城市化视角下北京农村居住用地非正规市场的形成机理

针对北京快速城市化影响下的农村居住用地大量非法流转、亟待规范管理等现状特点,选择海淀区肖家河城中村和通州区张家湾镇小产权房分别作为非正规住房租赁市场和非正规土地交易市场,开展微观案例研究。结果表明:城乡二元土地制度是农村居住用地非正规市场形成与发育的制度根源,城市化快速发展与低价住房供应严重不足为其宏观背景,农民对现行土地征用与补偿制度的日益不满和主动争取分享土地增值收益的强烈意愿是其内在原因。非正规市场采用"低成本-低地租-高利润"的微观运作机理,市场参与个体(农民与消费者)可获得较好的经济收益,但也要承担较高的风险;对于城市与社区,非正规市场则会带来较严重的经济社会与资源环境等方面的负面影响。     

城中村非正规住房的形成机理与管治——以深圳市为例

城中村非正规住房在快速城市化地区普遍存在。以深圳市为例,在梳理城中村非正规住房发展演化过程的基础上,探讨快速城市化地区城中村非正规住房的形成机理与管治对策。研究发现,城中村非正规住房的形成与发展是政策力、市场力和社区力相互作用的结果,处于不同发展阶段的非正规住房,各种动力的大小和方向存在差异。在此基础上,提出城中村非正规住房的管治方向与措施。     

管制之外的"管制":城中村非正规部门的空间集聚与生存状态——以广州市下渡村为例

国内外现有的研究认为,无管制或缺少管制是非正规经济或非正规部门的核心特征。我国城市中的城中村是非正规部门最为集中的区域。选取广州市海珠区的下渡村这一典型案例,对非正规部门的"管制"状况进行了深入调查研究。发现在我国经济转型与快速城市化的背景下,城中村有宽松的管制环境、廉价的住房市场和良好的区位等条件,吸引了大量的非正规部门。但这些城中村的非正规部门并非完全处于管制之外,而是生存于一种管制之外的特殊"管制"之中。这种"管制"表现为一个以政府力量为主导,地方自治组织、地痞组织、本地村民和周围居民等多方力量共同作用的复杂结构,深刻而切实地影响着非正规部门的生存状态。     

首尔都市区的人口迁居及对中国的启示

中国目前已进入快速的工业化和城市化时期,人口迁居在我国大都市区显得越来越重要。韩国在1960年代开始大量的乡村人口迁移到城市地区,进入1970年代,出现了郊区化现象。首先分析了韩国人口迁居的一般特征,接着从就业机会、住房供给和区域政策三方面分析了影响韩国人口迁居的因素,最后针对我国的具体实际,结合韩国的研究提出了几点建议。     

深圳市城中村“非正规住房”空间特征与演化研究

基于住房普查和建筑普查资料,对深圳市城中村“非正规住房”的空间特征与演化进行研究。得出以下结论：① 城中村“非正规住房”的空间集聚特征明显并形成若干集聚区,且表现出明显的圈层分化,非正规住房规模比重从城市中心到边缘呈先增长后降低的发展态势。② 影响城中村“非正规住房”空间结构的主因子包括规模因子、住房构成因子、增长因子、建筑特征因子和使用状态因子,城中村“非正规住房”可以划分为边缘增长型、空间集聚型、相对稳定型和中心转化型等4种类型。③ 深圳市城中村“非正规住房”的发展演化过程包括形成阶段、快速发展阶段、高潮阶段和缓慢增长阶段,不同阶段的非正规住房具有差异化的演化背景与空间结构特征。     

