广西北海市海水入侵原因及防治对策初探

不合理开采地下水，是导致北海市海水入侵滨海含水层的主要原因。降雨入渗和运河渗漏对地下水补给的减少，对海水入侵起到加速作用。承压含水层顶板弱透水层在海洋带局部存在岩性“天窗”，则有利于海水入侵。重新调整地下水开采布局，恢复运河流经市区的一段渠道，引入市区以外的地表水来解决市区部分供水，是防治北海市海水入侵的主要对策。     

烟台市海水入侵现状分析及防治措施探讨

海水入侵是烟台市1977年以来沿海平原出现不断发展的一种海洋地质灾害。影响海水入侵因素有多种,其中过量开采地下水使地下水位持续下降是主要原因。根据2016年海水入侵普查现状,以及历次海水入侵普查成果分析,以氯离子含量250 mg/L为海水入侵标准,分析海水入侵面积的发展变化、海水入侵的危害及其成因,并针对性的提出了防治措施。     

海水蒸发轨迹线及其应用

利用海水蒸发实验资料，在双对数图上，可以建立Ｃｌ＾－、Ｎ＾＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、ＳＯ４＾２＋、Ｋ＾＋、Ｃａ＾２＋、ＨＣＯ３＾－、ｓＲ＾２＋、Ｂ＾３＋、Ｌｉ＾＋、Ｒｂ＾＋、Ｃｓ＾＋、Ｉ＾＋含量及矿化度与Ｂｒ＾－含量的关系曲线，称为海水蒸发轨迹线。它们可以和来帮助判断沉积盆地地下卤水的起源。分析沉积盆地蒸发岩卤水在后来的成岩环境中是否发生过成岩反应。     

烟台市夹河段海水入侵与时空演化研究

烟台市夹河下游河谷地区是海水入侵的最严重区域。传统上采用的单一指标(Cl—浓度分级)对海水入侵程度进行评价具有一定的局限性。论文运用模糊数学的基本思想方法,根据烟台市夹河近河口地区地下水水质受海水侵染的特点,并基于咸、淡水中的重要特征成分的显著差异,选取了Cl-、M、SO42-r、HCO3/rCl及SAR五项化学特征指标作为模糊综合评判海水入侵程度的评价指标。将模糊数学最大隶属度原则应用到海水入侵地下水水质评价中。建立了模糊数学模型。对海侵区中具典型意义的11个监测井点分3个年份(1994,1999及2004年)的海水入侵程度分别进行了评价。评价结果认为烟台市海水入侵主体规模在1994年就已基本形成,由套子湾沿岸向内延伸,在套子湾沿岸呈带状分布,向内宽度逐渐减小。严重浸染区集中在该区滨海平原沿海一带,沿海岸呈带状分布。评价结果较客观地反映了夹河近河口地区海水入侵的时空演化特点。     

秦皇岛市海水入侵灾害评价及防治对策

自20世纪80年代初秦皇岛市沿海出现海水入侵以来,入侵面积逐年增加,已发展成为海岸带主要地质灾害之一。论文在海水入侵灾害勘查、监测成果的基础上,详细阐述了该区海水入侵现状、分布特征、演化过程和入侵方式。探讨了海水入侵的机理,指出人类活动是海水入侵的诱发因素,超采地下水是海水入侵的根本原因。应用基于GIS的层次分析法进行了危险性评价,从地学角度,提出了综合防治对策。     

海水入侵问题研究综述

在综合有关文献的基础上，分析了国内外海水入侵的研究现状，讨论了海水入侵的概念，认为海水入侵概念的核心是人为超量开采地下淡水造成海水与淡水的水动力平衡破坏；进行了海水入侵的影响因素和成因分析，指出发生海水入侵必须具备一定的水动力条件和水文地质条件；介绍了海水入侵的判别指标和三维动态监测方法，给出了海水入侵的防治措施，并提出了海水入侵有待加强研究的几个方面。     

海水入侵机理及其防治措施

本文结合我国海水入侵现状，在分析海水入侵形成机制的基础上，重点讨论了超采谈水时海水入侵的动力过程和极限位置，研究表明海水入侵全过程的实质是渗流与弥散间平衡的破坏和重建，最后，对海水入侵的防治措施进行了评述。     

四川盆地西部富钾富矿卤水的发现及其地球化学特征和意义

四川盆地西部新发现的富钾富矿卤水，其水文地化学特征与海水迥然不同，钾含量异常高，构成世界见的液态钾矿资源，Ｂ＾３＋、Ｉ＾－，Ｓｒ＾２＋，Ｌｉ＾＋，Ｒｂ＾＋、Ｂｒ＾－等有用组分也远远超出综合利用和单独开采工业品位，为优质化工原料水。钾富矿卤水为沉积变质和钾矿溶滤复合成因。     

