短期大规模人口流动对上海市城市热岛效应的影响

城市热岛效应是一种非常重要的局地气候现象,随着全球变暖和城市化快速发展,城市热岛效应受到越来越多的关注和研究。以往的研究表明人口聚集和人口数量对城市热岛效应和区域城市气候会产生显著的影响。但是,人口短期的快速迁移流动对城市气候是否存在影响以及影响的程度多大尚不清楚。本文利用世界上每年最大规模的人类迁徙——春节人口流动来探讨人口短期快速流动对国际化大都市上海城市热岛效应的影响。研究结果表明,2000~2015年上海市春节周日最高温、日均温和日最低温城市热岛强度分别为0.35℃、0.90℃和1.53℃,相对于背景场(春节前2~4周和春节后2~4周的平均值),分别低了0.16℃、0.11℃和0.15℃,相对变化分别为31.4%、10.9%和8.9%。由此可见,人口短期快速迁移流动是影响热岛效应和城市气候一个重要因素,但是人口流动对城市热岛效应的影响是复杂的,其效应与气候背景、天气状况、城市规模、城市人口流动特征及分布甚至城市烟花爆竹燃放(通过影响气溶胶、云量及废热影响城市热岛效应)等因素交织在一起,未来仍需开展进一步的深入研究。     

21世纪初中国北方半干旱区土地利用变化对地表温度的影响

利用区域模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模拟分析了21世纪初期2001~2010年中国北方半干旱区土地利用变化对地表温度影响,通过给出区域尺度的人类活动影响气候变化的定量表达,有助于我们理解中国北方半干旱区气候变化的归因,也将对我国科学规划土地利用、合理开展有序人类活动具有一定的参考价值。研究结果表明:农田扩张、植树造林和草地恢复3类土地利用与覆盖变化(land use and cover change,LUCC)现象对格点尺度多年平均温度的影响均呈现负效应。农田扩张导致当地多年平均温度降低0.11°C,夏季和冬季分别降温0.39°C和0.06°C。植树造林格点的多年平均温度降低0.33°C,冬季强于夏季,冬季平均温度减小0.24°C,夏季减小0.15°C。草地恢复使得格点年平均温度降低0.41°C,夏季降低0.58°C,冬季减小0.51°C。LUCC对最低温度的影响强于最高温度,并且由于最低温度减小使得大部分地区日较差显著增大。LUCC导致的局地温度变化与同期背景温度的变幅相当,但对区域平均温度的影响很小。一方面由于LUCC格点占区域的面积很小,另一方面由于正、负温度效应在区域平均的过程中相互抵消,使得LUCC对区域温度变化的影响微乎其微,21世纪初期现实LUCC对地表温度的影响主要限于局地。     

京藏高速民和至西宁段冬季路面与地面最低温度变化特征及影响分析

利用2018年1月1日至2020年12月冬季1月、2月和12月-次年2月逐日逐小时京藏高速民和至西宁段常规气象站和交通气象站逐日逐时气象观测资料,分析了冬季逐月平均路面最低温度和地面最低气温的日变化特征及其相关关系,建立了4站冬季各月路面最高温度和最低温度分别与地面最高温度和最低温度的相关性方程,旨在为路面温度精细化预报服务提供参考。结果表明：京藏高速民和至西宁路段4站冬季各月平均路面最低温度和地面最低温度冬季各月具有明显的日变化特征,平均路面最低温度和地面最低温度达到最低值和最高值的时间并不是完全相同；。常规气象站点平均地面最低温度日出/日落的变化速率要高于交通站点平均路面最低温度,并且平均地面最低温度的变化幅度要比路面最低温度变化幅度大。平均地温面最低温度的最高值比路面最低温度的最高值超前1～2h,常规气象站点逐小时地面最低温度＜0℃的时间维持15～18h,交通站点路面最低温度＜0℃的时间维持8～22h。应用统计学方法建立的朝阳站、汉庄站、高庙桥站和老鸦峡站最高和最低路面温度与最高和最低地面温度相关性方程具有很好的实际应用价值,可在实际业务工作中推广应用。     

