Cartographic Design and Production in the Internet Era: The Example of Tourist Web Maps

Abstract

Some, but not all, branches of the tourist industry make heavy use of maps. The industry has discovered the marketing potential of the Internet but in many cases has not yet fully exploited the extra potential of web maps compared to the traditional paper maps. Web maps can up-to-date tourist information very well but they have to be carefully designed to take account of the limitations of the medium. To be most effective, web maps should be basically simple and convey sufficient information interactively, on request. The map and symbol design should convey intuitively where and how this interaction can take place. This paper summarizes the typical faults found in tourist web map design and provides suggestions on good design practice.     

面向公开地图表示的地名数据集及地名服务系统的设计与实现

随着网络的普及以及新型地图载体的出现,公众使用地理信息的需求越来越迫切。在公众版地图成果基础上叠加从不同尺度数据中提取的公开要素,形成系列公开地图产品的技术思路也已成熟。作为联系空间与非空间信息之间"桥梁"的地名,在地图中是必不可少的,在编制公开地图产品时迫切需要准确、便捷的地名服务系统。本文主要介绍了面向公开地图表示的地名数据集及地名服务系统的设计思路和功能实现,并对其关键技术及创新点进行分析。     

A Web GIS Application for Dams and Drought in India

Dams and diversion are built in India for meeting needs of water and energy. Due to variability of monsoon in space and time, precipitation falls short or exceeds causing in extreme cases drought and floods respectively. Water resource planners and engineers need information on dams and diversion. Drought information is needed in disaster management. For dissemination of these spatial data, Web GIS technology can be utilized, which is amalgamation of several information technologies. For Web GIS application, a high end, powerful and open source software, namely Mapserver is available. The software is CGI technology based. An application on dams and drought information for India is conceptualized using Mapserver. It is planned to write the application by modifying available tutorial. This will require writing DHTML pages, writing logic, using available libraries etc. Separate DHTML pages will be written for dam and drought applications. For dam application pages will be written for storage, hydropower and all dams. The drought application will provide maps of rainfall over districts for different SPI and time scales.     

Extracting central places from the link structure in Wikipedia

Explicit information about places is captured in an increasing number of geospatial datasets. This article presents evidence that relationships between places can also be captured implicitly. It demonstrates that the hierarchy of central places in Germany is reflected in the link structure of the German language edition of Wikipedia. The official upper and middle centers declared, based on German spatial laws, are used as a reference dataset. The characteristics of the link structure around their Wikipedia pages, which link to each other or mention each other, and how often, are used to develop a bottom‐up method for extracting central places from Wikipedia. The method relies solely on the structure and number of links and mentions between the corresponding Wikipedia pages; no spatial information is used in the extraction process. The output of this method shows significant overlap with the official central place structure, especially for the upper centers. The results indicate that real‐world relationships are in fact reflected in the link structure on the web in the case of Wikipedia.     

基于GIS技术的三维可视化数字校园建设研究——以贵州大学为例

“数字化校园”通过对校区内地物地貌进行数字化建模,形成可视的校园基础地理信息模型,具有覆盖面积小、资料容易获取、实地踏勘方便等优势,对于现代化校园建设管理具有积极意义。通过高清卫星影像图与实地调查相结合的方法,进行了ArcGIS区域矢量化、三维建模以及编写HTML网页的工作,实现了三维可视化校园成果在ArcScene平台和网页平台的展示。结果表明,利用SketchUp建模并通过网页浏览的效果较好,普适性更强,更易被大众所接受,拓宽了三维可视化成果的受众范围。     

互联网南极地理信息系统的设计与实现

在分析南极分布式地理信息的基础上,具体介绍了基于互联网南极地理信息系统的信息组织、软件设计和实现及其功能。     

基于ArcGIS Server的医院网络地理信息服务系统

为解决目前医院地理信息服务系统在信息共享、空间分析等方面的不足,采用ArcGIS Server组件、C#编程语言、SQL Server数据库研发了医院网络地理信息服务系统。该系统以天地图作为基础地理数据,融合医院空间与医疗信息,并部署到互联网环境中。除具有医疗专题信息的网络浏览与查询外,系统还实现了诸多空间分析、地学统计等功能,既可为市民就医提供更全面的信息查询,又可为医疗事故的突发与应急提供技术支撑。     

