Target localization and tracking from Doppler-shift measurements

It is possible to localize a nonmaneuvering moving source radiating a constant frequency tone from measurements of the Doppler-shifted frequency at several sensors. Due to the nonlinear nature of the problem, it is necessary to find the solution by grid searches. However, if measurements of the rates of frequency changes are available, the search is only in three dimensions instead of the normal five in source frequency, its x-y positions, and speeds. The validity of combining frequency and frequency-rate measurements is confirmed with simulation studies. The overall system includes a least-squares track-sort algorithm to differentiate the true track from the extraneous track, and a Kalman tracker for the prediction of future source positions, thereby reducing the grid search size. An error analysis relating localization accuracy to uncertainties in frequency measurements and sensor positions is also given     

Passive Doppler-bearing tracking using a pseudo-linear estimator

In this paper an explicit pseudo-linear estimator for Doppler-bearing tracking is proposed. It overcomes the problems with the bias of earlier pseudo-linear estimators and with the nonlinear frequency measurement equation by using another representation than the Cartesian one and by using the logarithm of the frequency, respectively. It is fast, inherently stable, and easy to implement. The Doppler shift is, for a nonmoving own-ship, determined by the target velocities, while the bearing rate is determined by the same velocities divided by the range. The special representation in this paper uses this difference in behavior to give fast and bias free estimation of the range. Instead of iterating a weighted feast squares problem using bearing and frequency measurements simultaneously, the true bearings and the course are estimated in a bearings only step followed by a frequency only step, which estimates range and frequency. The range estimate then gives the speed estimate. Modifications for scenarios with multiple emitted frequency lines and/or for frequency lines that disappear during parts of a scenario are shown     

利用DEM数据计算地形质量重力梯度的新方法

重力梯度由低频、中频和高频信息构成,其高频信息主要受地形质量的影响,为了更好地利用地形数据获取重力梯度高频信息,提出一种全新的方法——高斯-勒让德积分法,根据模型算例和实测DEM数据验证了该方法的有效性。结果表明,高斯-勒让德积分法作为一种全新的解算方法,与传统的棱柱法和直接积分法相比,在一定的精度条件下解算效率更高,在重力梯度测量相对落后和重力资料欠缺的情况下,利用该方法由DEM数据来解算重力梯度的高频部分是可行的,相较于传统解算方法而言,其具有一定的优势。     

A synthetic aperture sonar system capable of operating at high speed and in turbulent media

Despite their potential ability to produce highly resolved images of the seabed, synthetic aperture sonars are not widely used. The primary reason for this restricted use is that most synthetic aperture systems are based on the radiation and detection of short-duration modulated pulses. Due to the low speed of sound in water, the pulse repetition frequency is low and so it has been difficult to maintain the required pulse-to-pulse phase coherence. This paper describes a new approach to synthetic aperture sonars based on continuous transmission with some form of frequency modulation. That is, a sonar that transmits and receives continuously but uses some form of frequency coding (in this case a linear frequency sweep) to determine range. Using a continuous transmission frequency modulated sonar it is possible to make a synthetic aperture sonar that can produce coherent apertures many wavelengths long. In addition to the combination of synthetic apertures and continuous transmission frequency modulation, further modifications are suggested to reduce the effect of lateral towfish movement and the effects of medium turbulence resulting in random path-length variations.     

基于微结构图像的风生微尺度波频率谱初探

利用海面微结构光学测量装置实验获取到的微尺度波图像来给出风生微尺度波的波数谱,在此基础上利用频散关系建立微尺度波波数谱和频率谱之间的关系,最终得到微尺度波频率谱.对微尺度波的频率谱随频率变化的响应进行了研究,发现频率谱与频率的a次方成正比关系,a的值随风速的增加而增加,同一风速下a几乎为定值.     

