长江口最大浑浊带悬沙浓度变化趋势及成因

基于长江河口1959-2011 年实测悬沙浓度数据,通过对河口最大浑浊带外围海域泥沙要素分析的基础上,研究了近期流域人类活动和河口整治工程对最大浑浊带悬沙浓度的影响。研究表明:① 流域人类活动对入海水量影响较小,无明显趋势变化,而沙量和含沙量呈现锐减趋势,也使得进入河口区域的泥沙量呈现一致锐减;② 长江口外海域和南部杭州湾海域悬沙浓度变化不大,北部苏北沿岸略有减小,因数值较长江口海滨区小约1 个数量级,对浑浊带影响较小;③ 最大浑浊带位置受径流和潮流控制,面积变化与入海沙量多寡关系密切;④ 整个浑浊带区域悬沙浓度受入海沙量锐减决定,2000-2009 年较1959-1999 年悬沙浓度减小约为24.73%,向海延伸减幅降低,且峰值区域向口内移动,泥沙再悬浮作用对维持最大浑浊带悬沙浓度起调节作用,但不能决定其锐减趋势;⑤ 北槽航槽最大浑浊带的悬沙浓度向海为低—高—低变化特点,受入海沙量锐减、北槽分流分沙比减少及床沙粗化等影响,使其上段和下段悬沙浓度减小趋势,而中段受南导堤越堤沙量的影响悬沙浓度呈增加趋势。     

长江口水域悬沙浓度时空变化与泥沙再悬浮

根据近年来长江河口及其邻近水域8个测站1年的表层悬沙浓度逐日观测资料,并结合水动力状况,对悬沙浓度的时空变化进行了分析。结果发现,长江口自徐六泾以下悬沙浓度不断增高,并呈现口内夏高冬低,而口外冬高夏低,且量值为口外大于口内,杭州湾大于长江口。表明长江入海泥沙在海洋动力作用下强烈再悬浮;悬沙浓度在时间上呈现明显的大小潮周期和季节性变化。进一步分析认为,海洋动力 (风浪和潮流) 是泥沙再悬浮的主导因素,制约悬沙浓度的年内变化,其中潮流控制悬沙浓度的大小潮周期变化,风浪引起悬沙浓度的季节性变化,河流径流和海洋动力的对比制约悬沙浓度的空间分布。     

长江口水域悬沙浓度时空变化与泥沙再悬浮

A detailed analysis of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) variations over a year period is presented using the data from 8 stations in the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent waters, together with a discussion of the hydrodynamic regimes of the estuary. Spatially, the SSC from Xuliujing downwards to Hangzhou Bay increases almost constantly, and the suspended sediment in the inner estuary shows higher concentration in summer than in winter, while in the outer estuary it shows higher concentration in winter than in summer, and the magnitude is greater in the outer estuary than in the inner estuary, greater in the Hangzhou Bay than in the Yangtze River estuary. The sediments discharged by the Yangtze River into the sea are resuspended by marine dynamics included tidal currents and wind waves. Temporally, the SSC shows a pronounced neap-spring tidal cycle and seasonal variations. Furthermore, through the analysis of dynamic mechanism, it is concluded that wave and tidal current are two predominant factors of sediment resuspension and control the distribution and changes of SSC, in which tidal currents control neap-spring tidal cycles, and wind waves control seasonal variations. The ratio between river discharge and marine dynamics controls soatial distribution of SSC.     

长江口悬沙浓度变化的同步性和差异性(英文)

The sediment discharge from the Yangtze River Basin has a stepwise decreasing trend in recent years. The impounding of the Three Gorges Reservoir exacerbated this decreasing trend and affected the change of the suspended sediment concentration(SSC) in the Yangtze River Estuary through the transmission effect. The SSC data of the Yangtze River Estuary during 1959–2012 showed that:(1) The SSC in the South Branch of the Yangtze River in the estuary and in the off-shore sea area displayed decreasing trends and decreased less towards the sea. At the same time, the difference in decreasing magnitude between SSC and sediment discharge became bigger towards the sea.(2) For the North Branch the preferential flow did not change much but the SSC tended to decrease, which was mainly caused by the decrease of SSC in the South Branch and China East Sea.(3) Due to the decreased runoff and the relatively strengthened tide, the peak area of the SSC in the bar shoal section in 2003–2012 moved inward for about 1/6 longitude unit compared with that in 1984–2002, and the inward-moving distance was in the order of flood season > annual average > dry season.(4) In the inlet of the South Passage, the SSC decreased mainly because the increase caused by resuspension and shore-groove exchange was less than the decrease caused by the sharp SSC decrease in the basin and the sea areas. The reverse was true in the middle section, where the SSC showed an increasing trend.(5) In the inlet of the North Passage, under the combined influence of decreased flow split and sediment split ratios, the decreased SSC in the basin and the sea area and decreased amount of resuspension, the SSC displayed a decreasing trend. In the middle section, because the increased amount caused by sediment going over the dyke was markedly more than the decreased amount caused by external environments, the SSC tended to increase. Holistically, the sharp decrease in sediment discharge caused synchronized SSC decreases in the Yangtze River Estuary. But there were still areas, where the SSC displayed increasing trends, indicating synchronicity and difference in the response of SSC to the sharp decrease in sediment discharge from the basin.     

