庙岛群岛南部海域浮游生物群落特征初步分析

于2012~2013年4个航次对庙岛群岛南部海域进行了浮游生物调查。利用多元统计分析方法对浮游植物和浮游动物的群落特征进行了分析。调查结果显示,浮游植物共发现131种,硅藻为该海域主要浮游植物优势种;浮游动物共发现25种成体,13种幼体,桡足类为该海域主要浮游动物类群。对浮游植物和浮游动物的CLUSTER聚类结果表明,二者的群落结构季节间差异均较显著,秋季和冬季的浮游植物群落较相似,春季和冬季的浮游动物群落较相似。MDS标序结果表明,夏季的浮游植物群落间的差异较显著,而浮游动物群落则为秋季。浮游植物群落的季节变化为硅-甲藻群落(秋季)→硅藻群落(冬季)→硅藻群落(春季)→硅-甲藻群落(夏季);浮游动物群落的季节变化为毛颚动物群落(秋季)→毛颚动物-桡足类群落(冬季)→桡足类群落(春季)→浮游幼体-毛颚动物群落(夏季)。     

Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of phytoplankton diversity and its relation to water environmental factors in the southern waters of Miaodao Archipelago, China

To study the water quality influenced by the anthropogenic activities and its impact on the phytoplankton diversity in the surface waters of Miaodao Archipelago, the spatiotemporal variations in phytoplankton communities and the environmental properties of the surface waters surrounding the Five Southern Islands of Miaodao Archipelago were investigated, based on seasonal field survey conducted from November 2012 to August 2013. During the survey, a total of 109 phytoplankton species from 3 groups were identified in the southern waters of Miaodao Archipelago, of which 77 were diatoms, 29 were dinoflagellates, and 3 were chrysophytes. Species number was higher in winter (73), moderate in autumn (70), but lower in summer (31) and spring (27). The species richness index in autumn (5.92) and winter (4.28) was higher than that in summer (2.83) and spring (1.41). The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was high in autumn (2.82), followed by winter (1.99) and summer (1.92), and low in spring (0.07). The species evenness index in autumn (0.46) and summer (0.39) was higher than that in winter (0.32) and spring (0.02). On the basis of principal component analysis (PCA) and redundancy analysis (RDA), we found that dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in spring, COD in summer, pH in autumn, and salinity and oil pollutant in winter, respectively, showed the strongest association with the distribution of phytoplankton diversity. The spatial heterogeneity of the southern waters of Miaodao Archipelago was quite obvious, and three zones, i.e., northeastern, southwestern and inter-island water area, were identified by cluster analysis (CA) based on key environmental variables.     

基于熵权TOPSIS模型的海岛地区资源环境承载力研究——以舟山普陀区、定海区为例

随着海洋强国、"一带一路"、生态文明建设等国家战略的不断推进,海岛在国家政治、军事、经济、社会、生态中的地位不断提高,海岛开发、利用的规模越来越大,其生态保护也面临着新的挑战。本文依据资源环境承载力内涵,兼顾海岛资源环境特点,研究形成海岛地区资源环境承载力评价指标体系,综合应用熵权法、TOPSIS(逼近理想解排序方法)模型评价了典型海岛地区——普陀区与定海区2009-2015年间的资源环境承载力状况,结果表明:普陀和定海资源环境承载力水平呈稳步提升趋势,各个时期的环境保护政策和节能减排相关措施在环境保护与污染治理等方面起到了较为积极的作用。最后,在基于生态系统的海岛综合管理框架内提出了对策建议。     

围填海造陆引起的海岛周围海域海洋生态系统服务价值损失——以浙江省洞头县为例

利用SPOT5、IRS-P5 高分辨遥感数据、海图并结合实地调查, 以2004 年数据为基准, 分别获取了2008 年和2010 年浙江洞头县14 个有居民岛屿的岸线以及填海造地数据。根据填海工程造成海岛周围海域的供给、调节、支持、文化等多种服务损失构建生态服务价值损失估算模型, 采用直接市场法、替代花费法等方法评估了海岛造地导致的海洋生态系统服务功能价值损失情况, 结果表明: 洞头县2004～2010 年填海造地导致海岛周围海域的海洋生态系统服务价值损失为13 626.95 万元/a, 其中供给价值损失最大, 占价值总损失的87%, 从价值损失分布空间看状元岙岛周围海域损失最大, 其次是洞头岛,小门岛周围海域损失最小。因此, 在开发利用海岛资源时, 应对养殖、捕捞、港口、自然保护等海岛开发活动进行合理的规划和调控, 提高海岛资源的利用效率, 促进海岛经济和环境的可持续发展。     