中国城市非正规就业的发展特征与城市化效应

在城市化过程中,大部分农村剩余劳动力并未进入城市正规部门,而进入非正规部门,但关于非正规就业对城市化的作用却不清楚.基于国际劳工组织提出的中国城市非正规就业估算方案,采用协整和误差修正模型测度与解释非正规就业对城市化的作用.自1990年以来,非正规就业已发展成为中国城市就业的主要方式和就业增长的主要来源,其空间分布总体上呈现自东部,中部到西部依次减少的特征,其在城市就业的比重与城市化水平的关系符合倒U形的规律.模型显示:尽管短期内非正规就业,正规就业和城市化之间存在波动关系,但长期看非正规就业对城市化具有显著的推动作用,非正规就业每增长1%,推动城市化水平提高0.1%.这种作用主要体现在非正规就业推动农村人口向城市地区的转移过程与劳动力在正规就业与非正规就业之间的流动过程.结论强调,中国城市化面临的挑战不仅是失业问题,而更多是如何应对处于社会保障系统以外的非正规就业问题.     

中国城市非正规就业研究综述——兼论全球化背景下地理学视角的研究议题

非正规就业研究已引起全球范围内学者的广泛重视.自改革开放以来,我国城市就业模式变化迅速,非正规就业已发展成为重要的就业形式,其研究日趋为学术界所关注.当前我国对非正规就业研究以社会学和经济学为主,主要集中在非正规就业的概念,非正规就业产生的原因,农民工、下岗工人、妇女、高校毕业生等群体非正规就业的特征及非正规就业的发展对策.文中系统梳理和评价了国内研究现状,指出从地理学视角出发的3个非正规就业研究议题包括非正规就业与全球化、非正规就业与城市化以及非正规就业的空间.     

俄罗斯城市发展及其在区域经济中的作用

在俄罗斯向市场经济转轨过程中,城市扮演着重要的角色。俄罗斯城市的产生迟于西方发达国家,其城市化进程在遵循世界发展普遍规律的同时有着自身发展的独特性。文章回顾了俄罗斯的城市发展在沙俄时期、苏联时期和转型时期的三个不同的阶段性特征,指出苏联时期是俄罗斯城市化最重要的发展阶段;总结了俄罗斯城市发展具有大城市较少、结构单一的市镇较多、城市化进程中的"伪城市化"现象、城市规模等级体系发育不够完善和城市群发展不成熟等主要特点;并进一步分析了城市在俄罗斯区域经济中的重要性,着重探讨了莫斯科市及莫斯科集聚区具有突出地位。文章最后就俄罗斯的"逆城市化"现象提出了自己的看法。     

国外非正规部门研究进展

国外非正规部门的研究始于20世纪70年代,最初研究的对象主要集中在发展中国家和地区,随着研究的深入,发现发达国家和地区也存在非正规部门,但存在方式和形成机制有别于发展中国家和地区.通过对国外非正规部门研究文献的系统梳理和分析,表明国外非正规部门的研究已形成一定的研究体系和理论成果,研究内容主要涉及非正规部门的边缘性和异质性等特征,非正规部门的空间集聚与分异,非正规部门存在与发展的理论,包括贫困就业论、二元经济论、规制论和嵌入论等,非正规部门与正规部门的联系,非正规部门的经济、社会影响以及非正规部门的正规化与政策等方面.但在从事非正规经济活动的人的空间特征、从综合视角分析非正规部门的形成发展过程、非正规部门对地域空间的影响以及对比研究和定量研究方面还较为欠缺.     

辽宁沿海经济带空间演变与城市化响应机制研究

城市是区域发展的核心,城市化是区域发展过程中的一种重要运动形式.近百年来,辽宁沿海地区逐渐完成带状空间格局演变,但由于各种原因,这一地区内部城市化进程不均衡,城市等级体系不完善,城市化滞后工业化,城市基础设施不健全.通过实际考察分析,从城市化响应视角探究辽宁沿海经济带的经济复兴和区域发展,提出中心城市化辐射带动、城市体系重构、区域空间结构优化、城市生态空间构建4种适合辽宁沿海经济带内城市化发展的响应机制.     