基于WMTS标准的2.5维电子地图的构建

2.5维数字地图既具有三维数字地图良好的表现效果,又具备数据量小、网上传输速度快的优点,满足了在现有的网络环境下对三维地图的快速浏览访问,在传统二维地图和真三维地图之间起到了很好的承上启下的作用。本文针对阜新市二维矢量数据和属性数据,利用3ds Max软件对研究区域建模并渲染成图,然后,在PhotoShop软件中进行图幅拼接,最后制作成瓦片地图与矢量图叠加发布,以便实现在Web端对2.5维电子地图的浏览、查询和空间分析等功能,并重点研究了基于OGC的WMTS标准和瓦片金字塔技术的标准化切图制作、发布、调用方法。     

Effects of Animations in Zooming and Panning Operations on Web maps: A Web-based Experiment

Abstract

The presentation of graphics and maps on the Internet has led to the development of several new techniques. The use of dynamics and animations in maps has increased, and new types of applications are emerging frequently. Recently, several map providers on the web have introduced zooming in maps as an animated operation. In this paper, we look closer into how the animated zoom is perceived by participants in an experiment, and compare these observations with a corresponding test where the map scale is changed in more abrupt steps. The results indicate significant preference for the animated zoom. The experiment itself is carried out through the World Wide Web and all the participants made their contribution from their own computers.     

Spatially Clustered Associations in Health Related Geospatial Data

Overlaying maps using a desktop GIS is often the first step of a multivariate spatial analysis. The potential of this operation has increased considerably as data sources and Web services to manipulate them are becoming widely available via the Internet. Standards from the OGC enable such geospatial ‘mashups’ to be seamless and user driven, involving discovery of thematic data. The user is naturally inclined to look for spatial clusters and ‘correlation’ of outcomes. Using classical cluster detection scan methods to identify multivariate associations can be problematic in this context, because of a lack of control on or knowledge about background populations. For public health and epidemiological mapping, this limiting factor can be critical but often the focus is on spatial identification of risk factors associated with health or clinical status. In this article we point out that this association itself can ensure some control on underlying populations, and develop an exploratory scan statistic framework for multivariate associations. Inference using statistical map methodologies can be used to test the clustered associations. The approach is illustrated with a hypothetical data example and an epidemiological study on community MRSA. Scenarios of potential use for online mashups are introduced but full implementation is left for further research.     

利用Web挖掘技术改善公众网络地图查询服务

针对影响公众网络地图查询服务质量的一些因素,提出利用Web挖掘技术来加以改善,这主要体现于三个环节:从万维网中发现并提取地址信息以扩充空间数据库;通过对扩充后的数据库进行空间分析与推理来增强查询功能;根据分析用户查询日志来指导数据采编工作以及提供针对性的查询服务。在文章的最后给出了原型系统的设计框架与试验实例。     

天地一体化数字影像地理空间信息的获取与更新

数字地理空间信息在经济社会发展、应急救援服务及国防军事中的作用越来越重要。网格(Grid)技术正成为继Internet和Web之后的第三代网络技术，地球空间信息网格体系的发展是对测绘科技发展的又一次机遇，航空／航天数字栅格图像数据能为现代网格地图，或无级无缝在线服务的电子地图提供丰富的动态的数据源。进入21世纪以来，多种方式的天地一体化对地观测技术体系不断发展，能全天时、快速、高精度地获取地理空间的数字影像数据。同时，为了适应不同领域和目标应用的需要，建立或更新GIS数据库的数据，图像数据处理与分析理论和方法的研究也成果斐然。     

基于交通基础地理信息的网络发布研究与实现

近年来随着WebGIS技术的日趋成熟,采用WebGIS技术管理空间数据并进行网络发布,供用户快速查询与使用,实现空间信息的网络共享,为空间数据的充分利用和可视化表达提供了一种有效的解决方案。本文以北京市交通地理信息系统开发为例,探讨了交通基础地理信息的网络发布平台构架设计与实现过程,并针对系统关键技术的原理及实现进行了详细阐述,构建了以J2EE为核心,基于ArcIMS的空间信息服务框架体系,是WebGIS技术在交通领域的集成应用。     

A geospatial search engine for discovering multi-format geospatial data across the web

The volume of publically available geospatial data on the web is rapidly increasing due to advances in server-based technologies and the ease at which data can now be created. However, challenges remain with connecting individuals searching for geospatial data with servers and websites where such data exist. The objective of this paper is to present a publically available Geospatial Search Engine (GSE) that utilizes a web crawler built on top of the Google search engine in order to search the web for geospatial data. The crawler seeding mechanism combines search terms entered by users with predefined keywords that identify geospatial data services. A procedure runs daily to update map server layers and metadata, and to eliminate servers that go offline. The GSE supports Web Map Services, ArcGIS services, and websites that have geospatial data for download. We applied the GSE to search for all available geospatial services under these formats and provide search results including the spatial distribution of all obtained services. While enhancements to our GSE and to web crawler technology in general lie ahead, our work represents an important step toward realizing the potential of a publically accessible tool for discovering the global availability of geospatial data.     