渤海生态系统健康评价及对策研究

根据2014~2016年渤海各航次监测数据,选择22项因子构建表征研究区水环境、沉积环境、生态系统健康状态的评价指标体系,利用AHP层次分析方法对渤海生态系统的健康状况进行了评价。结果表明,渤海综合生态指数CEI为0.643,健康等级为中级,表明渤海生态系统整体处于亚健康的状态。生态健康较差和差的区域主要集中在莱州湾-渤海湾及其毗连地带的黄河三角洲地区;唐山-秦皇岛-葫芦岛近海及其纵深海域大体处于中级健康水准;渤海中部海区及其毗连的渤海海峡区域,海洋生态健康水平较高。根据评价结果,认为陆源输入、围填海工程是莱州湾和渤海湾的主要胁迫因子,并探讨了相应对策,以期为渤海的综合管理提供决策支持。     

A three-dimensional coupled physical-biological model study in the spring of 1993 in the Bohai Sea of China

A three-dimensional (3-D) coupled physical and biological model was used to investigate the physical processes and their influence on the ecosystem dynamics of the Bohai Sea of China. The physical processes include M2 tide, time-varying wind forcing and river discharge. Wind records from 1 to 31 May in 1993 were selected to force the model. The biological model is based on a simple, nitrate and phosphate limited, lower trophic food web system. The simulated results showed that variation of residual currents forced by M2 tide, river discharge and time-varying wind had great impact on the distribution of phytoplankton biomass in the Laizhou Bay. High phytoplankton biomass appeared in the upwelling region. Numerical experiments based on the barotropic model and baroclinic model with no wind and water discharge were also conducted. Differences in the results by the baroclinic model and the barotropic model were significant: more patches appeared in the baroclinic model comparing with the barotropic model. And in the baroclinic model, the subsurface maximum phytoplankton biomass patches formed in the stratified water.     

基于生态通道模型的我国渔业资源生态容量研究进展

随着人类活动对于海洋资源的过度开发,渔业资源的衰退趋势愈发显著。因此,渔业资源亟待科学合理的理论指导来保护和利用有限的渔业资源。Ecopath生态通道模型是一种研究生态系统特征与变化的经典模型,除了可用于分析生态系统结构与功能以及评估生态系统的成熟稳定程度外,该模型还可以评估物种的生态容量,为增殖放流活动等渔业资源提供保护措施,因此被广泛应用于渔业资源生态容量研究。本文综述了生态容量的概念以及目前国内研究生态容量的常见方法,对Ecopath模型的发展历史做了简要概述,介绍了模型的原理、建立、调试方法以及使用Ecopath模型评估物种生态容量的操作方法,随后对模型中的各项参数指标做了详细的介绍。本文根据Ecopath模型在我国渔业资源研究中的应用方向进行了分类讨论,并对我国当前基于Ecopath的水域生态容量研究进展进行了汇总,对比了不同类型生态系统之间生态特征参数的异同,重点归纳了不同水域生态系统下的物种生态容量评估研究,最后提出了模型的限制性以及发展前景。     

Response of phytoplankton to multispecies mariculture:a case study on the carrying capacity of shellfish in the Sanggou Bay in China

