非饱和含黏砂土的广义土-水特征曲线试验研究

利用非饱和土4联固结仪和非饱和三轴仪,解决了用压力板仪测试土-水特征曲线无法考虑体变、净竖向压力和净平均应力影响的问题,进行了考虑净竖向压力和净平均应力影响的土-水特征曲线研究,对未考虑净竖向压力或净平均应力的土-水特征曲线同考虑净竖向压力或净平均应力的广义土-水特征曲线的试验结果得出,净竖向压力或净平均应力是影响非饱和土土-水特征曲线的重要因素,试验结果与理论公式稳合较好,并结合非饱和理论和试验结果,拟合了可以反映净竖向压力或净平均应力影响的广义土-水特征曲线公式,与试验结果吻合较好。     

初始剪应力对软土场地震反应的影响

实际工程的边坡、斜坡以及挡土结构中的土体都存在一个初始剪应力的作用。在初始剪应力的作用下土体会产生较大的残余应变。然而,原始Iwan模型难以考虑这种因素的影响。因此,将软化模型引入Iwan串联模型中考虑循环软化的影响,同时再串联一理想刚塑性元件,模拟循环过程中产生的残余应变;最后,结合Masing准则对软黏土的动应力-应变关系进行了描述。在此基础上,将修正的Iwan模型用于软土层的一维非线性地震反应分析。通过分析发现,当场地存在初始剪应力且受到强震时,土体模型需考虑这种因素的影响,否则可能低估速度及加速度幅值,也会低估最大剪应变幅值     

The effects of unloading on drained cyclic behaviour of Sydney sand

New excavation or tunnelling affects the stress state of soils in ground. The change of stress state due to excavation may affect the cyclic behaviour of soils. Cyclic loading, such as traffic and earthquake loading, induced ground deformation may be greater than expected if such effect is not considered. A series of cyclic triaxial tests were performed on Sydney sand with different relative densities. The effect of unloading sequence on deformation of the sand under cyclic loading was simulated by reducing lateral stress in steps between loading cycles. The dependence of strain accumulation on the magnitude of confining pressure reduction and on unloading stress paths was studied. The results indicate that the sand has a memory of stress history and the stress history of such unloading enlarges the strain accumulation during the subsequent cycles, and the greater the reduction of lateral stress, the greater the accumulated strain. Under cyclic loading, the accumulated axial strain could increase nonlinearly or linearly with the ratio of unloading magnitude to initial mean effective stress, depending on the stress state before cyclic loading. The unloading stress paths have limited effects on the final accumulated strain if the initial and final stress states are the same. The variation of strain accumulation direction attributes to the change of average stress ratio resulting from lateral stress reduction, but hardly depends on relative density and unloading stress paths. The strain accumulation direction after unloading roughly agrees with the modified Cam Clay flow rule.

     

Predicting effective stress parameter of unsaturated soils using neural networks

In the effective stress equation for unsaturated soils proposed by Bishop, shear strength in these soils depends on the effective stress parameter, χ, a function of soil suction [1]. To estimate the shear strength of unsaturated soils, one must already know this parameter and its variation with soil suction. Though theories on the shear strength of unsaturated soils are consistent with experimental measurements, estimating the effective stress parameter directly from tedious laboratory tests is impractical. Thus, researchers have performed numerous intensive studies to effectively obtain the unsaturated shear strength using simplified empirical methods.This paper shows an adaptive learning neural network method for predicting this parameter, χ. The proposed network is a multilayer perceptron network with six neurons in the input layer representing the air entry value, the volumetric water content at residual and saturated conditions, the slope of soil water characteristic curve, the net confining stress and suction. The available literature uses a database prepared from triaxial shear test results to train and test the network. The results show the suitability of the proposed approach for estimating the effective stress parameter. Network analysis indicates that the χ-parameter depends strongly on the net mean stress.     

