating that increasing solar heat entering summer ML is mainly used to melt sea ice, with a small proportion transferred downward and stored in the r WML. Heat flux from ML into r WML changes in two phases caused by abrupt air cooling with a day lag. Meanwhile, upward heat flux from Atlantic water(AW) across the base of r WML, even though obstructed by the cold halocline layer(CHL), reaches0.18 W/m2 on average with no obvious changing pattern and is also trapped by the r WML. Upward heat flux from deep AW is higher than generally supposed value near 0, as the existence of r WML enlarges the temperature gradient between surface water and CHL. Acting as a reservoir of heat transferred from both ML and AW, the increasing heat content of r WML can delay the onset of sea ice freezing.     

20世纪90年代后期南海上层海温变化趋势的转折

In this paper, the interdecadal variability of upper-ocean temperature in the South China Sea(SCS) is investigated based on several objectively analyzed data sets and two reanalysis data sets. The trends of the SCS sea surface temperature(SST) have changed from warming to cooling since the late 1990 s. A heat budget analysis suggests that the warming of the surface mixed layer during 1984–1999 is primarily attributed to the horizontal heat advection and the decrease of upward long wave radiation, with the net surface heat flux playing a damping role due to the increase of upward latent and sensible heat fluxes. On the other hand, the cooling of the surface mixed layer during 2000–2009 is broadly controlled by net surface heat flux, with the radiation flux playing the dominant role. A possible mechanism is explored that the variation of a sea level pressure(SLP) over the North Pacific Ocean may change the prevailing winds over the SCS, which contributes to the change of the SST in the SCS through the horizontal heat advection and heat fluxes.     

东海黑潮暖舌对热带气旋“派比安”(1807)强度的影响

通过使用天气研究与预报(Weather Research and Forecasting,WRF)模式对热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone,TC)个例“派比安”(1807)进行了一组数值试验,分析了东海黑潮暖舌对“派比安”强度的影响。研究结果表明,东海黑潮暖舌高海面温度(以下简称“海温”)导致TC区域内海气界面热通量显著增加,并造成TC边界层不稳定特征发展,形成了有利于垂直对流发展的边界层环境。因此TC内特别是TC眼墙处对流更为活跃,TC强度显著提高,同时黑潮暖舌对TC的局部加热还会引起TC内部对流活动的非对称分布。根据数值试验的结果,黑潮暖舌为“派比安”整体动能增加做出约24.7%的贡献,中心气压变化对东海黑潮暖舌高海温特征的响应时间约为10 h。此外,在黑潮暖舌作用下,“派比安”7级风圈半径扩张16.3%,最大风速半径收缩10.7%。     

The atmospheric hinder for intraseasonal sea-air interaction over the Bay of Bengal during Indian summer monsoon in CMIP6

The surroundings of the Bay of Bengal (BoB) suffer a lot from the extreme rainfall events during Indian summer monsoon (ISM). Previous studies have proved that the sea-air interaction is an important factor for the monsoonal precipitation. Using the 6th Coupled Modol Inter-comparison Project (CMIP6) models, this study examined the biases of surface heat flux, which is the main connection between atmosphere and ocean. Results show that although CMIP6 have a better simulation of intraseasonal sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over BoB than the previous ones, the “atmospheric blockage” still delays the response of latent heat flux to the oceanic forcing. Specifically, during the increment of positive latent heat flux in CMIP6, the negative contribution from wind effects covers most of the positive contribution from humidity effects, due to the underestimate of humidity effects. Further diagnostic analysis denote that the surface air humidity has a quarter of a phase ahead of warm SST in observation, but gets wet along with the warm SST accordingly in most CMIP6 models. As a result, the simulated transfer of intraseasonal moisture flux is hindered between ocean and atmosphere. Therefore, as a bridge between both sides, the atmospheric boundary layer is essential for a better sea-air coupled simulation, especially when the atmospheric and the oceanic variabilities involved in a climate model becomes increasingly sophisticated. The surface air humidity and boundary layer processes require more attention as well as better simulations.     

西北太平洋暖池区台风对海表盐度的影响

分析了西北太平洋暖池区2002和2003年夏季ARGO浮标得到的次表层温度和盐度剖面,结果表明大多数台风经过暖池区时,会引起海面盐度下降,这与Kwon和Riser等在大西洋观测到的飓风过后海面盐度上升的结论不同,表明西北太平洋暖池区特有的上层结构以及台风在此海域的降雨与大西洋不同,结果对研究西北太平洋暖池区的混合层混合和热交换过程有重要意义.     

