多圈管分期冻结施工法温度场现场实测与分析

在深厚表土中进行冻结法施工常产生由于冻胀应力造成的冻结管断裂, 为减小深井冻结壁在形成过程中产生的内部冻胀应力, 采取外圈辅助冻结孔滞后于主圈孔冻结的施工方案, 能有效地防止冻结管断裂. 应用有限元方法对淮南某煤矿主井冻结井筒分期冻结过程进行了瞬态温度场数值模拟, 和现场实测十分接近. 分期冻结方案能减少冻结壁内部水分聚集, 以达到减少冻胀应力的目的, 并形成相对比较均匀的温度场. 相同冻结条件下采用分期冻结方案, 冻结壁有效厚度增大约15%. 数值模拟的系统分析可为深井冻结壁的设计与施工提供科学依据.     

深部厚粘土层内井壁工程地质特征分析

对黄淮地区厚覆盖层内百余个竖井井壁工程的调查, 发现: 深部厚粘土层是冻结法建井施工期断冻结管和外层井壁易破损的部位; 成井后, 却是两类特凿井壁强度增强的部位, 也是固结沉降时形成井壁侧摩阻力的主要部位。综合大量事实, 本文指出表土深部的厚粘土层存在着地压高、不冻结、塑性变形显著、摩擦阻力大等工程特性。      

深厚表土层中冻结壁物理模拟试验研究进展

针对冻结法凿井工程面临的表土层厚度不断增加,而现有冻结壁的设计理论滞后于工程实践的问题,由于冻结壁是属于水、温度、应力、位移多场耦合的非线性问题,且冻结法凿井工程本身特殊力学行为（有压冻结一开挖卸载～支护加载）,理论和数值模拟研究进展不能满足工程要求的现状．依据相似理论的物理模拟试验研究是目前条件最可能获得相对准确规律...     

循环加卸载下直墙拱形巷（隧）道应力松弛特性试验研究

针对硬岩应力松弛特性及岩爆研究的不足,开展了低、中、高载荷下的循环加卸载直墙拱形巷（隧）道应力松弛过程试验,得出了应力松弛规律,建立了应力松弛模型,探讨了应力松弛机制。结果表明：在低载荷下的循环加卸载直墙拱形巷（隧）道应力松弛过程均呈现出迅速衰减、逐渐衰减和稳定3个演化阶段,应力松弛规律一致,但随着循环次数的增加,应力松弛时间放缓,应力衰减损失程度在降低;低载荷下的应力松弛过程是巷（隧）道围岩拉应力和压应力同时衰减的过程,内部没有损伤产生,整体未产生破裂;在中等载荷下的循环加卸载直墙拱形巷（隧）道围岩应力松弛过程同样呈现出迅速衰减、逐渐衰减和稳定3个演化阶段,随着循环次数的增加总体上呈现应力松弛时间放缓的趋势,最终同样表现为巷（隧）道围岩拉应力和压应力同时衰减的过程;与低载荷下相比,中等载荷下的应力松弛过程变慢,内部有损伤产生,但后续循环未导致围岩破坏;在高载荷下的直墙拱形巷（隧）道围岩呈现拉应力持续增加和压应力持续减小的过程,巷（隧）道持续损伤破裂,侧帮产生层爆,最终形成V型爆坑,整体呈现两次明显爆裂破坏;采用分数阶微积分理论来描述循环加卸载情况下的应力松弛过程,建立了分数阶模型即应...     