饱和软土成层地基一维非线性固结解析解

假定土体在固结过程中压缩性和渗透性的变化成正比,基于 - 及 - 关系,推导出饱和软土成层地基一维非线性固结解析解,分别给出了按沉降定义和按有效应力定义的每层土平均固结度及整个土层总固结度的计算公式。采用Fortran语言编制了相应的计算程序,将计算得到的结果与已有双层地基一维非线性固结解析解计算结果进行比较,验证该解析解的正确性。利用该程序分析成层地基一维非线性固结性状,分别讨论了初始竖向渗透系数、初始体积压缩系数、荷载值及土层厚度对地基固结性状的影响。分析结果表明：在成层地基一维非线性固结过程中,初始竖向渗透系数对超静孔压的影响较为复杂,对上下层地基固结速率影响不同;初始体积压缩系数增大,超静孔压增大,固结速率变小;所加荷载值越大,超静孔压消散越慢,固结发展越慢;超静孔压消散速率不仅取决于土层厚度,同时取决于各层土渗透性的相对大小。     

A 1D Hypoplastic constitutive model for expansive soils

This paper presents a simple hypoplastic constitutive model that describes the essential features of the material behaviour of partially saturated clayey soils observed in oedometric compression tests. The model is formulated in terms of net stress and degree of saturation. The total strain rate is decomposed into a portion related to the changes in saturation and a portion for the evolution of net stress. However, no distinction is made between plastic and elastic strains. With this strain rate decomposition, the maximum swelling strain/stress are obtained by simulating wetting processes under constant stress/strain conditions. In addition to the void ratio, the model includes two scalar variables to track the loading history (preloading). The calibration of the model constants using common laboratory tests is discussed. Confined and unconfined swelling tests under oedometric conditions with subsequent loading and unloading phases carried out on three different materials were satisfactorily simulated by the model. Its promising results call for an extension to a 3D formulation.

     

非饱和原状残积土土水特征曲线研究

利用压力板仪装置开展不同竖向应力、不同干湿循环次数和不同类型原状土(残积黏性土和残积砂质黏性土)的SWCC曲线试验研究, 比较和分析未考虑体积变化和考虑体积变化的土体SWCC滞回圈面积以及进气值和出气值的变化规律。研究结果表明传统方法获取的SWCC曲线会高估土体抵御变形的能力, 试验条件变化引起土体内部结构调整是SWCC曲线发生变化的内在原因; 高应力水平条件下, 土体孔隙变化显著, 导致吸湿过程SWCC变化明显, 吸湿和脱湿路径时SWCC形状的不平等变化促使彼此间更为接近, 这种变化会减小SWCC滞后性随有效应力水平的变化。最后, 根据试验数据对3类SWCC修正公式进行拟合优度分析, 结合模型参数的简洁性, 得出修正VG模型最符合闽东南地区原状残积土的SWCC建模。研究成果可为残积土边坡的工程特性及治理提供有意义的参考。     

Simulation of liquefaction of unsaturated soil using critical state soil model

Several researchers have reported that the mean effective stress of unsaturated soils having a relatively high degree of saturation gradually decreases under fully undrained cyclic loading conditions, and such soils can be finally liquefied like saturated soils. This paper describes a series of simulations of fully undrained cyclic loading on unsaturated soils, conducted using an elastoplastic model for unsaturated soils. This model is a critical state soil model formulated using effective stress tensor for unsaturated soils, which incorporates the following concepts: (a) the volumetric movement of the state boundary surface containing the critical state line owing to the variation in the degree of saturation; (b) the soil water characteristic curve considering the effects of specific volume and hydraulic hysteresis; and (c) the subloading surface concept for considering the effect of density. Void air is assumed to be an ideal gas obeying Boyle's law. The proposed model is validated through comparisons with past results. The simulation results show that the proposed model properly describes the fully undrained cyclic behavior of unsaturated soils, such as liquefaction, compression, and an increase in the degree of saturation. Finally, the effects of the degree of saturation, void ratio, and confining pressure on the cyclic strength of unsaturated soils are described by the simulation results. The liquefaction resistance of unsaturated soils increases as the degree of saturation and the void ratio decrease, and as the confining pressure increases. Furthermore, the degree of saturation has a greater effect on the liquefaction resistance than the confining pressure and void ratio. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Extended Barcelona Basic Model for unsaturated soils under cyclic loadings

