南海海域三疣梭子蟹的幼体培育

幼体期Z1和Z2投喂扁藻和轮虫,Z2后期开始以轮虫和卤虫无节幼体混合投喂,Z3后用卤虫无节幼体投喂,大眼幼体用不同饵料培育,进行南海海域三疣梭子蟹幼体培育,结果表明:溞状幼体平均成活率为15.3%;Z2变态为Z3、Z4变态为M为溞状幼体培育的敏感期,幼体的阶段成活率较低;以卤虫无节幼体、冰冻卤虫成虫、活卤虫成虫为饵料,均能使培育大眼幼体至幼蟹,其中活卤虫成虫投喂、加防残网片培育效果最好,成活率达80%。     

口虾蛄幼体开口饵料及早期生长的初步研究

【目的】研究不同开口饵料对口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)幼体存活和生长的影响。【方法】选用轮虫、轮虫+卤虫无节幼体、卤虫无节幼体、枝角类、小球藻等为开口饵料培养口虾蛄幼体20d。用卤虫无节幼体作为单一饵料进行口虾蛄幼体的早期生长研究。【结果】幼体开口后6 d(Z4期),单独投喂小球藻、轮虫、枝角类的口虾蛄幼体成活率为0%,而投喂轮虫+卤虫无节幼体、卤虫无节幼体的口虾蛄幼体成活率则相对较高,分别为89%和87%,两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);在实验7～19 d内(Z5-Z8期),轮虫+卤虫无节幼体组成活率最佳,达71%,卤虫无节幼体组幼体成活率则为50%。单一投喂卤虫无节幼体0～15 d(Z2―Z7期)内口虾蛄幼体持续生长,15 d(Z7期)后口虾蛄不再生长,其体长与头胸甲长、腹部长、尾扇长等存在显著的线性回归关系(P0.01)。【结论】基于实验结果和口虾蛄幼体的摄食特性,建议口虾蛄幼体的开口投喂方案为幼体开口后的0～15d内(Z2―Z7期)主要投喂轮虫+卤虫无节幼体饵料,15 d后(Z7期)逐渐转至其他生物饵料。     

远海梭子蟹幼体饵料初步研究

分别选用轮虫、轮虫 卤虫、轮虫 卤虫 扁藻、卤虫、扁藻为饵料 ,将刚孵化的远海梭子蟹氵蚤状幼体培育至幼蟹第二期。结果发现 :轮虫 卤虫 扁藻的效果最好 ,幼蟹第二期的成活率为 15% ,轮虫 卤虫的成活率为 11% ,卤虫的成活率为 10 %。而轮虫组仅能培育至 氵蚤状幼体第三期 ,没有氵蚤状幼体第四期幼体出现 ;扁藻最差 ,仅能培育至氵蚤状幼体第一期 ,没有氵蚤状幼体第二期个体出现。同时发现 ,轮虫 卤虫组与卤虫组培育时间均比轮虫卤虫 扁藻组长 ;各期幼体的阶段成活率比较而言 ,氵蚤状幼体第一期最高 ,而氵蚤状幼体幼体第五期最低     

远海梭子蟹幼体饵料初步研究

分别选用轮虫、轮虫＋卤虫、轮虫＋卤虫＋扁藻、卤虫、扁藻为饵料,将刚孵化的远海梭子蟹／蚤状幼体培育至幼蟹第二期。结果发现：轮虫＋卤虫＋扁藻的效果最好,幼蟹第二期的成活率为15％,轮虫＋菌虫的成海率为11％,卤虫的成活率为10％。而轮虫组仅能培育与蚤状幼体第三期,没有蚤状幼体第四期幼体出现;扁藻最差,仅能培育至蚤状幼体第一期,没有蚤状幼体第二期个体出现。同时发现,轮虫＋卤虫组与卤虫组培育时间均比轮虫卤虫＋扁藻组长;各期幼体的阶段成活率比较而言,蚤状幼体第一期最高,而蚤状幼体第五期最低。     