基于围岩相互作用的冻结壁弹塑性分析对比研究

冻结壁弹塑性分析的目的并不是为了减薄冻结壁厚度,而是为可靠性设计提供参考。综述了冻结壁弹塑性分析的发展,基于"包神"公式弹性分析,开展了冻结壁弹塑性力学模型的研究,推导出了应力场和位移场解析表达式,并与不同力学模型进行了对比;分析了采用不同屈服准则时的冻结壁塑性区半径计算公式和进入临塑状态时的水平初始应力判别式。利用工程算例对比分析了不同水平初始应力下,采用不同屈服准则时冻结壁的临塑地压值、塑性区外半径和弹性区外荷载;结果表明,冻结壁临塑地压值增大32%,塑性区半径减小14.5%,冻结壁外载荷减小23.3%,为冻结壁厚度设计的可靠性分析提供了数据支持。     

富水砂层斜井冻结壁力学特性及温度场研究

研究富水砂层斜井冻结壁力学特性及温度场分布规律,可为解决斜井冻结法凿井穿越富水砂层技术难点提供可靠依据。以陕北某斜井冻结法凿井工程为研究背景,通过室内物理力学试验、现场实测及有限元数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了冻结状态下砂土的热物理及力学特性,分析了斜井冻结法凿井期间冻结壁受力机制,深入分析斜井冻融过程中冻结压力变化规律及原因,对测温孔与冻结壁径向温度实测与数值模拟结果进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,随着温度降低,冻结砂土导热系数呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,且冻结温度对冻结砂土的内摩擦角影响较大;冻结温度、井筒埋深和地下水对冻结压力的影响较大;混凝土水化热对冻结壁的影响范围约为460~475 mm。研究结果可为富水砂层地区斜井冻结法凿井的优化设计和安全稳定性研究提供依据。     

基于改进西原模型的深井冻结压力数值计算分析

深厚冲积层冻结压力取值大小是冻结法凿井外层井壁设计计算的重要依据。为此,基于符合深井冻土蠕变特性的改进西原模型,利用ABAQUS软件的用户子程序接口,实现该模型的UMAT开发。考虑土体冻结过程中的热-力耦合作用获得井筒开挖前土体冻胀应力分布规律,在此基础上,计算分析了深部冻结井的掘砌过程,获得了作用于外层井壁的冻结压力发展变化规律。计算结果表明：土体埋深、冻结壁温度、土体冻胀率等因素均影响冻结压力的大小。在其他条件不变的情况下,当埋深由400 m增加到500 m时,冻结压力增加21%;当冻结壁平均温度由-16 ℃降低至-18 ℃时,冻结压力减小10%;当土体冻胀率由2%增加到3%时,冻结压力增加3.8%。冻结压力随层位深度及土体冻胀率的增加而增加,而降低冻结壁温度则有利于冻结壁的稳定。数值计算结果与实测值的误差小于15%,比理论计算更有利于实际工程中深井冻结压力的计算预测。     

多圈管冻结温度场特征分析及工程应用

多圈管冻结工法已在深厚地层井筒掘砌中广泛应用,但对多圈管冻结温度场需进一步深入研究。以某冻结井筒为原型,对关键层位开展冻结管无偏斜条件下的冻结温度场模型试验、进行冻结管偏斜条件下的温度场数值计算,同时利用温度场信息可视化软件对现场实测结果进行分析。将三种测试手段获得的结果进行比较,得出冻结管偏斜对冻结壁有效厚度影响较小,但对冻结壁平均温度、冻结壁交圈时间影响都很大,且容易在冻结壁内部产生密闭未冻承压水仓,造成冻胀力聚集,对冻结壁整体稳定性及井筒开挖不利。其结果可为多圈管冻结法凿井设计与施工提供参考。     

地铁超长水平冻结法冻结壁形成特性研究

根据带相变瞬态温度场的传热控制微分方程,应用数值方法分析了地铁超长水平冻结法温度场分布规律,模拟冻结壁形成过程.应用准三维方法将三维问题转化为二维问题,通过对冻结管沿程水平方向盐水温度分布的计算,分析水平方向冻结壁发展的差异性规律.结果表明:对于地铁超长水平冻结法施工,冻结管沿程冻结壁发展存在较大差异,包括冻结壁交圈时间、冻结速率,冻结壁厚度等.为以后水平冻结法施工冻结壁形成过程的预测与评价提供了方法,同时该方法也可以用于竖井冻结施工中冻结壁形成的分析和研究.     