A muhispecies model for shellfish polycuhure in the Sanggou Bay in China used for large-scale long-line cultivation of the Chinese scallop Chlamysfarreri, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and the kelp Laminaria japonica is presented. The model includes key physical processes which are the transports of matter at the system boundary, and the main biological process that is the primary production and nutrients release from the bottom. By the model, the seasonal fluctuations of phytoplankton biomass and dissolved inorganic nitrogen（DIN） in 1994 are simulated. Furthermore, if the kelp culture scale is kept constant and the Chinese scallop and the Pacific oyster culture scales are adjusted, virtual shellfish farms are funded and responses of phytoplankton to the largescale shellfish culture are simulated. According to these simulated results, the room limitation, and the hypothesis that shellfish will not grow well if the phytoplankton biomass is less than 8.2 mg/m^3 , the expandable multiple of scallop culture k and that of oyster culture y are determined as k = -0.276 5y ＋4.690 5 and 0.133 3k ＋0.006 6y≤0.667 5, where, k （ or y） is equal to 1, the culture scale of scallop （ or oyster） is 8.8 x 109 individuals （or 66 ha, with a density of 59 ind./m^2 ）, and the kelp culture scale is 3 300 ha with a density of 12 ind./m^2.     

Response of phytoplankton to multispecies mariculture: a case study on the carrying capacity of shellfish in the Sanggou Bay in China

A multispecies model for shellfish polyculture in the Sanggou Bay in China used for large-scale long-line cultivation of the Chinese scallop Chlamys farreri, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and the kelp Laminaria japonica is presented. The model includes key physical processes which are the transports of matter at the system boundary, and the main biological process that is the primary production and nutrients release from the bottom. By the model, the seasonal fluctuations of phytoplankton biomass and dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) in 1994 are simulated. Furthermore, if the kelp culture scale is kept constant and the Chinese scallop and the Pacific oyster culture scales are adjusted, virtual shellfish farms are funded and responses of phytoplankton to the large-scale shellfish culture are simulated. According to these simulated results, the room limitation, and the hypothesis that shellfish will not grow well if the phytoplankton biomass is less than 8.2 mg/m³, the expandable multiple of scallop culture k and that of oyster culture y are determined as k=-0.276 5y+4.690 5 and 0.133 3k+0.006 6y ≤ 0.667 5, where, k (or y) is equal to 1, the culture scale of scallop (or oyster) is 8.8×10⁹ individuals (or 66 ha, with a density of 59 ind./m²), and the kelp culture scale is 3 300 ha with a density of 12 ind./m².     

海岛生态系统脆弱性影响机制与评价理论体系初探——以辽宁省海岛为例

海岛资源的可持续发展研究是海洋开发与管理的重要课题。为优化配置海岛资源,促进海岛开发利用和生态环境保护的协调发展,参考相关研究,以海岛生态系统的特殊性为基点,对海岛生态系统脆弱性的概念、内涵和特征进行综述;以辽宁海岛为侧重点,通过梳理和分析大量海岛典型案例,提出了海岛生态系统脆弱性的成因及表现,建立其影响机制框架,并在此基础上,初步探讨了海岛生态系统脆弱性的评价体系和评价方法,最后提出了研究展望。海岛生态系统脆弱性是在一定的自然因素和人为因素背景下,海岛生态系统响应与自然环境相互作用和人类对海岛的开发利用过程中表现出的敏感反应与自恢复能力,是客观存在的、敏感的、难恢复的,具备长期性、差异性和可调控性特征,在不同类型、不同程度的自然扰动与人为干扰作用下,海岛生态系统脆弱性表现也不同,其驱动机制与评价体系的建立能够为后续深入研究提供思路。本研究结果可为海岛生态环境保护提供科学依据,对促进海岛的可持续发展具有现实意义。     

渤、黄海生态环境模拟的参数敏感度空间差异分析

随着海洋生态系统模型的发展,生态变量增多,众多生物过程参数量值的确定成为制约生态环境模拟的瓶颈问题,生态系统结构区域性要求模型中的生态参数具有区域差异。为探究不同海区的关键参数及参数敏感度的空间差异,本研究在渤、黄海建立了ROMS-CoSiNE物理–生物耦合的高分辨率生态系统模型,并对13种生态参数的敏感度空间分布进行分析。结果表明:南黄海中部与渤海及近岸海域的敏感度差异较大。渤海敏感度最大的参数为决定光合速率的浮游植物P-I曲线初始斜率,其次为浮游动物捕食半饱和常数和浮游动物最大捕食率。而南黄海中部敏感度最大的参数为浮游动物最大捕食率,其次为浮游植物死亡率和浮游植物P-I曲线初始斜率。结合敏感度分布及浮游植物生物量收支得出,渤海水体透明度较南黄海偏低、浮游植物生长光限制较强,是引起浮游植物P-I曲线初始斜率敏感度在渤海高于黄海的主要原因。浮游动物最大捕食率及浮游植物死亡率的敏感度空间差异,受渤、黄海浮游植物生物量差异的影响,与生态系统中的高度非线性特征有关。     