The Barcelona Basic Model (BBM) is an extension of the Cam clay model that has become popular in applications involving unsaturated soils and, in particular, in simulations using the finite element method. Partially saturated soils can be loaded in different ways, for instance, mechanically and/or hydraulically. In addition, cycles of loading and unloading can be applied. The present work introduces a modification of the BBM in order to simplify its computer implementation and also to allow the simulation of elastoplastic behaviour during cycles of both mechanical and hydraulic loading. A unique smooth yield surface is introduced and a two-yield surfaces concept is applied in order to represent the cyclic behaviour. The influence of the intermediate principal stress on the strength is also accounted for. Finally, the numerical integration (stress update) of the extended BBM is briefly discussed.     

Movement of DBCP in laboratory soil columns and field soils to groundwater

The nematocide DBCP has been an effective chemical for the control of nematodes but, because of contamination of groundwaters and for health reasons, its use has been curtailed. To evaluate the tendency of DBCP to leach, adsorption and transport characteristics were examined on laboratory samples of a field soil through which the chemical was also leached. Adsorption of DBCP on Panoche clay loam was small, and displacement experiments in soil columns demonstrated that loading rate and flux of water were significant for the dissipation of the chemical by microbial degradation and/or volatilization. Dissipation rate constants were estimated by optimizing the fit to experimental BTCs of the convective-dispersion equation with linear adsorption and a first-order degradation rate. Although field measurements did not establish conclusively that leaching to groundwater would occur in a fine-textured soil, evidence was obtained that leaching below the root zone could occur in many soils.     

Consistent Modelling of Expansive and Collapsive Response of Unsaturated Soils

In unsaturated soil modelling, collapse is viewed as an ordinary response, whereas swelling upon an increase of moisture is considered as a special class of problems. However, an investigation based on fundamentals of plasticity indicates that the two seemingly opposite responses are unified within the same ordinary elastoplasticity framework. In fact, similar to the well-known contractive and dilative responses in the critical state framework, the collapsive and expansive responses of unsaturated soils differ only in the sign of the dissipative hydrostatic stress. For a soil with a low applied net stress, the dissipative mean normal stress during wetting is likely to be negative, and the plastic volumetric strain is kept negative (swelling) as well, such that the dissipation is always positive, complying with the second law of thermodynamics. When the applied net stress is high, the dissipative mean normal stress may turn to be positive, resulting in a positive plastic volumetric strain (collapse). This paper explains the concept of this ‘ordinary’ modelling framework, and uses a bounding surface triaxial model to demonstrate the concept. The numerical results are compared with experimental observations reported in the literature.     

A viscoplastic subloading soil model for rate‐dependent cyclic anisotropic structured behaviour

This paper presents a new purely viscoplastic soil model based on the subloading surface concept with a mobile centre of homothety, enabling the occurrence of viscoplastic strains inside the yield surface and avoiding the abrupt change in stiffness of the traditional overstress viscoplastic models. This is required for overconsolidated soils. The model is formulated to reproduce the soil rate‐dependent behaviour under cyclic loading (changes in loading direction) and incorporates both initial and induced anisotropy, as well as destructuring. The model shows good qualitative response to some imposed three‐dimensional stress paths under quasi‐inviscid (elastoplastic) behaviour. Some of the main time‐dependent aspects of soil behaviour that the model is capable of reproducing were also illustrated. The capability of the model to adequately reproduce the results from an undrained triaxial test performed on stiff overconsolidated clays from the Lisbon region (Formação de Benfica), with an unloading–reloading deviatoric stress cycle at constant mean stress, that incorporates a series of staggered fast loading and creep stages, was evaluated. The model was able to reproduce well the main observed aspects of the time‐dependent stress–strain response and pore pressure evolution of a stiff overconsolidated clay under complex loading. The revised and generalised viscoplastic subloading surface concept is viable and can be applied to a consistent extension to viscoplasticity, including in the interior of the yield surface, of existing elastoplastic models formulated for soils and other materials. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Consistent Soil Fatigue Framework Based on the Number of Equivalent Cycles