单次极端高温过程中城市热岛效应的识别

利用高密度自动观测站逐时气温资料和NCEP再分析资料,按照客观的标准选择参考站,分析2010年7月2~6日北京一次极端高温过程中城市热岛强度(IUHI)对城区地面气温时空分布的影响。此次高温过程连续5日的日最高气温均超过35.0°C,为北京站1951年以来连续5日平均最高气温的最高值。大陆暖高压控制我国大部分地区,北京处于高压脊前,西北气流下沉增温,加之气流越山引起的焚风效应,是导致此次极端高温过程发生的环流背景。但受城市热岛效应影响,最高、最低和平均气温的空间分布均出现了以城区为中心的高值区,从城区中心向郊区平均IUHI逐渐减小,最低气温IUHI较大,四环线以内5日平均IUHI达到2.93°C,四、五环线之间1.87°C,五、六环线之间1.43°C;最高气温IUHI较小,但四环线以内,四、五环线之间和五、六环线之间5日平均IUHI仍分别达到1.45°C、0.96°C和0.72°C。在7月3~6日夜间,四环内IUHI极值均在3.00°C以上,特别是7月6日凌晨达到5.50°C;白天IUHI相对较小,其中2日早晨甚至还出现了负值。城区各地带IUHI日变化规律几乎同步,具有两个相对稳定阶段和两个快速变化阶段。稳定的强IUHI阶段从21:00(北京时间,下同)持续到次日05:00,稳定的弱IUHI阶段从08:00至18:00;05:00至08:00是IUHI快速衰减阶段,而18:00至21:00是IUHI快速上升阶段。因此,城市热岛效应对北京城区夏季单次极端高温过程的强度及其空间分布具有显著影响,在很大程度上加重了城区特别是中心城区的高温影响。     

营口地区气温差异分析及温差预报方法研究

选取2010—2011年2a的气象资料,对营口地区四测站的日最高、最低气温差值进行统计分析发现:营口市气象观测站受到海洋影响,气温变化有滞后效应,受太阳辐射的影响比其他三站晚一两个月左右,造成四测站5、6月最高温度温差最大,9、10月最低温度温差最大;同时由于受海洋影响较大,营口市气象观测站气温的日差和年差都较小,最高温度小于其他三站,而最低温度高于其他三站。利用逐步回归方法建立温差预报方程,并逐步进行订正,总结营口地区城市间温差的预报方法,以提高温度预报准确率。应用2009年全年的资料对温差预报方法进行检验,结果表明此方法在温度预报中具有一定的参考价值。     

呼和浩特市白塔机场温度变化对比分析

利用呼和浩特市白塔机场1977~2003年月平均最高、最低气温资料,分析近30年气温变化特征,并与市、郊测站同期资料进行了对比分析。得出:(1)呼市白塔机场年、季最高气温呈上升趋势,最低温度则略有下降;(2)呼市和郊区站的最低温度年、季升温均十分显著,且平均最低温度增暖幅度远大于平均最高温度;(3)年、季日较差呼市和郊区均表现出减小趋势,机场则为增大趋势。     

近52a秦岭南北极端温度变化及其与区域增暖的关系

利用中国气象局提供的地面气象站基本气象要素日值数据集(V3.0)中均一化温度数据,分析了1961~2012年陕西境内秦岭山脉南北两侧4个地貌单元平均最高温度和最低温度的趋势分布特征,同时采用极端气候指标计算软件RClimdex计算了5种极端温度指数,并分析其变化特征及其与区域增暖的关系。结果表明:不同季节秦岭地区极端温度变化存在较大的差异,平均最高温度春季增暖信号最明显,而平均最低温度冬季升温明显,不同的增暖趋势导致了秦岭地区春季、秋季气温日较差变大,冬季、夏季气温日较差变小。陕北黄土高原、关中盆地、秦岭南坡和汉水流域平均最高、最低温度变化趋势基本一致,但变化幅度存在一定差异,其中秦岭北部黄土高原和关中盆地平均最低、最高温度的变化幅度均大于南部的秦岭南坡和汉水流域,尤其平均最低温度关中盆地增幅更明显。秦岭北部2区域极端最低温度相关指数的变化幅度大于极端最高温度指数,而南部2区域前者的变化幅度小于后者。秦岭山脉区域增暖与平均最高、最低温度变化密切相关,还受极端温度变化的影响,其北部地区增暖主要是暖夜增加的贡献,而南部地区增暖主要与暖昼增加有关。     