Meeting the Need for GIS Skills in Developing Countries: The Case of Informal Settlements

Informal settlements are a chronic issue in developing countries. Management and formalisation processes require good spatial data and analytical tools. While software such as geographic information systems (GIS) are widely available, access to good data and skilled users may be limited. In this paper we suggest that digital multimedia learning tools, accessible via the World Wide Web (WWW) may be part of the solution. We present the rationale for, and structure of, a suite of prototype learning modules for neighbourhood operations. We illustrate the use of these operations by converting shack locations into population density maps for the Imizamo Yethu settlement near Cape Town, South Africa. This prototype forms a part of a larger web site that also includes background information, data sources and software.     

基于多源国产高分卫星时空信息的米级分辨率耕地提取

及时准确地获取耕地空间分布数据对于农业生产管理、产量估算、种植结构调整等具有重要意义。目前的耕地提取多基于多时相中低分辨率影像或单时相高分辨率影像,难以满足耕地破碎,农作物种植模式复杂的区域精度需求。基于此,本研究通过协同国产高分一号（GF-1）、高分二号（GF-2）和高分六号（GF-6）卫星影像,探索米级分辨率尺度下的耕地高精度提取方法。该方法以深度神经网络UNet为基础,通过协同GF-1/6的多时相优势和GF-2影像的高空间分辨率构建了CEUNet (Cropland Extraction UNet)模型,以充分挖掘耕地的时相特征和空间几何特征。同时,将基于CEUNet模型提取的米级耕地结果分别与基于UNet和多源不同分辨率遥感影像的语义分割（UNet＿m）、基于UNet和单时相高分辨率影像的语义分割（UNet＿s）、基于对象的随机森林分类（OBIA）、基于像元的随机森林分类（RF）提取的耕地结果展开对比,分析所提出的方法在不同区域的适宜性。结果表明,基于CEUNet模型提取的米级耕地总体精度达到92.92%,且基于CEUNet提取的耕地的逐像元验证结果在平均F1-Score值上相...     

基于Web技术的专题地图制作

Web及Internet技术的发展，促进了网络与数据库的结合，使得如何在网络上有效地获取并处理地理数据正变得日趋重要。本文探讨了如何使用Visual C^ 6．0提供的网络以及数据库编程技术，来实现地理数据的分布式管理。     

Web分布式空间数据仓库体系结构设计

通过互联网将海量空间信息资源进行有效整合、存储、管理、共享及分析利用是实现面向政府、部门和社会公众地理空间信息服务的关键。结合了海量异构空间数据管理的实际需求,提出了一种Web分布式空间数据仓库体系结构,并将该体系结构应用于省级退化废弃地监控信息决策服务系统,设计了基于Web分布式空间数据仓库的省级退化废弃地监控数据管...     

Html5 WebScoket对Web Map实时通信的影响

互联网技术不断更新迭代,Web技术应用越来越广泛,众多Web应用场景对数据的实时性、有效性提出了更高要求。本文分析了传统的Web实时通信解决方案以及Html5 WebScoket实时服务推技术,运用这两种技术分别构建Web Map实时轨迹服务,通过两者传输的实时通信测试与对比,显示WebScoket在Web Map实时通信中具有很高的性能优势,大幅减少了网络数据吞吐量,缩短了网络反馈延时,降低了对服务器性能消耗。     

Web-based 4D visualization of marine geo-data using WebGL

For marine logistics and maintenance of extensive and expensive marine engineering projects in the coastal zone, it is essential that institutions provide the public with relevant information in an easily understandable yet comprehensive manner over the web. A perennial challenge, however, has been the development of spatio-temporal (four-dimensional (4D)) geo-visualization algorithms to enable the integration of time-varying geo-information in map-based visualizations on the Internet. In this paper, we address the challenge of visualizing marine spatial data in web-based applications through a 4D visualization concept, focusing on usability criteria, performance parameters, the required implementation effort, and delivering a breath of spatial information that supports decision-making on multiple levels. We used Web Graphic Library (WebGL) to validate our concept through a prototypical implementation. In our technology evaluation, WebGL proved highly suitable for the development of interactive, responsive, efficient, and mobile web-based Geographic Information applications, including 2D, 3D, and 4D (spatiotemporal) content. During our research, we identified a number of open research questions, including mapping graphic variables to thematic expressivity, representation of the time dimension in 4D systems, generic temporal generalization, and integration of (pseudo-)photorealistic illustrations in web-based geo-visualization systems.