ADCP在长江口悬沙输运观测中的应用

声学多普勒流速剖面仪 (ADCP)是近年来发展起来的一种用于测量流速的声学仪器 ,同时还可以通过建立回声强度和现场取得水样的回归关系式而获得悬沙浓度的数据。本文利用在长江口两个站位的高频观测数据 ,对现场取得的悬沙作粒度分析 ,在此基础上对枯季长江口地区悬沙输送机制和悬沙粒度对水动力的响应进行了分析和探讨。结果表明 :平均流输运在整个悬沙输送中占主导地位 ,同时潮扩散和垂向扩散作用也是引起两站悬沙输运的重要因子 ;不同层次和不同时刻的悬沙粒度参数的变化 ,既和海 陆转换有关 ,也和潮相变化密切相关。     

长江河口悬沙的运动方式与沉积形态特征分析

长江河口为三级分汊四口入海的中等潮汐强度的三角洲河口。长江河口的悬沙输运有净上移、净下泄、上层下泄而下层上溯、潮滩与主槽之间的泥沙交换及涨潮槽泥沙倒灌落潮槽等五种形式。根据悬沙沉积的不同地点不同沉积形态可分为暗沙、拦门沙、口外水下三角洲以及河口潮滩四种类型。     

长江口外海滨悬沙分布及扩散特征

长江口外海滨地区是陆海相互作用显著的区域,该区域复杂的水流等动力因素和地形条件决定了悬沙分布和扩散的特点。本文利用大量实测资料,对口外海滨地区悬沙的分布特征进行了综合分析,研究结果表明,平面分布不均,西高东低,南高北低,高低相差悬殊是长江口外水域悬沙平面分布的主要特点。枯季自西向东含沙量均匀减小,等值线分布较为稀疏。垂向涨落潮含沙量也表现出不同的分布特征,在口外的中西部水域垂向扩散系数较大,水体垂向混合程度均匀;垂向混合程度加强,水体含沙量也随之显著增加,这也造就了口外的南北两个高含沙区。     

近50年来长江河口分汊型河槽水体和泥沙容量的变化过程

根据1958-2013各年代长江河口河槽海图水深资料,利用Arcmap地图分析软件建立不同时期的水深数据库,以河口河槽水体和泥沙容量为研究对象,结合典型潮汐过程和典型年代水沙同步实测资料,计算长江口各分汊河槽最大理论进潮量和悬沙含量,探讨近50年来长江分汊型河口河槽水体和泥沙容量的变化过程和影响因素.结果表明:①北港河槽总体稳定,南港河槽仍处于发育阶段,南港河槽发育中心在南港下段,北港河槽上段区域略有萎缩;②目前,南、北槽河槽由于工程影响仍处于持续调整过程中,进潮量主增区域在南港和南槽,北槽发育模式已经被固定和限制.③近30年来,由于流域来水来沙减少,同时北槽深水航道工程的建设,使南、北槽进潮量和悬沙通量及其比例均发生了显著变化;④南北港水道悬沙量主要集中于北港下段及南北槽区域,其洪枯季悬沙含量的变化主要受冬夏季风和海洋动力条件的影响.     

高浑浊内河悬沙浓度的遥感估测:以中国云南金沙江下游支流为例

山区土地利用和土地覆盖变化对水文过程的影响是人们关注的热点,因为它与洪水或干旱等严重的自然灾害有密切关系。一般认为,森林的清除会引起一个地区水沙量的明显增加。但是,要通过在地面进行观测来测算大河流域泥沙流量是十分困难的,特别在山区和人烟稀少地区更是如此。遥感手段为在这些地区收集相关资料和数据提供了一个有效的途径。在这个研究项目中,我们开发出了基于测量在可见光、近红外光波段的遥感反射系数的高浑浊内陆河流悬沙浓度(SSC)预测方法,并采用了中国云南金沙江下游河流SSC的地面观测值和河水反射光谱的数据进行了校准和检验。 我们在2002年6月龙川江的流量和输沙量比较高的时候开展了野外调查,使用了GER—1500手持光谱仪测量河水的反射光谱。SSC的地面观测值采用标准水样过滤法获取。结果表明,地面观测得到的SSC的变化范围为16～13 000g/m~3,其中间     

