Inverse modelling of aquifer parameters in basaltic rock with the help of pumping test method using MODFLOW software

The origin and movement of groundwater are the fundamental questions that address both the temporal and spatial aspects of ground water run and water supply related issues in hydrological systems. As groundwater flows through an aquifer, its composition and temperature may variation dependent on the aquifer condition through which it flows. Thus, hydrologic investigations can also provide useful information about the subsurface geology of a region. But because such studies investigate processes that follow under the Earth's shallow, obtaining the information necessary to answer these questions is not continuously easy. Springs, which discharge groundwater table directly, afford to study subsurface hydrogeological processes.The present study of estimation of aquifer factors such as transmissivity (T) and storativity (S) are vital for the evaluation of groundwater resources. There are several methods to estimate the accurate aquifer parameters (i.e. hydrograph analysis, pumping test, etc.). In initial days, these parameters are projected either by means of in-situ test or execution test on aquifer well samples carried in the laboratory. The simultaneous information on the hydraulic behavior of the well (borehole) that provides on this method, the reservoir and the reservoir boundaries, are important for efficient aquifer and well data management and analysis. The most common in-situ test is pumping test performed on wells, which involves the measurement of the fall and increase of groundwater level with respect to time. The alteration in groundwater level (drawdown/recovery) is caused due to pumping of water from the well. Theis (1935) was first to propose method to evaluate aquifer parameters from the pumping test on a bore well in a confined aquifer. It is essential to know the transmissivity (T = Kb, where b is the aquifer thickness; pumping flow rate, Q = TW (dh/dl) flow through an aquifer) and storativity (confined aquifer: S = bS_s, unconfined: S = S_y), for the characterization of the aquifer parameters in an unknown area so as to predict the rate of drawdown of the groundwater table/potentiometric surface throughout the pumping test of an aquifer. The determination of aquifer's parameters is an important basis for groundwater resources evaluation, numerical simulation, development and protection as well as scientific management. For determining aquifer's parameters, pumping test is a main method. A case study shows that these techniques have been fast speed and high correctness. The results of parameter's determination are optimized so that it has important applied value for scientific research and geology engineering preparation.     

小庄矿井采煤对地下水的影响及保水采煤措施

针对煤炭开采易造成地表塌陷及含水层破坏等问题,采用类比法计算了彬长矿区规划新建的矿井——小庄矿井开采导水裂缝带高度,在此基础上分析了采煤对地下水的影响,并提出保水采煤的措施。经计算,采用分层开采时产生的导水裂隙带最大高度为147.84 m,在三盘区将导通安定组隔水层,造成宜君组、洛河组承压含水层破坏,导通区域面积为0.773 6 km2。因此,在可能导通的区域应进行保水采煤以保证安定组隔水层的稳定,从而达到保护具有供水意义的含水层和保障矿井生产安全的双重目的。      

An integration-based estimation approach for the determination of slug test parameters under various flow geometries

A simple parameter estimation procedure, designated as integration-based estimation (IBE), was introduced to determine the hydraulic properties of an aquifer using slug test models subjected to certain flow geometries such as radial and spherical flows. The basic idea behind the proposed IBE approach is to link an integration value at pre-defined normalized head levels for field data with that of a theoretical type curve. The IBE method removes the need for the implementation of the classical graphical matching process which would be ineffective to acquire aquifer parameters for non-ideal aquifer conditions. As the second aspect of this study, a new decision tool was suggested to determine the suitable slug test model to be utilized for the site data since diagnosing the flow character properly is of crucial importance for following a convenient analysis procedure. The estimation performance and limitation of the proposed IBE method were tested for several slug test scenarios including radial and spherical flow models with a number of synthetically generated data sets as well as a field application. Results reveal that the IBE together with the identification methodology not only is able to retrieve aquifer parameters as reliable as the existing techniques in the literature but also diagnoses the flow character precisely as demonstrated in this study.     