人工冻土黏弹塑性本构参数反分析研究

通过大量的人工冻结黏土蠕变试验研究,获得在高偏应力下人工冻结黏土具有显著的蠕变特性：当应力水平较低时,人工冻土发生黏弹性蠕变变性;当应力水平较高时,人工冻土发生黏塑性蠕变变性。因此,以西原模型为基础,增加一个黏弹性元件项和用抛物线屈服函数代替塑性屈服项,构建了高应力下抛物线型黏弹塑性蠕变本构模型。改进的西原模型可以较好描述人工冻土剪切蠕变特性。基于小生境技术的遗传算法和人工冻土黏弹塑性模型有限元理论,在FEPG（有限元程序生成器）自动生成平台上研发了位移反分析程序。利用现场实测数据对深井冻结井筒开挖过程进行了位移反分析,获得了与试验相一致的冻土本构力学模型参数,数值分析结果与实测数据之间的误差在6%以内,反演结果验证了模型的可行性。冻结井筒开挖过程的位移反分析获得的人工冻土本构模型参数,能反映冻结壁施工过程和有效冻结范围内冻土本构参数平均值,因而具有广泛的代表性,对冻结壁应力场、位移场和稳定性预测具有重要工程意义。     

深厚表土静止土压力系数变化规律试验研究

深部土静止土压力的计算与预测是煤矿深井建设设计与施工中的理论与技术难题之一。深部原状土重塑后的高压静止土压力系数的实验研究与分析表明,深厚表土静止土压力系数与浅表土的静止土压力系数有较大差异,深井建设设计与施工技术中应考虑这种土压力的特殊性,以避免可能的工程事故及人财物的重大损失。     

地下连续墙施工影响应力重分布的数值模拟

对武汉市某超大型超深基坑10幅邻近地连墙跳跃式施工过程进行了三维有限差分数值模拟。数值模拟步骤依次为泥浆护壁成槽开挖、混凝土浇筑及混凝土硬化3个过程。泥浆护壁成槽开挖及混凝土浇筑分别采用常静液压力和变静液压力的方式加载,混凝土的硬化过程采用变弹性模量和泊松比的线弹性实体单元完成。数值计算结果与实测数据吻合较好。对单个跳跃式开挖过程墙上土压力的监测揭示了地下连续墙施工影响应力重分布的变化规律。模拟施工完成后10幅地下连续墙上的土压力值沿墙长度方向随静止土压力值上下波动,波谷出现在槽段连接处附近,波峰接近槽段中心轴,波动幅度大小与土体深度有关。分析表明,泥浆压力、混凝土灌注压力及土压力差值是影响墙后应力重分布波动幅度的主要原因,适当的泥浆重度及合理的注浆方式能避免土体扰动。     

排桩冻结法深基坑施工监测与反馈分析

对于润扬大桥南锚碇排桩冻结法深大基坑,冻结作用使基坑的受力过程变得更为复杂,根据排桩冻结法基坑结构和场地工程地质条件,建立了大型安全监测系统。本文介绍了润扬大桥南锚碇场地工程地质条件、排桩冻结法基坑的结构和南锚碇基坑监测方案、分析了南锚排桩冻结法深基坑各项监测数据的变化规律,包括侧向土压力、内支撑轴力、排桩钢筋应力和排桩水平位移随时间变化规律,并基于施工监测进行了反馈分析,保障了南锚碇排桩冻结法深基坑的安全与稳定。监测结果分析表明,排桩冻结法是基坑工程的一种可行的施工工法,润扬大桥南锚碇排桩冻结法深大基坑的成功实践为今后类似工程的建设积累了宝贵经验。     

Study on frost heaving characteristics of sandstone under different freezing conditions北大核心CSCD