Cyclic soil degradation and hardening affects soil stiffness and strength, and is linked to an increase or decrease in the mean effective confining stress due to void ratio or pore pressure changes. This change of state can be explicitly modeled by using effective stress methods, or implicitly modeled using total stress methods. In the latter, this is achieved by using empirical functions based on the number of loading cycles that are derived from constant-amplitude stress or strain laboratory tests. To suite generalized loading conditions, these functions must be extrapolated to variable-amplitude loading. This falls under the general class of a fatigue-based problem. The main focus of this paper is to present a generalized consistent soil fatigue formulation for soils under cyclic loading. The paper then goes on to discuss the implementation of various cyclic soil degradation and hardening models reported in the literature, and highlights their important underlying assumptions, capabilities and limitations.     

重塑非饱和黏土的土-水特征曲线及其影响因素研究

采用常规压力板仪和GDS非饱和土三轴仪,详细研究了击实功、击实含水率、干密度、应力历史和试样应力状态5种因素对非饱和重塑黏土土-水特征曲线的影响。并采用Van Genuchten模型、Fredlund 3参数模型和Fredlund 4参数模型,通过最小二乘法对所测土-水特征曲线进行拟合。结果表明,这3种模型均可对土-水特征曲线进行较好的拟合。通过对这个5种不同影响因素的分析,发现不仅试样本身物理状态而且试样外部应力状态都对土-水特征曲线有重要的影响,即击实功越大、击实含水率越高、干密度越大、试样的应力历史越大、所受净平均应力越高,则试样的进气值越高,水越难从试样中排出。在较高的基质吸力范围内,各种因素对土-水特征曲线的影响作用有减小的趋势。通过Fredlund 3参数模型和Fredlund 4参数模型的残余含水率对比分析可知,残余含水率对模型的参数值影响不大,即假定残余含水率 为0是合理的。     

四向振动空心圆柱扭剪仪模拟主应力轴旋转应力路径能力分析

主应力轴旋转对土体的动力特性有着显著影响。利用GDS动态空心圆柱扭剪仪（HCA）能够实现内围压、外围压、轴力和扭矩四向动态加载的功能,提出了3种主应力方向变化的应力路径加载方式,分析了3种应力路径在实际工程中的应用,并进行了试验验证。当四向动载根据推导的波形函数加载时,可以实现：① 平均主应力p、中主应力系数b和偏应力q保持恒定,主应力轴循环旋转的应力路径;② 平均应力p和中主应力系数b保持不变,偏应力q循环变化,而主应力方向角? = 90°突变的应力路径;③ 平均主应力p、中主应力系数b保持不变,偏应力q、主应力方向角α连续变化的应力路径。应力路径①为模拟海洋波浪荷载作用下的应力路径试验提供了理论依据,应力路径②可用于模拟不同方向地震荷载的作用,应力路径③可以模拟波浪荷载作用下桩周土体的应力路径以及交通荷载作用下的应力路径。     