Contributions of shortwave radiation to the formation of temperature inversions in the Bay of Bengal and eastern equatorial Indian Ocean: A modeling approach

Variations in incoming shortwave radiation influence the net surface heat flux, contributing to the formation of a temperature inversion. The effects of shortwave radiation on the temperature inversions in the Bay of Bengal and eastern equatorial Indian Ocean have never been investigated. Thus, a high-resolution (horizontal resolution of 0.07°×0.07° with 50 vertical layers) Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) model is utilized to quantify the contributions of shortwave radiation to the temperature inversions in the study domain. Analyses of the mixed layer heat and salt budgets are performed, and different model simulations are compared. The model results suggest that a 30% change in shortwave radiation can change approximately 3% of the temperature inversion area in the Bay of Bengal. Low shortwave radiation reduces the net surface heat flux and cools the mixed layer substantially; it also reduces the evaporation rate, causing less evaporative water vapor losses from the ocean than the typical situation, and ultimately enhances haline stratification. Thus, the rudimentary outcome of this research is that a decrease in shortwave radiation produces more temperature inversion in the study region, which is primarily driven by the net surface cooling and supported by the intensive haline stratification. Moreover, low shortwave radiation eventually intensifies the temperature inversion layer by thickening the barrier layer. This study could be an important reference for predicting how the Indian Ocean climate will respond to future changes in shortwave radiation.     

The Kuroshio Extension System: Its Large-Scale Variability and Role in the Midlatitude Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction

The Kuroshio Extension and its recirculation gyre form an interconnected dynamic system. The system is located at a crossroads where the meso-scale and large-scale oceanic variability are highest, and where the ocean-atmosphere interaction is most active in the Pacific Ocean outside of the tropics. Following a brief review of the mean flow and meso-scale eddy variability, this study describes in detail the large-scale structural change (an oscillation between an elongated and a contracted state) observed in the Kuroshio Extension system. Causes for this structural change are explored next, and it is argued that the basin-wide external wind forcing and the nonlinear dynamics associated with the inertial recirculation gyre are both important factors. Data analysis results are reviewed and presented, emphasizing that the surface Kuroshio Extension is not simply a well-mixed layer passively responding to heat flux anomalies imposed by the atmosphere. It is argued that large-scale changes in the Kuroshio Extension system influence the surface ocean heat balance and generate wintertime sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies through both horizontal geostrophic heat advection and re-emergence to the surface mixed layer of sequestered mode water temperature anomalies. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

中低风速下海洋飞沫对海气热通量的影响

基于2016-02-01—2016-05-21在南海博贺海洋气象观测平台观测的实验资料,首先利用整体空气动力学算法分别计算海气界面处感热通量与潜热通量,同时利用涡动相关法计算液滴蒸发层处总的感热通量与潜热通量。然后比较海气界面处热通量与液滴蒸发层处热通量的值,并利用差比法分别对2处感热通量和潜热通量进行做差计算。结果表明:液滴蒸发层处热通量与海气界面处热通量存在明显差异。通过与海洋飞沫引起的热通量值比较,结果表明液滴蒸发层处热通量与海气界面处热通量的差值由海洋飞沫作用引起;且在中低风速条件下,海洋飞沫引起的热通量与风速呈正相关;相比感热通量而言,潜热通量随着风速的变化更为显著。     

Transient physical forcing of pulsed export of bioreactive material to the deep Sargasso Sea

Considerable attention has recently been focused on the role of eddies in affecting biogeochemical fluxes and budgets of the Sargasso Sea. In late November 1996, the Bermuda Testbed Mooring (BTM) and Bermuda Atlantic Time Series (BATS) shipboard sampling evidenced a fall phytoplankton bloom at the Bermuda time-series site which was strongly forced by the interplay between seasonal mixed layer destratification and perturbation of mixed layer dynamics due to passage of a warm mesoscale feature. The feature was characterized by clockwise current vector rotation from near the surface to about 200 m and a thick, warm, low salinity isothermal layer >180 m in depth. Nutrients, chlorophyll fluorescence and pigment profiles indicated high primary production stimulated by enhancement of nutrient entrainment and intermittent deep mixing down to the base of the feature's isothermal layer. Nearly coincident with the arrival of this productive feature at the BTM site, the Oceanic Flux Program (OFP) sediment traps recorded an abrupt, factor of 2.5 increase in mass flux at 3200 m depth. Even more dramatic was the observed increase in flux of labile bioreactive organic matter. Fluxes of primary phytoplankton-derived compounds increased by factors of 7–30, bacteria-derived compounds by 6–9, and early degradation products of sterols by a factor of 10. The covariation of early degradation products and bacteria-derived compounds with phytoplankton-derived compounds indicated that the settling phytoplankton bloom material contained elevated bacterial populations and was undergoing active degradation when it entered the 3200 m trap cup.The increase in the flux of bulk components, especially the residual silicate fraction, and refractory organic compounds clearly preceded the main pulse of the labile, surface-derived phytoplankton organic material. The coincident increase in the flux of refractory and zooplankton-derived compounds suggests that in the initial stage of the deep flux event, the mass flux increased largely as a result of an increase in the flux of refractory materials scavenged from the water column and repackaged into sinking particles and increased zooplankton inputs. These results imply that biological reprocessing of flux material within the water column acts to enhance the coupling between the surface and deep ocean environments.Our results show that transient, upper ocean forcing associated with variable upper ocean physical structure—which includes but is not limited to eddies—and variable meteorological forcing can have an enormous effect on the export flux of bioreactive organic material. The importance of pulsed fluxes of bioreactive material arising from transient physical forcing to the long-term average is not presently known. However, the occurrence of episodic high flux events throughout the OFP time-series record (also inferred from BTM time-series) suggests that such forcing, regardless of specific dynamics, may be responsible for a significant fraction of the total export flux of bioreactive carbon and associated elements to the deep oligotrophic ocean.     