At present,artificial freezing method has become one of the effective methods for coal mine shaft to pass through water-rich soft rock strata,which can stop the movement of groundwater and limit the deformation of surrounding rock. In order to study the frost heaving characteristics of sandstone under different freezing conditions,frost heaving tests of saturated and dry Cretaceous red sandstone samples under different freezing rates （10 ℃·h-1,5 ℃·h-1,2 ℃·h-1,1 ℃·h-1）and different confining pressures（5 MPa,10 MPa,15 MPa,20 MPa,25 MPa）were carried out by using GCTS（Geotechnical Consulting & Testing Systems）servo-controlled low temperature and high pressure triaxial rock testing system. In this paper,based on the existing theory of physical and mechanical properties of frozen soil,we studied the frost heaving law of sandstone under different freezing conditions and explored the frost heaving mechanism. The result shows that in the process of cooling,the dry rock sample always produce cold shrinkage deformation,while the saturated rock sample first produce cold shrinkage deformation,then produce frost deformation,and finally the deformation tends to be stable. The deformation of saturated rock samples is much larger than that of dry rock samples. The larger the stress level of rock samples at the same temperature is,the smaller the frost deformation is,which shows a linear negative correlation,mainly because the high confining pressure limits the volume expansion of the water phase in the pore inside the rock samples when it becomes ice. The frost deformation of rock samples is mainly affected by confining pressure and water content,while the frost heaving rate is mainly affected by cooling rate. Under this test condition,the higher the cooling rate of sandstone is,the higher the frost heaving rate is,and the relationship between them is approximately linear. For saturated rock samples,the confining pressure reduces the rock frost heaving by limiting the expansion during the phase transformation of ice water,and the temperature affects the rock frost heaving by affecting the freezing rate of pore water and the thermal expansion and cold contraction of rock skeleton. For dry rock samples,the deformation is mainly due to the volume contraction of rock mineral particles caused by thermal expansion and cold contraction effect,and the greater the temperature change,the greater the deformation. Based on the experimental results and theoretical analysis method,a calculation formula of rock frost heaving considering the influence of confining pressure was established. By calculating the frost heave of sandstone samples under different confining pressures,it is found that the calculated values are in good agreement with the experimental results. Moreover,according to the calculation formula of frost heaving,the influence factors of rock frost heaving during freezing can be divided into two categories：internal cause and external cause. The internal cause includes porosity,saturation,volume modulus of ice and rock skeleton,and the external cause includes temperature and confining pressure. For saturated rock,the frost heaving is mainly affected by factors such as confining pressure,temperature and porosity. When the saturation,porosity and freezing rate are low,the rock may only produce shrinkage deformation,because these indicators determine whether the rock produces frost heave or freeze shrinkage. The mechanism of rock frost heaving is very complicated due to the interaction and restriction between the internal and external factors and the dynamic changes of rock micro-structure and mechanical properties during the process of frost heaving. The research results can provide theoretical reference for freezing construction scheme design of deep coal seam mine construction,and also provide a theoretical basis for the study of physical and mechanical properties and engineering application of soft rock in frozen soil area. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

Engineering quality assurance for construction ground freezing

Controlled ground freezing for mining and construction applications has been in use for over a century. Despite the great technological evolution which has occurred during this period, it still remains more of an art than a science. Both the ground freezing system and related frozen earth structure are, as a practical matter, indeterminate from the standpoint of accurate engineering computations. Because of this, the successful execution of a ground freezing project depends to a large extent on the personal experience of the individuals involved in its design and execution. The purpose of this paper is to present information on proven methods for accomplishing and verifying some of the most important construction operations used during installation and maintenance of a ground freezing system and related frozen earth structure. The data on which this paper is based are derived from records of numerous completed projects for which ground freezing was employed to provide temporary ground suppport groundwater control, and/or structural underpinning. Applications included shafts, tunnels, deep open excavations, underpinning, and emergency or remedial repair of other types of construction used in the same applications.

Based on the data studied, the paper concludes with some fundamental recommendations for applied research topics.     