卤虫在油田生产水生物毒性监测中的应用

以卤虫(Artemia)龄期和体长为指标,探讨了卤虫幼体在海洋油田生产水中生物毒性监测的应用,评价了油田生产水的生物毒性,建立了以卤虫为材料的油田生产水急性生物毒性试验方法.结果表明1)5个油田生产水样品的生物毒性不一样,IC50分别为1.5%,12%,21%,＞100%,＞100%.样品I、样品Ⅱ、样品Ⅲ可致卤虫不同程度的发育异常,主要表现在生长值较对照组小,发育龄期小于对照组以及分节时体节不能正常分叶.样品Ⅳ和样品V则对卤虫发育没有明显影响.2)卤虫是海洋污染物生物毒性监测的适宜物种,卤虫发育龄期适宜作为油田生产水生物毒性的监测指标.有必要对油田生产水的生物毒性效应进行监测,以合理评估生产水对海洋环境的影响.     

糙海参(Holothuria scabra)胚胎发育观察

对糙海参的胚胎发育至幼体发生进行显微观察。结果表明:受精45 min开始出现第一次卵裂,随后经过4、8、16等裂细胞,4 h后进入不等裂多细胞期,6 h后出现可游动囊胚期,10 h后进入原肠期,24～26 h成为耳状幼体。经历10～11 d的生长与发育,变态为樽形幼体,幼体经历由小变大再由大变小的过程。樽形幼体2～6 d后再次变态为较大体形的五触手幼体,开始转入底栖,五触手期2～8 d后,幼体最终以稚参形态附着下来。整个发育过程时间为16～25 d。     

罗氏沼虾溞状幼体的形态特征

罗氏沼虾的幼体变态发育需经过多次蜕皮,每次蜕皮均伴随形态及附肢特征的改变。采用显微观测摄像法对Z1-Z12各期幼体样本30尾进行观察测量,结果显示:Z2与Z1在复眼上存在较大的差异;Z3的主要特征为尾节与第六腹节分界;Z4尾扇分为内肢和外肢,均具羽状刚毛;Z5无腹足,尾节狭长,且末端平直;Z6的腹部出现腹足萌芽;Z7腹肢芽延长分为内外肢,Z7与Z8的分期特征主要位于第1触角的内鞭、外鞭的分枝上;Z8的第1、第2对步足具不完全的螯;Z9第1、2对步足具完全的螯;Z10后额角上缘的齿刻增多,Z11第1触角内鞭和外鞭分节数量比Z10多;Z12的形态与成虾相似,额角上、下缘均有齿刻。     

西施舌人工育苗及幼虫、稚贝生长研究

对西施舌 (Coelomactraantiquata)室内人工育苗进行了研究。结果表明 ,西施舌在广东的繁殖高峰期为 5～ 6月 ,用阴干加流水刺激的方法诱导亲贝排放精卵 ,其受精率和孵化率可达 98%左右。 1997年和 1999年两次育苗试验结果 :在盐度为 2 6 .0 0～ 32 .0 0、水温为 2 3～ 2 6℃条件下 ,幼虫在培育密度为 1～ 2mL- 1时生长较好 ,经 9～ 10d培育 ,可进入附着变态期 ,其壳长生长速度为14 .1μm·d- 1。稚贝阶段在日流水量为育苗水体的 1.5～ 2 .0倍时取得较好效果 ,其壳长生长速度为 112 .4 μm·d- 1。     

马氏珠母贝幼体用作斑节对虾育苗饵料的初步试验

利用雷州半岛广泛养殖的马氏珠母贝及珍珠生产中大量废弃的珍珠贝体成熟性腺,获取贝类幼体作为饵料来培育斑节对虾苗。通过比较不同投喂方式的对虾幼体的变态率,各时期的成活率和出苗率来探讨贝类幼体替代事部分替代卤虫卵的可行性。研究结果表明,投喂珠母贝幼体的试验池比投喂卤虫幼体、骨条藻的对虾幼体早期变态率要高。而平均出苗率以投喂卤虫幼体的池最高,为４９．８％;投喂珠母贝幼体的池略低,为４０．４％;而前期仅投喂     