基于阶梯流量压水试验水位恢复的含水层参数计算

承压含水层阶梯流量井流公式与水位恢复井流公式可解决不同流量变动条件下含水层参数求解。针对野外压水试验中流量与水压难以控制且观测精度低, 但阶梯流量压水后水位恢复曲线易于准确观测的特点, 根据叠加原理, 从非稳定承压含水层阶梯流量井流基本公式中推导出阶梯流量水位恢复公式。根据现场阶梯流量压水试验资料进行了含水层参数计算, 验证了公式的可行性。      

Theis不稳定潜水井流模型的改进——具入渗补给

地下水的补排主要包括垂向的地面入渗补给、蒸发排泄（蒸发可视为入渗的负值）及侧向的地表水补给、排泄。水文地质学最基本的问题之一——地下水可持续开釆量的评价准则,涉及补给的增量与排泄的减量,因此地下水开采的预测模型必须包含上述两类的补给、排泄因素,否则不能满足要求。然而,经典的Theis不稳定井流模型,即使在傍河抽水,也只有侧边界的补给、排泄作用,而不涉及上边界的地面入渗补给。这样一来,这个解析模型基本上不能够用于预测,而只能在旱季用于井流试验求取含水系统的参数。为此,文章的目标是发展具地面入渗补给的Theis不稳定潜水井流模型。对于潜水流问题,不能再用承压水流的以水头为应变量的方程来建立,应采用第二类线性化方法的势函数来建立潜水流问题。对于既有降雨入渗补给,又有抽水井作用的复杂的水文地质问题所概化数学模型的求解,采取的方法是把它分解成若干个简单的子模型问题求解,然后将其合成为原来复杂数学模型的解。基于质量守恒原理,假定渗流服从Darcy定律并满足Dupuit徦定建立了水流基本微分方程。然后对于两平行河流及一河流平行一隔水边界形成的两类条形区域,具地面均匀稳定入渗补给的井流问题,获得通用水位方程和几类常见的特定条件水位方程及其流量方程。此外,提出并采用“边界对边界的反映法”用以求解一河流平行一隔水边界条形区域的同一问题,减少了许多推导过程。最后,作为上述理论成果的初步应用,也是一个重要的应用,即在河水水质不能满足要求的河流附近,设有一口抽水井,计算该抽水井在不汲取河水的前提下的临界流量方程,获得具重要意义的结构简洁的关系式。该方程也可以用于滨海区的抽水井,在不发生海水入侵前提下的临界抽水流量计算。给出了上述条件不稳定井流过程某时刻的地下水流网图,其流网与文献中常见的傍河井流的流网相比,具显明的特征。     

抽水试验中不同位置自动水位计响应数据应用分析

抽水试验中,动水位数据采集记录及处理分析对水文地质参数计算具有重要意义。近年来自动水位计被广泛用于抽水试验,通过传感器压强水头变化值获取水位降深。因井管内水流动会产生水头损失,自动水位计安放位置不同会导致获取的井水位降深不同,不同于传统方法测得的井水面降深,对水文地质参数计算将产生一定影响,因此如何合理放置自动水位计以及在参数计算中如何应用其获取的水位降深都亟待开展试验研究。在黑河流域第四系大厚度含水层地区,选择典型单层试验孔和利用分层封隔技术实现的一孔同径多层抽水孔开展试验研究,在动水位以下抽水试验层段上部、中部、下部以及潜水泵上部和下部分别放置自动水位计进行了系统的数据采集分析。结果表明:抽水试验中因井管内水流沿程水头损失及速度水头差异导致不同位置自动水位计获得压强水头变化值不同,本次试验实测到井筒内不同部位井损值;井损值在潜水泵进水口处最大,随距潜水泵距离的增大而减小,为避开井筒内较大水头损失对参数计算的影响,自动水位计宜优选安放在潜水泵上部接近动水位位置;在单孔抽水试验中利用稳定流公式计算水文地质参数时,自动水位计获取水位降深含井损不可忽略,需通过多落程抽水试验数据分析扣除后使用。同时,抽水试验中自动水位计不同位置获取数据的处理分析方法为更好地理解井中水头损失提供了依据。     

用水位恢复数据反演越流承压含水层参数

水文地质勘测中,由于水位恢复阶段没有人力和机械因素干扰,由测量数据可以画出平滑的曲线,更适宜于分析水文地质参数,但经典非稳定流Theis公式和Theis水位恢复法所依据的若干假设条件在实际中难以满足。针对越流承压含水层具有补给条件而很快稳定以及非稳定抽水阶段流量常“抖动”的特点,论证了利用稳定流量和Hantush-Jacob越流模型计算的可行性,并用扩展的卡尔曼滤波器反演水文地质参数,经文献中历史数据和实地抽水试验检验结果表明,由该方法反演的预测值和实测值吻合良好。     

Comparison of age distributions estimated from environmental tracers by using binary-dilution and numerical models of fractured and folded karst: Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and West Virginia, USA

