长江口冲积岛浅滩演变的可视化分析

为了解剧烈开发背景下长江口浅滩的演变特征,运用GIS技术建立1879年以来长江口地区水下数字高程模型(DEM),再现百余年来长江口长兴岛—横沙岛和九段沙浅滩的演变过程,并计算浅滩的面积、体积、冲淤量和冲淤厚度。结果表明:百余年来长兴岛—横沙岛和九段沙浅滩总体上呈淤涨趋势,并沿东南方向向海推进;长江流域中上游的开发和保护以及河口地区重大工程对浅滩演变的影响越来越大。     

长江口北槽深水航道工程对周边滩涂冲淤影响研究

采用长江口深水航道治理一、二期工程实施前后的地形资料,在G IS软件及相关的统计分析软件的支持下,分析治理工程对九段沙(包括江亚南沙)和横沙东滩冲淤演变的影响。结果表明:工程建设6年来两岸滩涂面积增长了97 km²,其中横沙东滩优先采取了促淤工程,淤积规模较大,滩地面积累计增长了46 km²,是工程前的1.68倍;九段沙的淤积主要是受整治工程南导堤的影响,其中九段上沙及江亚南沙淤积最为强烈,工程后的面积分别是工程前的1.83倍和2.34倍。     

长江口拦门沙河段潮滩表层沉积物分布特征

基于2005年7月及2007年5月在长江订拦门沙河段崇明东滩、横沙东滩(浅滩)、九段沙以及南汇边滩等四大潮滩的水下滩地采集的大面积、高密度表层沉积物以及实测水文资料,对拦门沙河段潮滩表层沉积物颗粒度、参数、组成、类型以及分布特征进行分析,并在此基础上探讨影响沉积物分布的主要动力因子.结果表明:长江河口四大潮滩表层沉积物主要由砂、粉砂质砂和粘土质粉砂三种类型组成.沉积物中值粒径分布比较复杂,介于2.5～8ψ之间;沉积物分选系数集中于1～2左右,其分布与中值粒径具有一致性,其中物质组成相对较粗的颗粒分选性较好而较细的颗粒分选性较差:偏态与峰态跨度较大,分别介于0.1-0.8与1-4不等.崇明东滩、横沙东滩(浅滩)和九段沙的沉积物分选系数、偏态和峰态的分布具有一致性,三者相关性较强;南汇边滩的沉积物分选性、偏态及峰态值则因南滩与东滩所处位置差异而有较大差别.此外,河口潮滩表层沉积物分布显示泥沙输移的结果,其主要水动力因子包括潮流和波浪控制的泥沙输移:在受落潮优势流作用的地区普遍粗于涨潮优势流作用的地区;在波浪动力强、波能释放的地区沉积物普遍较粗且分选性较好:深水航道工程的堵汉、导流、破水波作用明显,使得导堤两侧的表层沉积物粒度出现粗细分布不均的特点.     

长江三角洲前缘近十余年的冲淤演变及工程影响研究

根据1994-2008年国家专业部门测量的长江口口门区水下地形图及相关数据资料,分析了长江河口三角洲近十余年的冲淤过程:1)在长江来沙显著减少的背景下,三角洲出现了由淤到冲的转换,1994-2000年、2000-2008年,长江口门研究区(1 500 km2)净淤积量分别为7.25亿m3(1.21亿m3/a)和-1.23亿m3(-0.15亿m3/a),冲淤转换的临界输沙率约为2.97亿t(大通站).冲淤转换的时间大约发生在2000-2002年;2)三峡水库蓄水加速了长江来沙的减少,近几年入海泥沙减少和河口口门区出现的冲刷有一半左右归因于三峡工程的运行;3)2000年以来,河口口门外水深超过7 m的大部分区域处于蚀退,尤以10～20m区域侵蚀最为强烈,但0m以上潮间带滩地较前一时段淤积加强,1994-2008年,四大滩地的面积平均增长了约34.2％.研究结果表明:入海泥沙减少是长江三角洲由淤积转为侵蚀的主要原因,三峡水库蓄水加剧了长江入海泥沙的减少及三角洲的侵蚀,河口滩地的逆势淤积是近年一系列的河口重大工程影响的结果.     