长江大通-河口段枯季的径流量变化

通过实地调查和收集长江下游1950－2000年水文、水利工程资料，建立了长江大通以下枯季径流量变化地理信息系统，分析了影响长江大通水文站以下径流量变化的水文过程，探索了这一区间枯季径流量变化的成因与过程。调查研究表明，截止2000年大通以下各类抽引水工程的总数已达64个，抽引水能力达到了4626m^3/s（潮周期内平均轴引水流量）。实际抽引水量呈现很大的年、季波动，这与本区气候干旱情况、农作物生长期、跨流域调水量等多种因素有关。研究表明：大通－河口段沿江两岸大量的抽引水已成为影响长江大通以下枯季入海流量变化的最重要的因素。本文在过去实际抽引江水资料的基础上，估算了过去不同水文、气候背景下长江大通以下枯季径流量的变化幅度及其对入海流量的影响，并利用实际数据进行了验证。在此基础上，探讨了未来长江大通以下枯季的径流量变化趋势。     

The synchronicity and difference in the change of suspended sediment concentration in the Yangtze River Estuary

The sediment discharge from the Yangtze River Basin has a stepwise decreasing trend in recent years. The impounding of the Three Gorges Reservoir exacerbated this decreasing trend and affected the change of the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the Yangtze River Estuary through the transmission effect. The SSC data of the Yangtze River Estuary during 1959-2012 showed that: (1) The SSC in the South Branch of the Yangtze River in the estuary and in the off-shore sea area displayed decreasing trends and decreased less towards the sea. At the same time, the difference in decreasing magnitude between SSC and sediment discharge became bigger towards the sea. (2) For the North Branch the preferential flow did not change much but the SSC tended to decrease, which was mainly caused by the decrease of SSC in the South Branch and China East Sea. (3) Due to the decreased runoff and the relatively strengthened tide, the peak area of the SSC in the bar shoal section in 2003-2012 moved inward for about 1/6 longitude unit compared with that in 1984-2002, and the inward-moving distance was in the order of flood season > annual average > dry season. (4) In the inlet of the South Passage, the SSC decreased mainly because the increase caused by resuspension and shore-groove exchange was less than the decrease caused by the sharp SSC decrease in the basin and the sea areas. The reverse was true in the middle section, where the SSC showed an increasing trend. (5) In the inlet of the North Passage, under the combined influence of decreased flow split and sediment split ratios, the decreased SSC in the basin and the sea area and decreased amount of resuspension, the SSC displayed a decreasing trend. In the middle section, because the increased amount caused by sediment going over the dyke was markedly more than the decreased amount caused by external environments, the SSC tended to increase. Holistically, the sharp decrease in sediment discharge caused synchronized SSC decreases in the Yangtze River Estuary. But there were still areas, where the SSC displayed increasing trends, indicating synchronicity and difference in the response of SSC to the sharp decrease in sediment discharge from the basin.     

长江河口悬浮泥沙的混合过程

根据准同步观测的悬浮泥沙及表层沉积物粒度、流速、含沙量资料, 分析了长江口及临近海域悬浮泥沙在河口的混合过程。长江河口-陆架系统悬浮泥沙中值粒径呈现“细-粗-细”的变化规律, 河口上段悬浮泥沙中值粒径为8.9 μm, 拦门沙海域为10.5 μm, 陆架区为4.5 μm, 北支为9.9 μm, 杭州湾口为5.6 μm, 泥沙类型为粘土质粉砂。河口上段和陆架区悬浮泥沙与表层沉积物的垂向混合作用较弱, 拦门沙区域二者发生强烈的混合和交换, 悬浮泥沙在由长江河口向陆架系统输移过程中仅有表层泥沙保留了流域输入的泥沙粒度特征。长江口悬浮泥沙中值粒径与含沙量呈良好的正相关关系, 水流的剪切作用是引起拦门沙海域泥沙再悬浮、近底高含沙量和悬浮泥沙粒径增加的主要原因, 悬浮泥沙粒径和含沙量的增加主要由粉砂组分的增加引起。2007 年长江河口区范围内悬浮泥沙中值粒径比2003 年普遍减小11％, 含沙量比2003 年减小22%, 河口上段含沙量对流域来沙减少的响应最为敏感, 而拦门沙区的泥沙粒径对流域来沙减少的响应最敏感。在长江流域来沙量减少的背景下, 河口拦门沙区域仍能维持较高的含沙量, 主要缘于河口系统内部的供沙     