Effect of land prices on the spatial differentiation of housing prices: Evidence from cross-county analyses in China

This study analyzes the spatial patterns and driving forces of housing prices in China using a 2,872-county dataset of housing prices in 2014. Multiple theoretical perspectives on housing demand, supply, and market, are combined to establish a housing price model to explore the impact of land prices on housing prices. The relative impacts of land prices on housing prices at different administrative levels are then analyzed using the geographical detector technique. Finally, the influencing mechanism of land prices on housing prices is discussed. The main conclusions are as follows. (1) Housing prices have a pyramid- ranked distribution in China, where higher housing prices are linked to smaller urban populations. (2) Land prices are the primary driver of housing prices, and their impacts on housing prices vary over different administrative levels. To be specific, the effect of land prices is the strongest in the urban districts of provincial capital cities. (3) The internal influence mechanisms for land prices driving housing prices are: topographic factors, urban construction level, the agglomeration degree of high-quality public service resources, and the tertiary industrial development level. The urban land supply plan (supply policies) is the intrinsic driver that determines land prices in cities; through supply and demand, cost, and market mechanisms, land prices then impact housing prices.     

土地价格对住房价格空间分异的影响——基于中国县域单元的实证分析（英文）

This study analyzes the spatial patterns and driving forces of housing prices in China using a 2,872-county dataset of housing prices in 2014.Multiple theoretical perspectives on housing demand,supply,and market,are combined to establish a housing price model to explore the impact of land prices on housing prices.The relative impacts of land prices on housing prices at different administrative levels are then analyzed using the geographical detector technique.Finally,the influencing mechanism of land prices on housing prices is discussed.The main conclusions are as follows.(1) Housing prices have a pyramid-ranked distribution in China,where higher housing prices are linked to smaller urban populations.(2) Land prices are the primary driver of housing prices,and their impacts on housing prices vary over different administrative levels.To be specific,the effect of land prices is the strongest in the urban districts of provincial capital cities.(3) The internal influence mechanisms for land prices driving housing prices are:topographic factors,urban construction level,the agglomeration degree of high-quality public service resources,and the tertiary industrial development level.The urban land supply plan(supply policies) is the intrinsic driver that determines land prices in cities;through supply and demand,cost,and market mechanisms,land prices then impact housing prices.     

A look inside the struggle for housing in Buenos Aires,Argentina

Set in the broader context of increasing urban precarity and displacement of the urban poor and working classes, this paper examines the social and collective significance of housing precarity and eviction as it is experienced by Latin American, immigrant families living in informal hotels in Buenos Aires, Argentina. I analyze the internal dynamics, interactions and relationships between residents of informal hotels, the housing organization CIBA (Coordinadora de Inquilinos de Buenos Aires), which fights for housing rights for the poor in the city, and the city government sponsored housing subsidy. I argue that urban precarity severely limits opportunities for collective organization around better housing and political and social change. I show that despite CIBA’s objectives to transform social and political conditions for the poor in Buenos Aires, residents often operate under other assumptions and goals, in part because of the temporal and spatial restraints under which they live. Instead, residents of informal hotels work with CIBA in order to secure access to basic, urgent needs. These different expectations and understandings produce contentious relationships of dependence and subordination that are exacerbated by the eviction process and the city government housing subsidy.     

An approach to differentiate informal settlements using spectral,texture, geomorphology and road accessibility metrics

This research distinguishes informal from formal neighborhoods in developing countries by analyzing shape (form), terrain geomorphology, texture, road networks and dominant settlement materials (vegetation, soil, asphalt) to produce a multivariate, spatially explicit evaluation of settlement structure. The principal datasets require only high resolution imagery and elevation data which are both widely available. Ancillary data, field surveys, and dwelling outlines, which are difficult to obtain from developing countries in general, are not required. Twenty-four variables derived from a review of informal settlement and suburban sprawl research describing settlement characteristics were identified and tested for significance. From both discriminant function analysis and regression trees, seven variables were identified to be significant in distinguishing informal and formal settlements using data from Guatemala. Results show promise in using limited data to identify informal settlements in Latin American countries or other less developed nations.     