侧装式弯曲元高压冻融试验装置研制与初步应用北大核心CSCD

研究深土冻融过程的声波响应特性,对于声波技术应用于深厚表土层人工冻结工程有重要意义。深土原位冻融始终处于高地应力环境下,但目前声波测试装置尚不具备高压冻融条件下的测试功能。为此本文结合弯曲元测试技术,研制了侧装式弯曲元高压冻融试验装置,以了解高应力条件下深土冻融过程的剪切波速。该试验装置主要由试样承压舱、加载系统、控温系统、数据采集系统和弯曲元测试系统构成。系统核心单元——试样承压舱采用双层筒结构,内筒为聚四氟乙烯筒,外筒为钢筒,弯曲元探头设置于内层筒侧壁。通过数值计算确定内筒壁厚8mm,外筒壁厚15mm,该结构可满足高应力下承压舱的抗变形、隔热和隔振要求。利用弯曲元测试系统研究了声波走时确定方法,以及激励波形和频率等测试参数。根据测试结果,本试验条件下声波走时采用初达波法确定,激励波形采用方波,高密度冻土和未冻土的激励频率分别选择4kHz和5kHz。最后,利用该装置测试了有载条件下深部黏土不同负温下的剪切波速,初步验证了装置的适用性。     

天津地区地铁深基坑施工安全控制标准研究

软土地区的深基坑施工中,确定合理的基坑安全的控制标准至关重要。由于不可能通过现场的全比尺试验确定这一控制标准,为此以大量的工程实测数据为基础,准确确定模拟基坑施工过程的有限元分析模型和计算参数。通过数值模拟方法,实现对基坑破坏过程的研究。分别计算当基坑即将发生整体稳定破坏时,支护结构变形量与地表最大沉降量和坑深的比值,确定适合于天津地区地铁深基坑施工安全的控制标准。     

深埋盾构隧道开挖面三维对数螺旋破坏模式的上限分析

相对于盾构隧道施工的大量需求与快速发展的状况,国内在盾构工法特别是大型深埋盾构隧道施工技术和理论研究方面还存在不足,特别是水压条件下深埋盾构隧道开挖面稳定问题。基于极限分析上限法和水土压力统一参数,对考虑水压影响的均质土深埋隧道开挖面稳定性计算方法进行研究,建立了考虑水压影响的深埋盾构隧道开挖面三维对数螺旋破坏模式模型,并推导了其极限支护压力计算公式。然后利用土层厚度加权平均法,可将上述方法应用于多层土深埋盾构隧道开挖面稳定性的评价中。最后,以上海长江盾构隧道实际工程为例,采用本文推导的极限分析上限三维对数螺旋破坏模式方法计算并分析其极限支护压力,并将计算结果与前人研究和规范方法计算的结果进行对比分析。通过该研究可改进与完善水压条件下深埋盾构隧道极限支护压力确定方法,从而为考虑水压条件下盾构隧道施工支护压力的合理确定提供理论依据。     

宝钢轧机旋流池深基坑的监测分析

介绍了宝钢一个采用半逆作法施工深基坑的现场监测实例.通过对地下连续墙侧向位移、孔隙水压力、土压力、钢筋应力及坑底隆起等监测结果的分析,得出一些有价值的结论,可以为类似工程的设计、施工和监测提供一些借鉴.     

The artificial freezing and cooling of soils at construction sites

The paper presents a short survey of large Soviet experience in the field of artificial freezing and cooling of soils. Some examples of artificial ground freezing used for the development of mineral deposits, in mining and coal industry, in subway construction are given.

A special field of the cold application in the construction is the cooling of soils which have already had the negative temperature. This engineering method is applied in permafrost regions for improving the strengthening properties of the weak soils used as the bases of structures.

In the USSR this method is used successfully for improving the bearing capacity of frozen soils and for the creation of frozen waterproof screens in hydrotechnical engineering as well. Some examples of the employment of this method are also given.