陆地水文与海洋水文

P343‘5 2004031829长江河口橄沙东滩自然演变及工程影响=Na拟间创d祀-ment and efflect of project in theH即邵ha EastSI刃al of theC坛川自i斑瑶Ri吧巴灿a石ne/桑永尧,虞志英…//东海海洋一2(X)3,21(3)一14一23 横沙东滩(含横沙浅滩)是长江河口主要浅滩之一,在浅滩两侧(北港和北槽主槽)水流控制下,受浅滩横比降形成的过滩水流和较强的风浪作用影响,滩面长期以来少有淤涨.通过对1995一2002年的地形资料(吴淞基面)进行研究分析表明:从总体上着随着北港主槽向南岸进通,造成横沙东滩窜沟西部到白条子沙之间的滩区北沿明显内凹;随着长江口…     

长江口横沙通道近岸冲刷地貌形成机制

近岸河床的剧烈冲刷是引起岸坡失稳的主要原因之一。通过SeaBat 7125多波束测深系统对长江口近岸冲刷最为剧烈的横沙通道北口冲刷坑地貌进行测量,同时利用双频ADCP采集区域水流数据,结合历史海图资料,研究该冲刷坑演变过程及形成机制。结果表明：冲刷坑呈椭圆形,长约430 m,宽约150 m,最深处距床面约38 m;1984-2017年期间,冲刷坑附近河床经历了冲—淤—冲的演变模式,整体呈冲刷状态,净冲刷量3.45×10 ⁷ m ³,平均冲深4.68 m;2005年后冲刷坑快速发育,且持续向南延伸。这主要是因为长兴北沿圈围工程的建设减小该处弯道曲率半径,导致了侵蚀加剧。其次,青草沙水库的建设使得北港上中段深泓线发生偏移,横沙通道北口水动力增强,这也是快速冲刷的主要原因之一。另外,长江口深水航道工程、横沙东滩围垦、横沙通道两侧圈围工程及港口码头的建设也一定程度加剧了冲刷之势。由此可见,人类涉水工程活动是引起该处大型冲刷坑快速发育的主要驱动因素。     

近10 年来长江口水下三角洲的冲淤变化 ——-兼论三峡工程蓄水的影响

根据对近10 年来长江入海泥沙量和河口冲淤的对比分析, 探讨水下三角洲冲淤对长江入海泥沙锐减以及三峡工程运行的响应。结果表明: (1) 三峡水库蓄水导致长江入海泥沙减少1×10⁸ t/a 量级; (2) 1995-2000 年、2000-2004 年和2004-2005 年研究区淤积(冲刷) 面积分别占75.5% (24.5%)、30.5% (69.5%) 和14% (86%), 垂向冲淤速率(负为冲刷) 分别为6.4 cm/a、-3.8 cm/a 和-21 cm/a。(3) 由于地形和水动力的变化以及工程的影响, 研究区内冲淤对河流来沙减少的响应存在显著空间差异。结论包括: 三峡水库蓄水加剧了长江入海泥沙的减少; 入海泥沙的锐减是水下三角洲从淤积为主向侵蚀为主转变的主要原因。随着水库拦沙能力的增强等流域人类活动的影响, 长江入海泥沙将进一步下降, 河口口门区的冲刷可能加剧, 值得有关部门重视。     

地貌学

P748 2004042785从长江口南汇东滩冲淤变化探讨合理选择促淤造陆边界=Erosion一de,〕sition anal邓15 on east Nanhui tidal nat of YangtseRiver estuary and seientifie deeision饭兀derlinea议残】t aceelerat-ing reclaim and marking land尹李茂田,陈中原…//长江流域 17.资源与环境一2004,13(4)一365一369 利用数字高程模型和地理信息系统,研究长江口南汇东岸1996一1999年的冲淤演变规律,结果表明:o.ses一lm高程带为南汇边滩冲淤平衡带,年平均冲刷率为:0.007m/a,在此带以上,滩涂多为淤积,此带以下,滩涂为冲刷.结合长江口水文泥沙的…     