西岭雪山滑雪场秋冬旅游降雪预报研究

利用大邑、西岭雪山滑雪场及周边区域自动站2005～2017年每年10月～次年2月逐日最低温度资料，通过统计分析区域自动站与大邑站候平均最低温度差值，建立以大邑本站最低温度预报值为基础，加上逐候最低温度差值后得到区域各站的日最低温度预报的候最低温度差值订正方法；用距滑雪场最近的格点温度预报数据代替滑雪场站点温度预报，选出最低温度，以气温预报变化量，建立最低气温预报的模式温度订正方法；建立以候最低温度差值订正和模式温度订正进行加权平均的最低温度集成订正方法。通过对以上三种最低温度预报方法进行检验，发现最低温度集成订正方法预报准确率最高。基于最低温度集成订正方法预报西岭雪山滑雪场的最低温度，结合智能网格降水预报结果和降雪最低温度阈值判别，建立西岭雪山降雪的订正预报方法。      

北京城市高温遥感指标初探与时空格局分析

利用北京高温天气下的NOAA18/AVHRR卫星资料与气象台站资料,分析了日最高气温与遥感反演的城市地表温度的关系,初步确定了地表高温阈值并建立了高温遥感指标,并利用1989~2008年(缺2002年)6~9月NOAA/AVHRR资料开展了北京地区高温时空格局分析研究。指标初步研究表明:北京气温高温值为35、37、40°C对应的遥感地表高温值分别为44、47、52°C,可以较好地适用于北京平原地区;利用该阈值建立的地表高温强度指标(LSHI)对北京平原高温的监测与气象台站高温监测基本一致,而高温比例指数指标(LSHP)能有效反映出城市高温空间强弱和时间差异。北京遥感地表高温空间格局分析显示:夏季(6~8月)旬平均遥感地表温度≥44°C年出现概率不超过50%,广泛分布于城区和平原区;旬平均遥感地表温度≥47°C年出现概率不超过40%,集中于北京五环内;旬平均遥感地表温度≥52°C年出现概率不超过15%,集中于城区;6~9月高温出现的概率高值区一般都集中于五环内,其中旬平均遥感地表温度≥44°C、≥47°C、≥52°C的出现概率分别为80%~100%、60%~80%、10%~40%。     

近45年哈密地区温度变化特征

利用1961-2005年近45年哈密地区6个站点的观测资料,分析了该地区的平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温和平均日较差、炎热日以及寒冷日的年际、年代际的变化特征,同时对降水、云量等要素也进行了分析,揭示其与哈密地区温度变化的可能关系。结果表明,近45年来哈密地区气候显著增暖,平均气温在夏季增暖幅度最大,春季最弱。1990年代以后增暖趋势表现最明显,21世纪以来增幅最大。与平均气温变化趋势相一致,最高温度和最低温度也呈显著升高趋势,其中最低温度的升高幅度远大于最高温度和平均气温的升高幅度。哈密地区近45年平均日较差显著减小,这主要是因为最低气温的升高幅度大于最高气温的升高幅度。在全球增暖背景下,哈密地区的炎热日数显著增加,而寒冷日数显著减少。个别站的气温增温不明显,这与局地的降水、云量增加,日照减少有一定关系。此外,哈密地区冬季平均气温在1980年代中后期有一次明显的突变,突变时间晚于新疆其他地区5~6年左右,表明气候突变在不同地区会有不同的表现。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.