对虾育苗用水综合处理技术

用物理、化学、生物和药物等方法综合系统地处理对虾育苗用水:1)澄清海水,用10~20 mg/L生石灰调节酸碱度;2)在沉淀海水中泼洒沸石粉30～50 mg/L,去除或降低总氨氮、亚硝酸氮等有害物质;3)用15~23 mL/m3甲醛消毒海水,杀除海水病原体;4)用棉花、过滤袋双层过滤,减少微细悬浮物及有害生物;5)育苗池投放水质改良剂及有益微生物制剂,维持稳定良好的水质,确保幼体正常生长。结果:对虾出苗率提高30%～100%。     

合浦绒螯蟹的繁殖生物学

为保护和开发合浦绒螯蟹资源 ,通过生态调查和实验 ,研究了该蟹的繁殖生物学 ,结果表明 :1、该蟹在淡水中生长 ,在盐度为 8～ 2 5的海水中繁殖 ;2、其生活史包括卵、氵蚤状幼体、大眼幼体、幼蟹、成蟹几个阶段 ;3、繁殖季节为 10月到翌年 3月 ,卵和幼体生长发育的适宜水温为 15～ 2 5℃。     

Changes during late-stage embryonic development from egg-juvenile to free-living hatchling in Chinese freshwater crab Sinopotamon yangtsekiense (Decapoda, Brachyura, Potamidae)

This study expands on recent reports that direct development in the Chinese potamid freshwater crab Sinopotamon yangtsekiense involves the completion of all brachyuran larval stages (nauplius, zoea, and megalopa) inside the egg case during embryonic development. Detailed studies of embryonic development in this species revealed the presence of an additional larval stage (the egg-juvenile) between the megalopa and the free-living hatchling crab. We described and compared the appendages of the head, thorax, and abdomen of the egg-juvenile with those of the hatchling crab in S. yangtsekiense. Significant differences were found between most of the appendages of these two stages with a soft exoskeleton in the egg-juvenile, no joint articulation, a slimmer appearance, and a lack of setae when compared with the newly emerged free-living hatchling crab. These modifications of the appendages are related to the confinement within the egg case of the egg-megalopa and egg-juvenile during direct development, and the need for the free-living hatchling freshwater crab to move, feed, and respire. In marine crabs, the megalopa gives rise to the first crab stage whereas in freshwater crabs the egg-juvenile follows the megalopa and immediately precedes the free-living first crab stage.     

Variations of ion-transport enzyme activities during early development of the shrimps <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fenneropenaeus chinensis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Marsupenaeus japonicus</Emphasis>

The ion-transport enzyme activities were studied in the nauplii 1–2, zoea 1–3, mysis 1–3, and postlarva 1–7 of the shrimps Marsupenaeus japonicus and Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The results showed that total ATPase, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, and V-ATPase (V-type H⁺-ATPase) activities increased during the early development for both the species, from zero in nauplii to stable levels after zoea stage. The enzyme activities of the latter species were significantly higher than those of the former species after zoea stage (F>F _0.05). The contributions of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, V-ATPase and HCO₃ ⁻-ATPase to the total ATPase activity of the two species varied in different developmental stages and accounted for 40%–70%, 22%–46% and 2%–13% in M. japonicus from zoea to postlarva stage, whilst the shares of them were 42%–69%, 28%–44% and 2.5%–22%, respectively in F.chinensis. These findings suggest the possible culture of the two species with varying water quality, especially the salinity and pH.     

凡纳滨对虾潘状幼体厌食症的防治

潘状幼体厌食症是指潘状幼体发育到第2期后,出现摄食突然减少和停食的现象,幼体发病率和死亡率较高。探讨育苗用水处理方法、抗菌素、有益微生物制剂对防治凡纳滨对虾潘状幼体厌食症的效果。结果表明：1）用次氯酸钠、百碘、溴氯海困对育苗用水进行消毒处理没有预防潘状幼体厌食症作用,用甲醛处理水有一定的预防效果,幼体发病率为75.3％,低于对照组的88.2％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;2）利福平、土霉素、庆大霉素、诺氟沙星、复方新诺明等抗菌药物对潘状幼体厌食症防治效果不佳,除利福平外,其他药物组幼体发病率、存活率与对照组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;3）有益微生物制剂光合细菌、乳酸杆菌、芽孢杆菌、复合活菌制剂EM活菌、虾蟹宝活菌和乐多源活菌对潘状幼体厌食症都有不同程度的预防作用,幼体发病率、存活率与对照组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,以乐多源活菌预防效果最好,幼体发病率仅19.8％,比对照组低63.3％,治疗作用仅乐多源活菌较好,可治愈50.0％的发病幼体,其他活菌治疗效果不佳。建议潘状幼体厌食症应采取处理水和使用有益微生物制剂相结合方法进行防治。     