近30 年来长江口岸滩沉积物与地貌演变特征

通过对长江口潮间带宽度、表层和浅地层柱状样沉积物、典型水下岸坡剖面的现场测量,以及对潮间带宽度及水下岸坡剖面的多幅历史海图分析,研究近30 年长江口岸滩演变特征及岸滩演变的主要原因。结果表明:(1) 岸滩沉积物整体上呈“北细南粗”的变化特征,横沙东滩北岸、长江和东海大桥下等主要大型工程附近潮间带柱状样粒序向上显著变粗;(2) 长江口部分潮间带宽度减少90%以上;水下岸坡由1980 年的“S”形向凹形、斜坡形等侵蚀型形态转变,岸坡明显变陡,侵蚀型岸滩特征凸显;南汇嘴至芦潮港岸段水下岸坡闭合水深1978-2004 年为-8 m,近10 年来滩底发生侵蚀,刷深约1 m;(3) 流域来沙量锐减导致长江口侵蚀型水下岸滩格局的形成;河口大面积围垦、青草沙水库和长江与东海大桥等大型工程建设是造成潮间带大面积损失和局部沉积物粗化的主要原因;沙体变迁是狭长型河槽局部岸滩演变的主要影响因素。     

基于DEM的西江磨刀门水道近40年来河床演变特征研究

建立了西江干流磨刀门水道1962年、1977年、1999年的DEM,研究珠江三角洲磨刀门水道近40年的河床演变.结果表明:1962-1999年磨刀门水道总体表现为冲刷状态,净冲刷量约576万m3/a,年均冲刷率16万m3/a,单位河长冲刷率约13万m3/km,断面面积减小,河床深槽范围扩大,平均水深、河宽均增大,宽深比减小,断面向窄深发展;但不同时段冲淤特性表现不同,1962-1977年表现为淤积,淤积量2033万m3;1977-1999年处于冲刷状态,冲刷量2 617万m3.磨刀门水道不同阶段河床冲淤演变与流域人类活动引起的来水来沙变化、三角洲网河联围筑闸、河床采砂以及由此引起的三角洲网河水沙分配变化等因素密切相关.整体看,磨刀门水道近期演变趋势仍将表现为以冲刷为主的自适应调整.     

Proxy Evidence for Easterly Winds in Glacial Lake Algonquin,from the Black River Delta in Northern Lower Michigan

We examined a large, Late Pleistocene delta in northern Lower Michigan, formed by the Black River in Glacial Lake Algonquin. Today, this sandy, arcuate, wave-influenced delta stands several meters above the lake floor. The Black River transported mainly well-sorted, medium, and fine sands to the delta—at remarkably rapid rates. Our subsurface data, taken at 153 sites across the delta, show subtle and consistent trends in sediment texture across the delta surface. Although found in low amounts, gravel and very coarse sands are concentrated near the shoreline, presumably eroded by waves from the till and bedrock that crop out there. Sediments of very fine sand size (and finer) exist in higher concentrations near the eastern shore, sourced from eroded tills and also carried there on longshore currents. A clear sediment plume of medium and finer sands also traverses the delta SE to NW, which we interpret as evidence of sand transport by longshore currents flowing east to west, driven by easterly winds. High, perched spits on the head of the delta also suggest westerly longshore drift. These paleoclimate proxy data support previous interpretations of strong easterly winds here during the Late Pleistocene, probably in association with a glacial anticyclone.     

广东黄圃镇海蚀遗址的形成年代及古地理环境

广东中山市黄圃镇海蚀遗址是广东沿海至今为止所发现最大规模的海蚀遗址之一,古海蚀地貌延伸范围超过200米,海蚀洞、海蚀崖、海蚀平台等海蚀地貌仍保持得较为完好。根据地形特征、地层（钻孔）资料、海侵范围、史料记载进行综合确定了古海蚀遗址的形成年代和古地理环境。古海蚀崖所在的尖峰山由白垩系陆相红色碎屑岩系构成。黄圃附近地区在晚更新世末期第一次海侵前已经是一隆起地块,在晚更新世和全新世两次海侵时都处在较高的位置,出露的白垩系地层（尖峰山）为蚀余的低矮山地。这些残余山地在全新世海侵大部分时段内为珠江口古海湾中的岛屿,黄圃镇作为大陆岸线的时间很短,海蚀地形主要形成于晚全新世前海侵时（距今约6100～1600年）的岛屿时期。     