基于DDS技术的噪声分析及抑噪实现

直接数字合成(DDS)是一种重要的频率合成技术,具有分辨率高、频率变换快等优点,在雷达、海洋ADCP及通信等领域有着广泛的应用前景。文中对DDS技术所含有的噪声进行了剖析,并得出结论,在量化字长一定的情况下,产生波形的频率误差与参考频率有很大的关系,参考频率越高,波形质量越好,并且当信号的当参考时钟频率与所发射波形频率之比小于10：1时,波形会产生明显的失真;针对DDs技术的噪声,结合具体的数字合成芯片AD9854,提出了一种设计Butterworth滤波器去噪的方法,该方法简单,易行,具有良好的通用性。     

液舱三维晃荡运动二阶共振理论解及特性分析

从无旋运动的理论出发,并利用微扰法,推导了液舱三维晃荡运动二阶共振问题的理论解。考虑纵荡和横荡运动情况,对液舱三维晃荡二阶共振问题进行了分析。当两个晃荡方向的和频(即其外部激发频率的和)或差频(即其外部激发频率的差值)等于液舱固有频率时,二阶共振发生;当某一晃荡方向(横荡或纵荡)外部激发频率与另一晃荡方向(纵荡或横荡方向)液舱某一固有频率的和或差值等于液舱另一固有频率时,二阶共振也会发生。进一步研究了各个二阶共振激发频率下水深变化对晃荡振幅的影响。结果表明,对于两个晃荡方向外部激发频率的和频和单一晃荡方向(纵荡或横荡)某一个激发频率与另一晃荡方向(横荡或纵荡)某一个属于奇模的固有频率的和频所引发的共振情况,水深变化对共振振幅大小的影响比较大;而对于相应差频所引发的共振情况,水深变化对共振振幅大小的影响比较小。     

Frequency optimization for direct drive synchronous current power generator

The objective of this paper is to theoretically demonstrate how the operational frequency affects the efficiency of a low-speed generator. Due to the varying nature of underwater currents, the voltage from a current power converter has to be rectified first and then digitally reconverted into a stable alternating current. When designing a direct drive generator for water current power conversion, the operational frequency is, thus, a free design parameter and not a fixed value determined by the grid. Finite element method was used to determine the efficiency and weight. A higher frequency means larger frequency-dependent losses, but also a lighter machine. Even at the highest frequency in this study, the frequency-dependent losses were not high enough to overcome the gain of a lighter machine. If a large generator diameter can be allowed, the water current power converter should be designed with as high operational frequency as possible.     

多维耦合振动复合压电振子的设计

运用表观弹性法,采用二次径向谐振频率计算表观弹模量,设计高度与直径可比拟,谐振频率不满足压电晶片和金属圆片最低径向谐振频率方程的多维耦合振动复合电振子。用本方法设计垂直探鱼仪的换能器和提高优质单胞藻饲料多不饱和脂肪酸含量的超声辐射仪换能器。计算结果表明,理论与值与实验值相符合。这种方法简单,方地压电晶片的径向谐振频率低于换能器揩能器谐振频率的多维耦合振动复合压电振的设计。     

Fluctuations of peak energy and peak frequency of local wavelet energy spectrum for wind waves

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风浪局域小波谱峰的涨落

将湍流研究中已得到有效应用的局域小波能谱概念引入到风浪研究.分析了实验室不同风速下风浪的局域小波能谱.结果表明,局域小波谱峰值存在着显着的涨落,涨落的方差随风速的增加而增大.这不仅体现了风浪的局域结构,还意味着通常风浪谱的应用中除了要考虑平均意义下的频谱峰值外,还必须考虑局域小波谱峰值的涨落方差.     