Measured concentrations of environmental tracers in spring discharge from a karst aquifer in the Shenandoah Valley, USA, were used to refine a numerical groundwater flow model. The karst aquifer is folded and faulted carbonate bedrock dominated by diffuse flow along fractures. The numerical model represented bedrock structure and discrete features (fault zones and springs). Concentrations of ³H, ³He, ⁴He, and CFC-113 in spring discharge were interpreted as binary dilutions of young (0–8  years) water and old (tracer-free) water. Simulated mixtures of groundwater are derived from young water flowing along shallow paths, with the addition of old water flowing along deeper paths through the model domain that discharge to springs along fault zones. The simulated median age of young water discharged from springs (5.7  years) is slightly older than the median age estimated from ³H/³He data (4.4  years). The numerical model predicted a fraction of old water in spring discharge (0.07) that was half that determined by the binary-dilution model using the ³H/³He apparent age and ³H and CFC-113 data (0.14). This difference suggests that faults and lineaments are more numerous or extensive than those mapped and included in the numerical model.     

宁东煤炭基地煤炭开采对地下水的影响预测

宁东煤炭基地生态环境脆弱,水资源匮乏,煤炭开采过程中的水资源保护备受关注。采用公式法及现有3个工作面实测数据研究,确定了首采煤层开采导水裂缝带发育的最大高度,对比首采煤层至主要含水层之间的距离与导水裂缝带发育的高度差值,预测首采煤层开采对含水层结构的影响程度。研究结果表明,宁东煤炭基地首采煤层开采的导水裂缝带发育高度一般为20～80m,其中大于180m的区域面积约5.9km2,集中于西北部灵武矿区;石炭纪—二叠纪煤矿区横城矿区7个钻孔导水裂缝带突破石盒子组达主要含水层(新生界含水层)底部,侏罗纪煤矿区灵武矿区9个钻孔的导水裂缝带已经沟通地表。将首采煤层开采影响含水层的程度划分为影响大、影响较大、影响一般、影响微弱4种类型,各种类型所占比例分别为14.7%、40.31%、18.65%、26.34%。     

Modelling hydrostratigraphy and groundwater flow of a fractured and karst aquifer in a Mediterranean basin (Salento peninsula, southeastern Italy)

The control exerted by the hydrostratigraphic structure on aquifer recharge, groundwater flow and discharge along the coastal areas of a Mediterranean basin (Salento peninsula, about 5,000?km² wide, southern Italy) is assessed through the development and application of a groundwater flow model based on the reconstruction of the hydrostratigraphic architecture at the regional scale. The hydrostratigraphic model, obtained by processing surface and subsurface data, is applied to map the top of the main aquifer, which is hosted in the deep hydrostratigraphic unit corresponding to Cretaceous and Oligocene limestones with complex geometrical relationships with the sea. It is also used to estimate the aquifer recharge, which occurs by percolation through overlying younger sediments with low permeability. These data are completed with information about the soil use to estimate water abstraction for irrigation and with literature data to estimate the water abstraction for drinking and industrial purposes. The above-sketched conceptual model is the basis for a finite difference groundwater 2D pseudo-stationary flow model, which assumes the following fundamental approximations: the fractured and karst limestone hydrostratigraphic unit can be approximated, at the model scale, as a continuous medium for which the discrete Darcy??s law is valid; the transition zone between salt and fresh water is so small with respect to the grid spacing that the Ghyben?CHerzberg??s approximation for a sharp interface can be applied. Along the coastline different boundary conditions are assigned if the top of the limestone hydrostratigraphic unit lies either above the sea level (the aquifer has a free surface and fresh water is drained), or below the sea level (the aquifer is under pressure and the contact with sea occurs off-shore). The groundwater flow model correctly predicts the areas where the aquifer is fully saturated with salt water.     

Detecting a salinity plume in an unconfined sandy aquifer and assessing secondary soil salinization using electromagnetic induction techniques, North Dakota, USA

 Land-use changes on the Sheyenne Delta in southeastern North Dakota, USA, have prompted research on impacts to the unconfined Sheyenne Delta aquifer (SDA). This study examines effects of the saline discharge of a flowing artesian well that taps the Dakota aquifer (DAK) on SDA groundwater chemistry and soil salinity. Objectives were to map the saline plume in the SDA using induction techniques, to assess chloride migration in the SDA, and to evaluate induction sensitivity to moderately saline sands. Induction data, collected in a 2.9-ha grid, were compared to 31 soil profiles analyzed for gravimetric moisture, electrical conductivity, and chloride. Soil salinization is widespread, but only 7% of the area meets the 4-dS/m threshold for saline soils. SDA chloride distribution was determined on transects oriented with and perpendicular to the flow path determined from induction readings. Chloride was detected in the aquifer 550 m from the source, indicating a transport rate of 21 m/yr. Complex recharge and discharge patterns and hummocky relief contribute to a wide chloride plume at this site. A mass balance based on soil-water content and chloride concentration shows that only 4% of the chloride from the DAK well remains in the grid volume. Received, January 1998 · Revised, January 1999 · Accepted, March 1999     