海南博螯沿岸地貌与人类活动的潜在影响

The Boao coastal system along the eastern coast of Hainan Island is a dynamic delta-tidal inlet-barrier formed during the late Holocene. The delta developed inside a shallow lagoon barred by a sandy barrier with a narrow, shallow tidal inlet opening. Two major distributary channels separated by small islands characterize the delta. The lagoon is silting up receiving and trapping sediments from both the river and, in minor measure during storms, through the tidal inlet opening and barrier washovers. The barrier at the tidal inlet is highly dynamic and changes its form, accreting (migrating spit) against the inlet during fair-weather conditions and being eroded during storms and river floods.The delta has almost completely filled the lagoon and major concerns exist on the effect that ongoing large development plans may have on the environment. These concerns include the effect on floods and rate of siltation once banks of the islands have been stabilized and floodwater and sediment load are impeded from spreading over the lowlands, and the effect of increasing pollutant loads from the new facilities on the ecosystems of the increasingly restricting lagoon water and on the seashores.     

Geomorphology of the Boao coastal system and potential effects of human activities -Hainan Island, South China

1 IntroductionThe objectives of this paper are to analyze the principal characteristics of the W anquan Riverdelta that has developed in a narrow , shallow lagoon, and to determ ine the effect that theever-increasing hum an activities of the area m ay hav…     

Geomorphology of the Boao coastal system and potential effects of human activities - Hainan Island, South China

The Boao coastal system along the eastern coast of Hainan Island is a dynamic delta-tidal inlet-barrier formed during the late Holocene. The delta developed inside a shallow lagoon barred by a sandy barrier with a narrow, shallow tidal inlet opening. Two major distributary channels separated by small islands characterize the delta. The lagoon is silting up receiving and trapping sediments from both the river and, in minor measure during storms, through the tidal inlet opening and barrier washovers. The barrier at the tidal inlet is highly dynamic and changes its form, accreting (migrating spit) against the inlet during fair-weather conditions and being eroded during storms and river floods. The delta has almost completely filled the lagoon and major concerns exist on the effect that ongoing large development plans may have on the environment. These concerns include the effect on floods and rate of siltation once banks of the islands have been stabilized and floodwater and sediment load are impeded from spreading over the lowlands, and the effect of increasing pollutant loads from the new facilities on the ecosystems of the increasingly restricting lagoon water and on the seashores.     

Recent geomorphic changes in the Liaohe Estuary

This paper mainly analyzes the geomorphological changes of the tidal deposition in the Liaohe Estuary based on the multi-year bathymetric charts in 1990, 1996, 2002 and 2005 and Landsat TM images in 1987, 1994, 2002 and 2005. Evolution of the tidal depositional system during the past 20 years in the Liaohe River was studied on the basis of 50 boreholes drilling and 30 km shallow stratigraphic exploration from 2002 to 2005. The main tidal depositional body of the modern Liaohe River delta is located in the Shuangtaizihe Estuary. The stratum within the depth of 10 m includes tidal bank facies, tidal channel facies and neritic facies with paleo-delta facies underlying them. The sediments of tidal bank facies are mainly composed of sand and silt with siltation load and suspended load of about 50% respectively in proportion. The sediment of tidal channel facies and neritic facies is composed of clayey silt and silty clay which belongs to suspended load. The study area was a small bay between the old Daliaohe River, the old Dalinghe River and the Raoyanghe River complex delta since the Holocene to 1896. Many tidal banks formed and expanded rapidly after the Shuangtaizihe River was excavated by labor in 1896. The runoff and sediment discharge have decreased since the construction of brake at the Shuangtaizihe River in 1958.The Shuangtaizihe Estuary is in the state of deposition as a whole whose tidal bank is increasing and expanding southward, westward and northward. The maximum expansion speed is 87 to 683 m/a and the mean depositional rate is 0.189 m/a. Erosion occurred in some part of tidal bank with average erosional rate of 0.122 m/a. The tidal channel was filled up with sediment at a migration speed of 48–200 m/a. Geomorphologic changes have happened under the combined influences of runoff, ocean dynamics and human activities. The main source of sediment changes from river sediment to sediment driven by tidal current and longshore current.     