Processing irregular wave measurements to enhance point absorber power capture performance

The paper aims at introducing practical methods for power capture performance enhancement of a heaving wave energy converter in irregular seas. The optimum control solution requires tuning to wave frequency based on wave force information. However, identification of the wave frequency in irregular seas is considered to be a complex and difficult task. This is partly due to technical difficulties in determination of the wave force. Besides, there are no clear guidelines for identification of wave frequency from an irregular sea state based wave force information. In a typical application, one of the available sources of information about the wave properties is the wave elevation record. The proposed approach presents a method for estimation of the wave frequency information from the wave elevation data by using signal processing and filtering techniques. The proposed method uses filters to generate an estimation of wave force information, which is used to identify the local wave frequency by method of a time-series analysis of the data. This wave frequency information is then used in tuning the device. The details of the proposed techniques, the model of the wave energy converter, the simulated sea states and the related simulation results are also presented.     

Assessing the utility of frequency dependent nudging for reducing biases in biogeochemical models

Bias errors, resulting from inaccurate boundary and forcing conditions, incorrect model parameterization, etc. are a common problem in environmental models including biogeochemical ocean models. While it is important to correct bias errors wherever possible, it is unlikely that any environmental model will ever be entirely free of such errors. Hence, methods for bias reduction are necessary. A widely used technique for online bias reduction is nudging, where simulated fields are continuously forced toward observations or a climatology. Nudging is robust and easy to implement, but suppresses high-frequency variability and introduces artificial phase shifts. As a solution to this problem Thompson et al. (2006) introduced frequency dependent nudging where nudging occurs only in prescribed frequency bands, typically centered on the mean and the annual cycle. They showed this method to be effective for eddy resolving ocean circulation models. Here we add a stability term to the previous form of frequency dependent nudging which makes the method more robust for non-linear biological models. Then we assess the utility of frequency dependent nudging for biological models by first applying the method to a simple predator–prey model and then to a 1D ocean biogeochemical model. In both cases we only nudge in two frequency bands centered on the mean and the annual cycle, and then assess how well the variability in higher frequency bands is recovered. We evaluate the effectiveness of frequency dependent nudging in comparison to conventional nudging and find significant improvements with the former.     

Effect of Cyclic Loading Frequency on Undrained Behaviors of Undisturbed Marine Clay

Based on a series of cyclic triaxial tests, the effect of cyclic frequency on the undrained behaviors of undisturbed marine clay is investigated. For a given dynamic stress ratio, the accumulated pore water pressure and dynamic strain increase with the number of cycles. There exists a threshold value for beth the accumulated pore water pressure and dynamic strain, below which the effect of cyclic frequency is very small, but above which the accumulated pore water pressure and dynamic strain increase intensely with the decrease of cyclic frequency for a given number of cycles. The dynamic strength increases with the increase of cyclic frequency, whereas the effect of cyclic frequency on it gradually diminishes to zero when the number of cycles is large enough, and the dynamic strengths at different frequencies tend to the same limiting minimum dynamic strength. The test results demonstrate that the reasons for the frequency effect on the undrained soil behaviors are beth the creep effect induced by the loading rate and the decrease of sample effective confining pressure caused by the accumulated pore water pressure.     

由波浪压力记录计算表面波谱

对目前仍广为使用的压力测波仪来说,如何通过波浪在某深度处的压力信息来推算海面的波浪状况呢?根据深水小振幅简单波动的经典理论,关系式H_o=H_z exp[kz]成立,式中H_o、H_z分别表示海面和水深z处的波高。将这一关系式应用于实际资料,则由波浪压力记录可以求出H_z、T_z(或λ_z),再由记录的深度z就可以求出H_o。     

南海表层水温甚低频振荡的动力学机制

用一个简单的海洋模式，研究了东亚季风异常对南海表层水温（ＳＳＴ）的影响，发现南海表层水温的甚低频振荡是东亚季风异常风应力强迫所致．这种甚低频振荡主要反映在深水区，其空间分布呈椭圆形，几乎与南海海盆形状一致。从海盆中央到边缘振幅逐渐减少，ＳＳＴ的甚低频振荡是非行进波，无明显传播特征。     

Active open boundary forcing using dual relaxation time-scales in downscaled ocean models