东北印度洋上层海水热含量及影响要素的季节变化

探讨了影响东北印度洋上层海水热含量变化的各要素的季节变化,以及其对热含量变化的贡献和作用过程.根据MOM4数值模拟所得的气候态数据,利用热力学方程积分所得的热通量方程,分析了热含量和各影响要素的季节变化过程.结果表明,东北印度洋海洋动力过程的作用主要存在于海洋上层100 m以内;该区域上层海水热含量的季节变化,是典型的海-气相互作用的结果,由动力过程和海表净热通量共同控制,2种作用都有明显的季节变化特征,并且随区域的变化两者贡献有所变化;西南季风爆发前,上层海洋热含量最大值的出现,是之前几个月动力作用和海表净热通量共同加热的结果.     

冬季不同背景风场下边界层云对东海黑潮锋的响应个例研究

为探究冬季不同背景风场下黑潮锋影响边界层云的机理,采用高分辨率卫星数据和再分析数据,研究了冬季海面背景风为垂直(西北风)和平行(东北风)东海黑潮海表面温度锋(黑潮锋)条件下,边界层云对黑潮锋的响应。结果表明:背景风垂直黑潮锋情况下,黑潮锋强迫的边界层内次级环流明显,黑潮锋暖水侧海面冷平流强,海气温差增大,海气界面潜热感热通量增大,海气界面不稳定性增大,产生上升运动,云底高度抬升。上升运动在边界层底向南北两侧辐散,在冷水侧产生下沉运动与500 hPa高压下沉叠加,使局地云量明显减少,形成晴空少云区(云洞)。在暖水侧以南的下沉支叠加云顶上的下沉运动和边界层退耦效应共同作用,产生另一个云洞。气压调整机制为次级环流产生的主要原因。背景风平行黑潮锋情况下,海面空气温度平流作用小,暖水侧海气温差较小,虽然海洋仍然加热大气,但海气界面不稳定较弱,湍流增强使云底高度抬升,垂直混合机制为该湍流增强的主要原因。     

Response of the mixed layer depth and subduction rate in the subtropical Northeast Pacific to global warming

The response of the mixed layer depth(MLD) and subduction rate in the subtropical Northeast Pacific to global warming is investigated based on 9 CMIP5 models. Compared with the present climate in the 9 models, the response of the MLD in the subtropical Northeast Pacific to the increased radiation forcing is spatially nonuniform, with the maximum shoaling about 50 m in the ensemble mean result. The inter-model differences of MLD change are non-negligible, which depend on the various dominated mechanisms. On the north of the MLD front, MLD shallows largely and is influenced by Ekman pumping, heat flux, and upper-ocean cold advection changes. On the south of the MLD front, MLD changes a little in the warmer climate, which is mainly due to the upper-ocean warm advection change. As a result, the MLD front intensity weakens obviously from 0.24 m/km to0.15 m/km(about 33.9%) in the ensemble mean, not only due to the maximum of MLD shoaling but also dependent on the MLD non-uniform spatial variability. The spatially non-uniform decrease of the subduction rate is primarily dominated by the lateral induction reduction(about 85% in ensemble mean) due to the significant weakening of the MLD front. This research indicates that the ocean advection change impacts the MLD spatially non-uniform change greatly, and then plays an important role in the response of the MLD front and the subduction process to global warming.     

Seasonal and Monthly Variation of Vertical Structure of Temperature,Salinity and Heat Flux of the Bay of Bengal

Seasonal and monthly variations of heat flux have been investigated in this study using the Modular Ocean Model of version 3 (MOM 3) simulations and 52 years Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) products. These variations of the heat flux in different boxes of the Bay of Bengal (BOB) in different depths show the different behavior of the boxes. It is seen that the model and SODA results are comparable. The basin shows north-south variation in the surface from winter to spring whereas there is east-west variation in the mixed layer throughout the year except winter. The remote effect caused by warm water penetration from Pacific Ocean through the Strait of Malacca and coastal Kelvin waves keeps the basin warm most of the year. This article addresses the mechanisms of the seasonal variation of the vertical structure of the temperature and heat flux components.