辽河三角洲地貌演化(英文)

This paper mainly analyzes the geomorphological changes of the tidal deposition in the Liaohe Estuary based on the multi-year bathymetric charts in 1990, 1996, 2002 and 2005 and Landsat TM images in 1987, 1994, 2002 and 2005. Evolution of the tidal depositional system during the past 20 years in the Liaohe River was studied on the basis of 50 boreholes drilling and 30 km shallow stratigraphic exploration from 2002 to 2005. The main tidal depositional body of the modern Liaohe River delta is located in the Shuangtaizihe Estuary. The stratum within the depth of 10 m includes tidal bank facies, tidal channel facies and neritic facies with paleo-delta facies underlying them. The sediments of tidal bank facies are mainly composed of sand and silt with siltation load and suspended load of about 50% respectively in proportion. The sediment of tidal channel facies and neritic facies is composed of clayey silt and silty clay which belongs to suspended load. The study area was a small bay between the old Daliaohe River, the old Dalinghe River and the Raoyanghe River complex delta since the Holocene to 1896. Many tidal banks formed and expanded rapidly after the Shuangtaizihe River was excavated by labor in 1896. The runoff and sediment discharge have decreased since the construction of brake at the Shuangtaizihe River in 1958.The Shuangtaizihe Estuary is in the state of deposition as a whole whose tidal bank is increasing and expanding southward, westward and northward. The maximum expansion speed is 87 to 683 m/a and the mean depositional rate is 0.189 m/a. Erosion occurred in some part of tidal bank with average erosional rate of 0.122 m/a. The tidal channel was filled up with sediment at a migration speed of 48–200 m/a. Geomorphologic changes have happened under the combined influences of runoff, ocean dynamics and human activities. The main source of sediment changes from river sediment to sediment driven by tidal current and longshore current.     

扎龙盐沼湿地对乌裕尔流域径流变化的水文响应

乌裕尔河流域水环境的变化导致下游湿地迅速退化。探讨了近65 a（1951—2015）扎龙湿地系统对乌裕尔河流域径流量变化的响应。结果表明：乌裕尔河中下游的径流量急剧减少给下游湿地的演替带来明显的影响,上游来水供给不足导致湿地长期处于干旱缺水的状态,湿地水面面积与蓄水量显著减少,并导致扎龙湿地地下水位显著降低（P<0.05）。湿地持续干旱缺水引发此区域大面积的沼泽退化并发生次生盐渍化。近年来,扎龙湿地发育的盐渍土面积达到250 km²以上,并且向核心区蔓延。湿地持续退化对在湿地栖息和繁殖的珍稀水禽带来巨大的冲击。     

调水调沙以来黄河尾闾河道冲淤演变及其影响因素

2002年开始的黄河调水调沙改变了进入黄河口的水沙条件,必然引起尾闾河道地貌的显著调整.根据黄河尾闾河道利津以下的断面实测高程数据,建立基于正交曲线网格的河道DEM,结合河床形态与水沙条件变化,综合研究黄河尾闾河道冲淤的时空演变及其影响因素.结果表明,调水调沙以来尾闾河道冲刷明显,2002-2017年累计冲刷6240万...     

Erosion and reorientation of the Sapodilla Cays,Mesoamerican Reef Belize from 1960 to 2012

The Sapodilla Cays Marine Reserve in southern Belize includes nine low-relief sand cays that were first surveyed in 1960. The purpose of this study is to reconstruct a 52-year history of the Sapodilla Cays (1960–2012) using a combination of historical topographic surveys, satellite imagery, and additional field data collection. Results suggest that the majority of islands are eroding with some islands having lost over 70% of their area, and many have become swash aligned, which suggests limited sediment availability. The proportion of area lost on each island is related to the width of the reef platform (to the 5?m isobaths) in the direction of the reef edge, while island area is dependent on the width of the reef platform in the direction of the resultant wind. This suggests that the width of the reef platform is a primary determinant of sediment supply between storms that tend to erode the eastern shoreline of the island through refraction along the reef edge. While storm erosion tends to be concentrated along the eastern shoreline through the loss of sediment offshore, alongshore transport to the lagoon shoreline, and the transfer of sediment to the interior of the island, net shoreline retreat is greatest along the lagoon, suggesting that the relatively small winter “northers” and a lack of sediment supply from the reef lagoon are responsible for the observed erosion. Extrapolations based on contemporary loss-rates suggest that the smallest cays will disappear by 2020, while the largest cays will begin to disappear by the end of century.