变质岩山丘区裂隙水海水入侵监测技术研究——以荣成市俚岛镇为例

我国沿海地区海水入侵现象频繁出现,海水入侵的相关研究对沿海地区社会经济的可持续发展具有重要的理论意义和实际价值。受地质条件的影响海水入侵方式呈多样性,主要包括层状第四系松散沉积物分布区的孔隙式层状入侵和构造裂隙发育分布区的脉状入侵形式。海水入侵监测在预测地下水水质条件及评价管理沿海地区含水层过程中是必不可少的,因此构建科学的海水入侵动态监测系统是防治海水入侵的重要技术途径。本文通过对荣成市俚岛镇变质岩山丘区裂隙水海水入侵现状和监测中存在问题的进行分析,根据"点-面结合"、"直接-间接结合"的监测原则提出了地下水海水入侵监测系统的布局,为俚岛镇地下水的持续利用与保护提供基础信息和依据。     

中国滨海城市地下水开发与海水入侵的研究

本文经过对中国滨海城市海水入侵的研究，系统地总结了海水入侵的若干特点，详细地分析论述了海水入侵与地下水开发的关系，全面地介绍了中国目前已建立的海水入侵数值模型，并且提出了一系列切实可行的海水入侵防治措施。     

Numerical simulation of sea water intrusion near Beihai, China

 A leaky aquifer system occurs in the coastal plain near Beihai, China. Seawater intrusion into the confined aquifer took place along the northern coast. Chloride concentrations at some observation wells increased steadily from 1988 and were at their peak in 1993. A quasi-three-dimensional element model has been developed to simulate the spatial and temporal evolution of hydraulic heads and chloride concentrations of the groundwater near the northern coast. The simulation model was based on the transition zone approach, which requires simultaneous solution of the governing water flow and solute transport equations. An irregular grid of a quadrangle was used to discretize the flow domain. Various aquifer parameters were verified with the numerical model in order to obtain satisfactory matches between computed values and observed data from an investigation. Three pumpage schemes were designed to use the calibrated model for prediction of future changes in water levels and chloride concentrations in groundwater in the study area. Results show that seawater intrusion would worsen in the confined aquifer if the current rates of groundwater pumpage continue. The alternative, to eliminate pumpage in the intruded area and to moderate pumpage rates from water supply wells far from the seashore, may limit seawater intrusion significantly and is considered attractive in the area. Received: 27 September 1999 · Accepted: 27 December 1999     

广西北海市海城区西段含水层海水入侵地球化学过程研究

广西北海市海城区西段地下含水层出现过海水入侵.海水入侵过程中可能发生哪些地球化学作用是人们关注的问题.本文运用绘制Piper图、理论混合线(TML)、计算离子delta值和饱和指数SI以及水文地球化学模拟等方法研究了该区含水层在海水入侵后发生的地球化学作用.通常海水入侵后地下水含水层容易发生白云岩化作用,要通过模拟计算...     

Optimal Groundwater Development in Coastal Aquifers Near Beihai, China

INTRODUCTIONThe city of Beihai,located on the south coast ofGuangxi,China,relies heavily on groundwater for its potablewater supply and agricultural irrigation.With rapid increasein population (for instance,from 134 0 0 0 in 1987to 47930 0in1995 ) and in developm ent program s,the demand for freshwater has been growing. Approxim ately 170 0 0 0 m3/ d ofgroundwater has been pumped from the productive coastalaquifers in recent years.Contamination of the fresh water inthe coastal aquifers b…     

中国沿海地区海水入侵机理及防治措施研究

早在1964年,中国大连市就发生了过量开采地下水引发的海水入侵现象。目前有十几座沿海城市发生了不同程度的海水入侵。海水入侵不仅恶化了滨海地区的生态环境,而且阻碍了沿海地区的经济发展。中国沿海地区海水入侵面积经历了20世纪80年代的快速增长后,近些年来呈缓慢增长态势,甚至有些地区海水入侵面积不再增加。为了深入了解海水入侵的机制,从20世纪70年代后期开始,有关学者相继开展了一系列研究,如通过水-岩间阳离子交换实验来了解海水入侵的地球化学作用,建立三维有限元变密度的过渡带数值模型模拟与预报海水入侵过程及发展趋势。为了预防和治理海水入侵,除了控制地下水开采量及开采布局外,沿海地区还园地制宜采取了相应的防治措施,包括人工补给、地下防渗帷幕、节水灌溉以及远距离调水等工程措施。     

Salt water intrusion in the coastal aquifer of the southern Po Plain, Italy

Saltwater has invaded the coastal aquifer along the southern Adriatic coast of the Po Plain in Italy. The topography, morphology and land use of the region is complex: rivers, canals, wetlands, lagoons, urban, industrial and agricultural areas and tourist establishments all coexist in a small area. Water table and iso-salinity maps show that in four study areas (Ancona-Bellocchio, Marina Romea, San Vitale Forest, Cervia) out of five, the water tables are below sea level and saltwater has replaced freshwater in the aquifer. The fifth area (Classe Forest) has a relatively pristine freshwater aquifer thanks to an average water-table height of 2 m above sea level, a lower hydraulic conductivity (< 7.7 m/day) and a continuous dune system along the coast. Only in this area is the topography high enough to maintain freshwater heads that can counteract saltwater intrusion according to the Ghyben-Herzberg principle. Furthermore, the climate, with an average yearly precipitation of 606 mm and an average temperature of 14.4°C, allows for little recharge of the aquifer. Ongoing subsidence, encroachment of sea water along rivers and canals, as well as drainage from agricultural land also enhance the salinization process.     