Temporal and spatial changes of suspended sediment concentration and resuspension in the Yangtze River estuary

A detailed analysis of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) variations over a year period is presented using the data from 8 stations in the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent waters, together with a discussion of the hydrodynamic regimes of the estuary. Spatially, the SSC from Xuliujing downwards to Hangzhou Bay increases almost constantly, and the suspended sediment in the inner estuary shows higher concentration in summer than in winter, while in the outer estuary it shows higher concentration in winter than in summer, and the magnitude is greater in the outer estuary than in the inner estuary, greater in the Hangzhou Bay than in the Yangtze River estuary. The sediments discharged by the Yangtze River into the sea are resuspended by marine dynamics included tidal currents and wind waves. Temporally, the SSC shows a pronounced neap-spring tidal cycle and seasonal variations. Furthermore, through the analysis of dynamic mechanism, it is concluded that wave and tidal current are two predominant factors of sediment resuspension and control the distribution and changes of SSC, in which tidal currents control neap-spring tidal cycles, and wind waves control seasonal variations. The ratio between river discharge and marine dynamics controls spatial distribution of SSC.     

长江上游干支流悬移质含沙量的变化及其原因

河流含沙量的变化是流域自然与人文因子变化的反映。以长江上游干支流1956~2000年的水沙和降水资料为基础,运用时间系列分析和统计分析方法进行研究。研究发现,干流宜昌站和4条主要支流含沙量的变化不是同步的,4条主要支流含沙量的变化呈现出复杂变化图形。流域面平均年降水量的变化,仅能解释含沙量变化的15.86%~37.21%,说明气候因素的变化不是长江干支流含沙量变化的主要原因。运用双累积曲线分析方法,研究了人类活动 (如水库修建,交通、矿山和城市建设,水土保持,植被破坏和恢复等 )对含沙量变化的影响。人类活动影响在不同的流域有较大差异。与4条主要支流相比,长江干流宜昌站含沙量的变化较小,反映了尺度效应的影响。多元回归分析表明,屏山 、高场、北碚、武隆4站的年均含沙量变化对宜昌站年均含沙量变化的贡献率分别为28.5%、12.6%、44.2%和14.7%。     

Suspended sediment load in the turbidity maximum zone at the Yangtze River Estuary:The trends and causes简

Based on the analysis of suspended sediment elements at estuaries, influence of human activities and estuarine regulation projects on the turbidity maximum zone was studied according to the measurement data between 1959 and 2011. It was found that human activi- ties had little effect on the seaward water while the sharp decrease of sediment volume and concentration in runoff led to the sharp decrease of turbidity maximum zone in the estuary. The concentration at outside sea and Hangzhou Bay did not change, and that along the Subei coast also decreased a little, which had no influence on the turbidity maximum zone. Com- pared with the concentration between 1959 and 1999, the peak of concentration moved up- stream in the estuary, and the concentration in 2000-2009 decreased by about 24.73% with a narrower variation range along the river to the sea. The suspended sediment concentration in North Passage was low in upstream and downstream because of the decrease of seaward sediment and coarsening of bed material, while it was relatively high in the middle due to the influence of sediment cross the north jetty.     

长江口表层沉积物分布特征及动力响应

基于长江口2003 年2 月采集的58 个表层沉积物样品及以同步水动力资料的分析表明, 表层沉积物中值粒径自江阴-口外逐渐变细, 由江阴附近的217.8 μm 减少到南槽口外的12.1 μm; 浑浊带海域表层沉积物中值粒径北港最大, 平均为126.2 μm, 北槽其次, 平均为48.4 μm, 南槽最小, 平均为14.2 μm; 口外海域则北槽最大, 为22.4 μm, 北港其次, 为16.5 μm, 南槽最小, 为12.1 μm。沉积物分选性大多为中等-很差, 中值粒径越大, 分选系数越 小; 沉积物偏度大多是近对称-极正偏; 峭度表现为中等峭度-很窄尖。横沙以上区域表层 沉积物类型以砂为主, 口外海域沉积物类型以粘土质粉砂为主, 浑浊带海域表层沉积物类型复杂多样。长江口主槽表层沉积物中值粒径与落潮历时、V_e/V_f 值和余流值等动力参数呈正相 关关系, 落潮动力条件是决定长江口表层沉积物中值粒径大小的主要动力因素。