横河煤矿底含放水孔与井田内供水井连通试验研究

在邹城市宏河矿业集团横河煤矿井田范围内,有多眼供水井.由于这些供水井大部分穿透了第四系松散层,致使上部含水层和底部含水层串通,造成对矿井水的补给.但较长时期以来,由于缺乏直接的证据,对供水井与煤矿底含涌水之间的关系看法不一,从而造成对矿井水防治决策的困扰.通过化学示踪法跟踪地下水的流向,证实是供水井自身结构串通了第四系含水层上、中、下组,从而造成上组含水层对底部含水层的补给.     

A numerical investigation to illustrate the consequences of hydraulic connections between granular and fractured-rock aquifers

Natural or artificial hydraulic connections between a granular aquifer in contact with a fractured-rock aquifer can have significant physical and chemical impacts at both a local and a regional scale. In this study, numerical simulations are conducted in order to illustrate the hydrogeological consequences of such hydraulic relationships. The numerical investigation, based on a conceptual model, focuses on the effects of the hydraulic connections when conducting a pumping test in a well that is set into a granular confined aquifer overlying a fractured-rock aquifer which presents a few fractures directly connected to the granular aquifer. It is illustrated that when interpreting the pumping test with the conventional methods consisting of plotting the drawdown versus time, a bias is introduced on the estimation of the transmissivity of the granular aquifer due to groundwater flowing from the fractured-rock aquifer via connecting fractures. However, it is underlined that plotting drawdown log-derivative versus time helps to diagnose the existence of these hydraulic relationships and therefore avoids committing a bias on the transmissivity estimation of the granular aquifer. Numerical simulation results also illustrate that hydraulic connections between the two aquifers can have significant impacts on the hydrogeochemical signature of the granular aquifer under investigation.     

Finite element analysis of axisymmetric flow into partially penetrating wells

The finite element method was used to solve the problem of flow to a partially penetrating strainer well in a leaky confined aquifer under steady and unsteady conditions. Predictions of the model were compared with reported pumping test data. A good agreement was obtained between them. The effects of penetration and screen position on discharge through imperfect well were studied. Results were compared with analytical solutions and presented graphically.     

非承压和非稳定抽水试验资料的有限单元分析

在抽水条件下水位随空间和时间变化的预测,依赖于潜水层的透水率和给水度的准确测定。如何利用抽水试验资料求这两种参数也是一个关键。这种相辅相成的关系是有效地开发利用地下水资源的前提。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部深埋煤层工作面涌水量预测方法

鄂尔多斯盆地北部侏罗纪深埋区中生代地层以河流相沉积为主,呈分阶段的多旋回演化特点,导致煤层顶板含隔水层交替分布;由于地表大部分为毛乌素沙漠,降水入渗补给系数大,第四系松散层储水能力强,充足的补给水源造成煤层顶板直接充水含水层富水性较强,其中最主要的充水含水层为七里镇砂岩,以七里镇砂岩为关键层,将煤层至七里镇砂岩概化为一个直接充水含水层。承压水井大降深抽水时,当井中水位低于含水层顶板,井附近的含水层会出现无压水流区,形成承压–无压水井,采用分段法计算流向井的流量,包括无压水区和承压水区。实际工作面回采过程中,井中水位已降低至煤层底板;传统的承压–无压水井公式假设条件为井径较小(≤m级),而实际工作面回采过程中,随着覆岩导水裂隙带对七里镇砂岩关键充水含水层的破坏,导致整个煤层顶板形成巨大的采空区疏水井(102~103 m级),且该采空区疏水井半径逐渐增大,传统公式适用性不高。基于《地下水动力学》中的承压–无压水井公式,结合鄂尔多斯盆地北部深埋煤炭开采过程中采空区疏水井演化过程,建立适合于深埋区开采扰动下的采空区疏水井承压–无压水公式;以葫芦素煤矿首采工作面为研究对象,利用地质勘探和井下揭露获得的相关水文地质参数,计算葫芦素煤矿首采工作面回采过程中涌水量。结果表明:工作面回采初期,由于导水裂隙带未充分发育,尚未沟通七里镇砂岩,此阶段实际涌水量偏小;中后期导水裂隙带发育至七里镇砂岩,涌水量计算值与实际值较为接近,证明深埋煤层工作面涌水量计算公式可较准确地预测研究区工作面回采过程中的涌水量。本次建立的深埋工作面涌水量计算公式,广泛适用于我国西部侏罗纪煤田区,可为深埋煤田区煤炭资源安全开采提供科学的水害防治依据。      