潍坊北部海咸水入侵特征及现状评价

潍坊北部是我国典型的海咸水入侵区,通过资料收集、海咸水入侵专项调查、地质环境监测与实验、样品分析测试和室内综合分析研究,基本查清了海咸水入侵发展及演化历史。工作区海咸水入侵发展过程可划分为发生和发展、快速发展、慢速发展和稳定发展4个阶段,目前处于稳定发展期。利用2012年水质测试结果,选取Cl^-、矿化度、SO4^2-,rHCO3^-/rCl^-,K^＋等指标作为评价因子,运用模糊数学的方法,对潍坊北部海（咸）水入侵区入侵程度的现状做出综合评价;结合工作区海咸水入侵的特征和现状,针对性地提出了今后的防治重点和对策。     

Degradation of groundwater quality in coastal aquifer of Sabratah area,NW Libya

Overextraction of groundwater is widely occurring along the coast where good quality groundwater is at risk, due to urbanization, tourist development and intensive agriculture. The Sabratah area at the northern central part of Jifarah Plain, Northwest Libya, is a typical area where the contamination of the aquifer in the form of saltwater intrusion, gypsum/anhydrite dissolution and high nitrate concentrations is very developed. Fifty groundwater samples were collected from the study area and analysed for certain parameters that indicate salinization and pollution of the aquifer. The results demonstrate high values of the parameters electrical conductivity, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride and sulphate which can be attributed to seawater intrusion. The intensive extraction of groundwater from the aquifer reduces freshwater outflow to the sea, creates drawdown cones and lowering of the water table to as much as 30 m below mean sea level. Irrigation with nitrogen fertilizers and domestic sewage and movement of contaminants in areas of high hydraulic gradients within the drawdown cones probably are responsible for the high nitrate concentration towards the south of the region. Seawater intrusion and deep salt water upconing result in general high SO₄ ^2? concentrations in groundwater near the shoreline, where localized SO₄ ^2? anomalies are also due to the dissolution of sebkha deposits for few wells in the nearby sebkhas. Upstream, the increase in SO₄ ^2? concentrations in the south is ascribed to the dissolution of gypsum at depth in the upper aquifer.     

广西北海现代海岸沉积作用

本文讨论了广西北海现代海岸各种环境的自然地理分带、地质营力、沉积物以及生物生态等特征，指出环境能量直接决定了环境类型、沉积物类型以及生物组合类型。海岸环境据其能量划分为高能海滩、低能海湾、中能岩质潮坪和砂质潮坪、低能泥质红树林潮坪以及高能潮上沙丘等6种沉积类型；混合沉积作用主要发育于高能海滩和中能潮坪沉积环境内。涠洲岛现代地壳的上升活动控制着该区海蚀地貌的形成。     

Environmental isotope study of seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifer (Syria)

Seawater intrusion into the shallow aquifer in the Syrian coast, north of Latakia (Damsarkho, Ras Ibn Hani) and south of Tartous (Al Hamidieh, Ein Zarka) was studied using hydrochemical and isotopic techniques. The electrical conductivity (EC) distribution map north of Latakia revealed that mixing in this area is the consequence of a frontal intrusion of seawater within the fresh groundwater aquifer which, in turn, results from intensive pumping since the 1960s which has lowered the water table inland below sea level. In Ein Zarka, south of Tartous, in contrast, the EC distribution revealed that seawater intrusion is due to local up-coning as a result of intensive pumping. The deuterium and oxygen-18 relationship is that of a mixing line with a slope of 5.55, indicating an intrusion between freshwater and seawater. In addition, the relationship between oxygen-18 and chloride reveals that the mixing has a dominant role compared to evaporation process. The mixing ratios are estimated to be between 6 and 10% north of Latakia, while they do not exceed 3% south of Tartous. A tritium model was applied to compute the “mean transit time”, which is estimated to be around 10 years, on average, to reach the equilibrium that existed originally between the fresh groundwater and seawater, provided that severe pumping is completely halted and the aquifer is naturally recharged by rainfall and deep percolation of irrigation water, thereby allowing the restoration of the hydraulic gradient. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Y. Yurtsever.     

Delineation of groundwater salinization in a coastal aquifer, Bousheher, South of Iran

The geochemical processes controlling chemical composition of groundwater are studied using hydrochemical and isotopic data in Abdan-Dayer coastal plain, south of Iran. The salinity of groundwater in the coastal plain ranges from 1,000, a fresh end-member, to more than 50,000 μS cm^?1, a saline end-member. Groundwater salinity increases from the recharge area toward areas with a shallow water table close to the Persian Gulf coast due to direct evaporation and sea water intrusion as confirmed by mixing binary diagrams, stable isotope content, and Br^?/Cl^? ratio. Groundwater flow pattern in the study area has been modified due to over-pumping of groundwater in recent years which resulted in further saline water migration toward fresh water and their mixing. The maximum mixing ratio is estimated about 15% in different parts of the study area according to chloride concentration.