花鲈天然苗种的驯养和分级培育试验

河口捕获平均全长２．５ｃｍ的天然花鲈苗种，分二阶段进行培育。第一阶段是流水淡化驯养：包括淡化、暂养和驯饵；第二阶段是分级培育，每隔４～６ｄ分筛分级一次，直至４～６ｃｍ的鱼种。试验总成活率是５５％。     

Using iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomics Analysis to Identify Differentially Expressed Proteins Related to Larval Development of Portunus trituberculatus

The swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus is an economically important marine crustacean species. Here isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation(iTRAQ) analysis were used to identify proteins that are differentially expressed during larval development of P. trituberculatus to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. In comparison with the first zoea stage(Z1), 3980 proteins were identified from 32789 peptides, which were matched with 115497 spectrums. A total of 241 proteins were screened with significantly differential expressions in all development stages. These 241 proteins are involved in various biological processes, such as cytoskeleton organization, protein synthesis, energy production and substance metabolism, physiological activities, and transport.Cluster analyses of the 241 differentially expressed proteins led to the generation of four protein clusters based on the overall similarity in protein expression patterns. Exactly 54, 70, 36, and 45 proteins clustered in profiles 10(0, 0, 0,-1, 0, 0), 15(0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1), 18(0, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0), and 19(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), respectively. Muscle development and exoskeleton renewal were important processes throughout the development stages. In addition, protein synthesis, degradation, and digestion actively occurred, especially at the Z4 stage. These results provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying larval development of swimming crab and can assist in larval rearing.     

Effects of different dietary lipid contents on growth and lipase activity of Eriocheir sinensis larvae

The effects of different dietary lipid content on the growth and lipase activity of Eriocheir sinensis larvae were studied in the paper. The results showed that the survival, metamorphic rate and weight gain of E. sinensis larvae at different stages of growth all varied significantly with lipid content (P<0.05). Further, the survival and metamorphosis rates were the highest during the larval phases Z₃ to Z₄, and the weight gain was the highest during the larval phases Z₅ to M. During the first 20 h after metamorphosis of every larval stage, the lipase activity increased over time at Z₁, Z₂, Z₃ and M and declined at Z₄ and Z₅, and was influenced significantly by lipid content (P<0.05). In addition, lipase activity at each larval stage began to respond to dietary lipid contents 4 h after the larvae were fed, and tended to be stable after 12 h. The diets with higher lipase activity and lower lipid content were selected to give the suitable recipe of lipid requirements at each larval stage. It was concluded that the suitable lipid requirements at Z₁, Z₂, Z₃, Z₄, Z₅ and M were 6%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 8% and 10%, respectively.     

罗氏沼虾幼体摄食和饥饿的初步研究

在室内实验条件下，对罗氏沼虾各期蚤状幼体摄食卤虫无节幼体量及早期饥饿对蚤幼发育变态的影响进行了试验。结果表明，罗氏沼虾幼体从ＺⅡ开始摄食，ＺⅢ摄食量明显增加，日摄食卤虫无节约体量为１９个，随着蜕皮变态．日摄食量逐渐增大．到ＺⅥ日摄食量达９０个，但在蜕变皮间期内日摄食量差别不大，从Ｚ１发育至Ｐ１平均每尾幼体摄食卤虫无节幼体总量为１０９４个。饥饿对罗氏沼虾幼体早期的变态和成活有明显影响，罗氏沼虾幼体的ＰＮＲ１０Ｏ约为４ｄ。