利用泉水长观资料计算降水入渗系数——以务川自治县大竹园铝土矿区岩溶充水矿床为例

务川自治县大竹园铝土矿区为高山台地向斜正地形,岩溶充水矿床,水位埋藏较深,大气降水是地下水的唯一补给源,北、东、西为陡崖或陡坡,崖脚为矿系和隔水层,沿陡崖上部边缘分布一条开口向西的地表分水岭,形成完整的水文地质单元,地下水在向斜内由东向西汇集于梅古洞排泄。铝土矿层直接顶板梁山组(P_2l)页岩,厚度小,不连续,其上部茅口栖霞组(P_2m+q)灰岩强含水层与矿层直接接触,并且岩溶管道发育。因此,计算矿坑涌水量的方法用水均衡法较为恰当,即利用泉水观测资料计算入渗系数,从而达到预测矿坑涌水量、评价含水层富水性的目的。     

Development of an efficient surrogate model based on aquifer dimensions to prevent seawater intrusion in anisotropic coastal aquifers,case study: the Qom aquifer in Iran

Coastal aquifers are usually exposed to saltwater intrusion. Therefore, groundwater extracted from these aquifers should be regulated considering their dimensions and effective parameters. In this paper, optimum discharge from a large number of exploitation wells is evaluated according to variations of width, length, and anisotropy coefficient in the Qom aquifer near the salt lake in central Iran. First, the wells are divided into clusters to decrease the number of decision variables. Then, the location and discharge from each cluster is obtained using SEAWAT and charged system search (CSS) simulation–optimization model with the assumption of three-dimensional variable density flow. The maximum discharge considering various anisotropy rates is computed based on different values of lengths and widths of the aquifer. Finally, an M5-tree model is trained using the obtained samples to derive a linear relationship between input and output data. Based on the results, for various ranges of width and length of an aquifer with impermeable boundaries, different linear equations for optimum discharge are obtained. Also, it was found that for an aquifer with a small width, the critical discharge is a function of the length while the effect of the boundaries is negligible. Sensitivity analysis of the anisotropy coefficient reveals that with increasing the anisotropy rate, thickness and slope of the transition zone decrease and as the maximum discharge increases consequently. However, the sensitivity of the discharge to anisotropy rate is not remarkable. A comparison between the results of this study with those of the analytical method based on sharp interface assumption is carried out. For the critical condition, the best agreement between analytical equation (\(\overline {L} =0.87\overline {W} +0.62\)) and proposed method (\(\overline {L} =0.83\overline {W} - 1.41\)) is achieved for the anisotropic aquifer when the 50% isochlor is assumed as the measure of salt water intrusion.     

An approach to interpretation of step drawdown tests

To understand the behaviour of drawdown with discharge under site-specific conditions, a step drawdown test (SDT) was conducted on a tubewell in alluvium near Delhi, India, and the data were analyzed to find the value of well efficiency. The entrance velocity of groundwater into the well screen was computed to see if it exceeded the safety limit of 0.03 m/s. Reynold's number (Re) was also calculated to study the nature of flow at the well screen. The decrease in efficiency of the well at higher discharge was attributed to an increase in turbulence and curvature of the flow path of water. An alternative, more efficient approach has been put forward, using a spreadsheet programme to fit a polynomial trend line on a plot of drawdown versus discharge and deriving a polynomial trend line equation. This equation predicts the behaviour of drawdown with discharge under site-specific conditions. The calculated efficiency of the tubewell can, at best, be regarded as a reflection of head loss on account of the laminar flow from the aquifer.     

基于数值模拟的含水层参数识别

利用地下水流数值模拟软件Modflow耦合大型抽水试验和长观孔水位两个模型的方法,对含水层参数进行了识别与校验,该方法求得的含水层参数避免了只利用抽水试验模型校验所带来的不确定性。同时利用抽水实验数据进行抽水与恢复的全过程曲线拟合,水位降深模拟相对误差小于6％,并且对均衡水量、泉水的溢出量以及末流场拟合程度进行了分析,均衡水量模拟相对误差最大为2．6％,泉水溢出量模拟相对误差最大为8．14％,末流场拟合程度也较好,从而提高了含水层参数的准确性。实例研究表明,这种求参方法精度高、切实可行,可以推广到其他的含水层参数确定中。