从各向异性的角度解释和模拟土的非共轴特性

从发挥面的角度出发,分析论证各向异性是引起岩土材料出现非共轴现象的根本原因,得到与材料力学一致的结论。当共轭的两发挥面与沉积面的夹角不相等时,主应力面上将出现塑性应变增量的切向分量,所以塑性应变增量的主方向与应力的主方向非共轴。按照这一结论,对非共轴的数值模拟,也应当根据各向异性本构模型进行。为考虑各向异性影响新近提出的各向异性变换应力法,改变了各应力分量的相对大小,得到的各向异性变换应力张量与真实应力张量的主方向不一致,因此也能反映非共轴。利用各向异性变换应力法,能够在现有的弹塑性本构模型的框架下,描述土的非共轴现象。以各向异性UH模型为例,预测各种加载条件下的非共轴变形,验证了该方法的有效性。     

饱和度对非饱和土力学性质的影响

现在被广泛公认的由Fredlund提出的非饱和土力学的双参数理论,即净应力和吸力为非饱和土的应力状态量,不能直接考虑饱和度或含水率对非饱和土的应力-应变关系和强度的影响。在非饱和土三轴试验结果表明,即使在净应力和吸力路径相同的条件下,具有不同饱和度试样的应力-应变关系和强度也是不同的。其他条件相同时,试样饱和度越高,其应力比-应变关系曲线越高,强度越大。最新的水力-力学特性耦合的弹塑性本构模型可以定量地表示上述非饱和土的性质     

Effect of degree of saturation on mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils and its elastoplastic simulation

The two stress-state variable approach has been widely used in interpreting unsaturated soil behaviour. However this approach cannot take into account the effect of degree of saturation or water contents on the stress–strain behaviour and strength of unsaturated soils. The triaxial test results presented in this paper show that even if the same path of net stress and suction is followed, the stress–strain relation and strength are different due to different degrees of saturation. When other conditions are the same, the higher the degree of saturation for the soil sample is, the higher the stress ratio corresponding to a given axial strain will be. This effect can be modeled by using an elasto-plastic constitutive model coupling hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils. Comparisons between the predicted and measured results are presented, which demonstrate that the model can quantitatively simulate the influence of the degree of saturation on stress–strain behaviour and strength of unsaturated soils.     

柔性均布压力加载装置在模型试验中的应用研究

将研制的新型柔性均布压力加载装置与传统的刚性加载装置分别应用到大型地质力学模型试验中,利用应力不均匀系数? 对其加载效果进行了量化对比分析。试验结果表明,随着加载压力值与距模型表面距离的增加,不均匀系数? 减小,压力分布趋于均匀;在模型试验中采用柔性均布压力加载装置,与刚性加载方式相比,其更有利于加载压力在模型体中均匀扩散,产生均匀的应力场,在该试验条件下采用此装置,模型内距模型表面300 mm处应力场已基本达到均匀的状态,模型初始应力施加完后,其? 仅为0.086,而采用刚性加载方式时其对应的? 则高达0.283;该装置在距模型表面较近时或加载压力较小时亦能产生较好的均布压力加载效果,如加载压力为0.28 MPa时距模型表面150 mm处? 仅为0.174,具有减小边界效应影响范围、提高低应力水平下的模型试验精度的作用。     

Constitutive modeling of principal stress rotation by considering inherent and induced anisotropy of soils

In order to simulate the soil response during principal stress rotation, anisotropic unified hardening (UH) model is developed within the framework of elastoplastic theory. Without introducing any additional mechanism to display the role of stress rotation specifically, this model achieves the simulation by considering the material anisotropy. The effect of inherent anisotropy is reflected using the anisotropic transformed stress method, but a new formula for the stress mapping is adopted to keep the mean stress unchanged. Analysis indicates that from the view of the transformed stress tensor, the anisotropic soil is subjected to loading during pure rotation of principal stress axes, so that plastic strains can be calculated. To represent the induced anisotropy, a fabric evolution law is proposed based on laboratory and numerical test results. At the critical state, the fabric tensor reaches a stable value determined by the stress state, while the critical state line is unique in the plane of void ratio versus mean stress. The anisotropic UH model has concise formulation and explicit elastoplastic flexibility matrix and can provide reasonable predictions for the deformation of anisotropic soils when principal stresses rotate.