基于手机信令数据的深圳市二元居住空间迁居模式研究

迁居是城市空间重构的基础动力,了解其行为机制对改善住房结构、优化空间组织具有重要意义,然而目前针对大城市内部、正规与非正规二元居住空间并存的迁居研究仍较薄弱。本文基于生命历程理论与家庭迁居理论,利用2018年12月至2019年12月的手机信令等多源数据,识别深圳市二元居住空间分布和迁居流样本,从迁居流特征、邻里属性和二元空间类型三方面选取指标开展基于主成分分析的K-means聚类,探究迁居模式、结构特性与形成原因。结果表明：(1)非正规内部、正规与非正规交互、正规内部三层次迁居类型间存在年龄和居住质量递增的趋势,但均呈现通勤导向;(2)二元迁居的主体是短距离迁移,形成了4个大规模迁居网络集群,总体方向表现出郊区化趋势;(3)迁居模式可聚类为社区型、改善型、家庭型、事业型4类,结合二元空间分异影响呈现出8亚类,不同类型迁居群体属性和动因存在显著差别,总体反映出人们在不同生命历程下的迁居过程。最后,文章针对不同迁居模式提出差异化空间治理政策建议。     

Urban Pulse—(RE)Making Space for Globalization in Istanbul

This paper provides critical reflections on the urban transformation campaign launched by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IMM) as part and parcel of its ambitions to upgrade Istanbul to "world city" status. I focus on two main aspects of "urban transformation" in Istanbul: prestige mega-projects and (re)development of informal housing areas, with particular emphasis on the latter. I examine how poor residents' livelihoods are put at stake in spite of the IMM's claim that "urban transformation" is ultimately beneficial for all citizens. I conclude with the unique policy challenges that the local governments face in developing participatory models for urban renewal and regeneration in Istanbul.     

Buying Development: Housing and Urban Growth in Guadalajara,Mexico

This study analyzes how Mexican federal housing policy affects the production of space and the housing landscape in Guadalajara, Mexico. Using a wide-ranging database of parcels developed in metropolitan Guadalajara, we map all housing developments from 1970 to 2000 and classify them into three categories that reflect different development processes. The greatly increased number of social-interest houses, and the large extension of land area developed since 1990 are explained by federal housing program reforms. Informal settlements remain a major path to home ownership, but the percentage of housing developments that are informal and the percentage of informally developed land have declined since the 1980s. We also discovered a trend of increasing land area devoted to low-density, élite enclaves, and analyzed marketing strategies and land use patterns that occurred in these newer developments. All of these outcomes reflect a neoliberal ideology that promotes consumption and the privatization of space, but largely excludes the urban poor. The result is higher rates of home ownership, but in an increasingly segregated and fragmented landscape poorly served by public infrastructure and lacking in amenities.     

ICT对城中村居民居住和就业迁移空间的影响——以北京5个城中村调查为例

近年来中国以互联网技术为核心的信息通讯技术(ICT)发展迅速,对居民的社会经济活动、生活方式等产生了深刻影响。本文利用问卷调查、微信访谈等方式调查了北京5个典型城中村,利用多元无序多分类logistic回归模型验证信息渠道对城中村居民居住和迁移空间的影响,结果表明：城中村住房市场非正规化从信息源头切断了居民通过互联网获取住房信息的渠道,加上城中村居民选择新住所具有就业导向和以地缘—血缘为纽带聚集的特征,信息渠道对城中村居民的居住迁移距离没有显著影响;受“就业锚点”、“距离衰减定律”和非正规就业影响,信息渠道对城中村居民近距离就业迁移也没有显著影响,但在更大空间范围内,城中村居民能通过招聘网站、社交网络等网络渠道获取就业信息,ICT的发展丰富了他们的信息获取渠道,扩大了就业空间选择,一定程度上减轻了时空制约。本文加深了关于ICT对居民日常活动空间影响、技术进步与社会平等关系的理解,丰富了居民时空间行为研究。