基于熵值-突变级数法的环渤海地区海洋生态环境承载力评价及障碍因子诊断

随着对海洋开发力度的不断加大,海洋生态环境问题日益突出,已成为中国海洋可持续发展的制约因素。作为衡量海洋可持续发展的主要手段之一,海洋生态环境承载力的定量化评价是必不可少的重要环节。针对海洋生态环境承载力的突变特性,基于熵值-突变级数法,从压力和承压两方面构建海洋生态环境承载力评价指标体系,结合障碍因子诊断模型,考量环渤海地区4个省市2006-2014年的海洋生态环境承载力的空间差异和时序特征,剖析影响承载力发展水平的主要障碍因子。研究表明:环渤海地区2006-2014年海洋生态环境承载能力整体较差,承载力水平呈下降趋势;2014年海洋生态环境承载强度分为两类,山东和天津为较弱承载力水平,河北和辽宁为弱承载力水平;生态弹性小、环境污染重、生态资源匮乏已成为制约环渤海海洋生态环境承载力发展水平的普遍问题。     

Evaluation of the carrying capacity of marine industrial parks: A case study in China

Carrying capacity is an important index used to evaluate the status of regional resources, ecological environment, and regional economic development. Marine industrial parks have gained substantial attention from domestic and foreign investors and governments at all levels; in particular, these parks are an essential part of the national blue economy development plan of the Chinese government. The carrying capacity of a marine industrial park is important to all related stakeholders. In this study, an evaluation system was established based on the literature review and expert interviews by using 32 indices under three dimensions (pressure, bearing, and transformation) to determine the carrying capacity of a marine industrial park. The carrying capacity of marine industrial parks in Shandong Province was evaluated using this system across diverse dimensions by incorporating state space and analytic hierarchy processes. Results indicated that carrying capacity significantly differed among regions, parks, and specific dimensions. Comparison among different types of marine industrial parks indicated that the modern marine service industry and fishery industrial parks showed improved and efficient development with relatively high bearing rates. By contrast, the modern marine manufacturing industry and strategic emerging industrial parks were significantly underdeveloped. This study proposes academic approaches and practical implications for the involved governments and managing committees. Furthermore, suggestions on park planning, policy support, industrial cluster, and industry–university–research institute alliances are provided to the government and enterprise perspectives to increase the carrying capacity of marine characteristic industrial parks.     

1986—2017年舟山群岛不同主体功能海岛岸滩变化特征分析

基于逐年30 m分辨率的岸滩遥感监测数据集(1986—2017年),开展舟山群岛不同主体功能海岛岸滩的时空演化特征分析.结果表明,在1986—2017年期间,受剧烈围填海活动的影响,舟山群岛的大量水域(152 km2)和潮滩(18 km2)被围填成陆地,岸滩不断向海推进,政策是岸滩总体变化的主要驱动因素.不同海岛主体功...     

Annual cycle of stratification and tidal fronts in the Bohai Sea: A model study

In general, competition between buoyancy mechanisms and mixing dynamics largely determines the water column structure in a shelf sea. A three dimensional baroclinic ocean model forced by surface heat fluxes and the 2.5 order Mellor-Yamada turbulence scheme is used to simulate the annual cycle of the temperature in the Bohai Sea. The difference between the sea surface temperature (SST) and sea bottom temperature (SBT) is used to examine the evolution of its vertical stratification. It is found that the water column is well-mixed from October to March and that the seasonal thermocline appears in April, peaks in July and then weakens afterwards, closely following the heat budget. In addition, the Loder parameter based on the topography and tidal current amplitude is also computed in order to examine tidal fronts in the BS, which are evident in summer months when the wind stirring mechanism is weak.     