Regional models actively forced with data from larger scale models at their open boundaries often contain motion at different time-scales (e.g. tidal and low frequency). These motions are not always individually well specified in the forcing data, and one may require a more active boundary forcing while the other exert less influence on the model interior. If a single relaxation time-scale is used to relax toward these data in the boundary equation, then this may be difficult. The method of fractional steps is used to introduce dual relaxation time-scales in an open boundary local flux adjustment scheme. This allows tidal and low frequency oscillations to be relaxed independently, resulting in a better overall solution than if a single relaxation parameter is optimized for tidal (short relaxation) or low frequency (long relaxation) boundary forcing. The dual method is compared to the single relaxation method for an idealized test case where a tidal signal is superimposed on a steady state low frequency solution, and a real application where the low frequency boundary forcing component is derived from a global circulation model for a region extending over the whole Great Barrier Reef, and a tidal signal subsequently superimposed.     

Time domain prediction approach for cross-flow VIV induced fatigue damage of steel catenary riser near touchdown point

Previous steel catenary riser (SCR) models targeted for VIV prediction are truncated at touchdown point (TDP) where simple constrain and rotation stiffness are generally applied. In this study, a time domain approach accounting for the SCR–soil interaction is proposed to predict the cross-flow (CF) VIV induced fatigue damage of a SCR near TDP. The hydrodynamic force is simulated based on the forced vibration test data as a function of the non-dimensional amplitude and frequency, and an empirical damping model. When the non-dimensional frequency associated with the calculated frequency falls in the excitation region, the natural frequency closer to the frequency corresponding to the maximum excitation force is taken to be the dominant frequency, and applied to obtain the excitation force. The SCR–soil interaction model takes into account the trench shape, and the mobilization and release of the soil suction. Fatigue damage is linearly accumulated by using the rain-flow counting methodology. To validate the proposed models, simulation for a riser model test is carried out, and the envelopes of RMS displacement, curvature, and fatigue damage are compared. Further works focus on the sensitivity of VIV induced fatigue damage near TDP to the seabed parameters, such as mudline shear strength, shear strength gradient and soil suction, and some conclusions are obtained.     

Use of the kurtosis statistic in the frequency domain as an aid in detecting random signals

Power spectral density estimation is often employed as a method for signal detection. For signals which occur randomly, a frequency domain kurtosis estimate supplements the power spectral density estimate and, in some cases, can be employed to detect their presence. This has been verified from experiments with real data of randomly occurring signals. In order to better understand the detection of randomly occurring signals, sinusoidal and narrow-band Gaussian signals are considered, which when modeled to represent a fading or multipath environment, are received as non-Ganssian in terms of a frequency domain kurtosis estimate. Several fading and muitipath propagation probability density distributions of practical interest are considered, including Rayleigh and log-normal. The model is generalized to handle transient and frequency modulated signals by taking into account the probability of the signal being in a specific frequency range over the total data interval. It is shown that this model produces kurtosis values consistent with real data measurements. The ability of the power spectral density estimate and the frequency domain kurtosis estimate to detect randomly occurring signals, generated from the model, is compared using the deflection criterion. It is shown, for the cases considered, that over a large range of conditions, the power spectral density estimate is a better statistic based on the deflection criterion. However, there is a small range of conditions over which it appears that the frequency domain kurtosis estimate has an advantage. The real data that initiated this analytical investigation are also presented.     

ATI-SAR平地相位去除的改进频移法

本文提出了一种改进的频移方法以去除ATI-SAR海洋表面运动探测中的平地相位。首先,介绍和比较两种常规的平地效应去除方法（即,频移方法和轨道参数方法）。然后,对频移方法提出了两项改进措施。第一,干涉相位图被分成几个子块,分别计算相位条纹空间频率。第二,基于在顺轨干涉相位图中陆地区域的相位趋于零的特点,拟合陆地区域的相位与其位置之间的函数关系,进一步校正残余平地相位。结果表明,改进后的频移法去除平地效应的效果得到了很大改善。改进方法的结果与轨道参数法一致性更好,精度趋于轨道参数法的精度水平。