A model study on carbon cycle and phytoplankton dynamical processes in the Bohai Sea

The carbon cycle of lower trophic level in the Bohai Sea is studied with a three-dimensional biological and physical coupled model. The influences of the processes (including horizontal advection, river nutrient load, active transport etc. ) on the phytoplankton biomass and its evolution are estimated. The Bohai Sea is a weak sink of the CO2 in the atmosphere. During the cycle, 13.7% of the gross production of the phytoplankton enter the higher trophic level and 76.8 % of it are consumed by the respiration itself. The nutrient reproduction comes mainly from the internal biogeochemical loop and the rem-ineralization is an important mechanism of the nutrient transfer from organic form to inorganic. Horizontal advection decreases the total biomass and the eutrophication in some sea areas. Change in the nutrient load of a river can only adjust the local system near its estuary. Controlling the input of the nutrient, which limits the alga growth, can be very useful in lessening the phytoplankton biomass.     

南海北部海洋生态模型的参数分析及遗传算法优化

海洋生态系统动力学模型是研究海洋生态环境的重要手段。随着模型的发展, 生态参数取值不确定性增加, 对模型结果的影响逐渐增大, 因此模型参数优化显得尤为重要。本研究在南海北部应用一维物理-生态耦合模型, 通过对模型生态参数进行敏感性分析, 获取关键生态参数, 利用遗传算法对参数进行优化。结果表明, 模型中的敏感参数主要集中于浮游植物生长和浮游动物生长、摄食和死亡以及碎屑沉降等过程。针对以上参数利用遗传算法优化, 发现仅加入表层卫星数据, 模型表层和垂向模拟误差分别降低27.80%和21.40%; 加入垂向观测数据, 表层和垂向模拟误差分别降低14.90%和32.70%。遗传算法应用于海洋生态模型的关键参数优化研究, 所获取的参数对模型有明显的改善效果, 提高了耦合模型对生态系统的模拟精度, 为参数优化在三维模型中的应用提供了依据。     

玉环大鹿岛旅游环境容量研究

以玉环大鹿岛为例 ,从协调海岛海滨旅游资源开发与保护的关系出发 ,通过对海岛生态系统的评价 ,探讨了影响和确定旅游环境容量的若干因素与基本原则 ,并运用数量最终环境界值法对大鹿岛的日旅游环境容量进行了计算 ,进而提出了相应的对策和建议     

Responses of macrobenthic communities to patchy distributions of heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments:A study in China's Zhoushan Archipelago

This study conducted four cruises during 2014–2017 to investigate relationships between macrobenthic communities and sediment contaminations in sea area around the Zhoushan Archipelago. Fourteen sites were categorized into three groups: high total heavy metal contamination content(HHMC), high total petroleum hydrocarbon content(HTPH), and low content ratio of heavy metal contamination content to total petroleum hydrocarbon content(HMC/TPH) areas. Four main taxa of macrofauna(polychaetes, bivalves, gastropods, and crustaceans) were determined to respond to environmental factors differently. While tolerant polychaetes being the minimal impact by environmental factors, bivalves were threated by heavy metal pollutions in sediment.Additionally, body size distribution frequency demonstrated that macrofauna in the low HMC/TPH areas were less disturbed by contamination than those in the HHMC and HTPH areas. The result represented the presentation of sensitive species while tolerant species are usually considered as small size organisms. Overall,this study confirmed the hypothesis that the contamination levels of small-scale patches is indicated by the condition of macrobenthic communities.     

海岛旅游效率空间格局演变及影响因素研究 ——以中国12个海岛县(区)为例

旅游产业是海岛地区的重要产业之一，借助 DEA 模型测度 12 个海岛县 （区） 的旅游效率，采用组合方法对海岛旅游效率的空间特征演变进行刻画，并通过 EVIEWS 软件分析海岛旅游效率的影响因素。 （1） 海岛旅游综合效率总体不高，技术效率是海岛旅游效率发展的主要驱动力，规模效率水平较低，海岛旅游发展能力未得到全面发挥。 （2） 海岛县 （区） 之间旅游效率总体差异不大，相对差异明显。海岛旅游效率空间状态演变由不稳定趋向于稳定，可能存在“贫困陷阱”和“俱乐部趋同”现象。 （3） 经济发展水平、生态环境、科技信息对海岛旅游效率的发展起到积极的推动作用，产业结构、交通条件、城镇化是海岛旅游效率发展的约束性因素。