贵州关岭动物群中的海百合

关岭动物群是由海百合、水生爬行动物、鱼、双壳类、菊石、牙形石等多门类生物组成的动物群,保存在上三叠统瓦窑组近底部.本文仅描述了其中的海百合1属2种:Traumatocrinus kueichouensis Mu, Traumatocrinus guanlingensis sp. nov.,其中Traumatocrinus guanlingensis 为1新种.     

A review on advances in seismology in Mexico after 30 years from the 1985 earthquake

The 19 September 1985 (M_w8.1) earthquake, located on the Michoacán coast, Mexico, generated great damage in Mexico City, more than 300 km away from the epicentral area. Other important cities near the coast and in central Mexico also suffered severe damage. Thirty years after this important event, the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), the Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California (CICESE) and other institutions organized a conference to discuss the scientific advances, particularly in seismology, that had taken place in Mexico since then.     

Geochemistry of Mercury in the Permian Tectonically Deformed Coals from Peigou Mine, Xinmi Coalfield, China

As the mercury emitted from coal combustion can lead to serious environmental issues, researchers pay more attention to the content, distribution and occurrence of mercury in coal. In this paper, the content, distribution, and occurrence of mercury in the Permian tectonically deformed coals from Peigou Mine, Xinmi coalfield, Henan Province were investigated. A total of 18 bench samples were taken from No.2-1 coals seam in Peigou Mine, including 15 coal bench samples, two roofs and one floor. The mercury concentration, mineral composition, and main inorganic element content of 18 samples were determined by DMA-80 direct mercury analyzer, XRD, and XRF respectively. The results show that the mercury content ranges from 0.047 ppm to 0.643 ppm, with an average of 0.244 ppm. Though the coal seam has turned into typical tectonically deformed coal by the strong tectonic destruction and plastic deformation, the vertical distribution of mercury has remarkable heterogeneity in coal seam section. By the analysis of correlation between mercury and the main inorganic elements and the mineral composition in coal, we infer that majority of mercury mainly relates to pyrite or kaolinite.     

砂岩储层中不同赋存状态油砂抽提物的地球化学特征:长链酮①——以鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组为例

对采自西峰油田三叠系延长组六个油砂样品中游离烃、束缚烃的饱和烃、芳烃和氯仿馏分进行了系统的分析。在氯仿馏分中检测出一系列异常丰富的正构烷基酮化合物，其碳数分布范围C13～ C33,具有强烈的奇碳优势。研究表明:正构烷基酮的演化受热演化（成熟度）的影响，在成熟度较低的束缚烃中，主要分布正构烷基 2 酮；而在成熟度较高的游离烃中，主要为正构烷基 3,4,5,6（或更高） 酮异构体。表现为随着成熟度的增加，正构烷基酮的羰基(∶CO)由2位向更高位迁移的趋势。正构烷基酮的形成是由于菌藻类和高等植物类脂中的脂肪酸，在粘土矿物等催化作用下，经β 氧化后脱羧基而形成。在束缚烃和游离烃中正构烷基酮的分布特征，可用于油气成藏差异的研究。     

河北汉诺坝玄武岩中幔源捕虏体中的水

本文对河北汉诺坝玄武岩内的幔源捕虏体矿物进行了系统地红外光谱学研究。结果表明,来自该地区约75km以上的地幔捕虏体普遍含有微量水(0.45×10~(-2)％～11.6×10~(-2)％,以H_2O计算,下同),以OH~-形式主要赋存在辉石(及橄榄石?)中,而不是在角闪石或金云母中。捕虏体中的水可能首先进入橄榄石、石榴石及辉石晶格,角闪石或金云母晶出在后。虽然角闪石及金云母晶格中含有比辉石高百倍的水,但它们所含的水可能是局部水的富集,与相对规模较小的岩浆事件或交代作用有关。早期研究估计的75km以上原始地幔岩中含0.1％水的数据可能偏高。汉诺坝玄武岩捕虏体含水量(多数1.11×10~(-2)％～3.01×10~(-2)％)比大洋中脊玄武岩和南非金伯利岩中捕虏体含水量(多数低于1.00×10~(-2)％)略高。反映了水在上地幔中时间、空间分布的不均匀性。幔源无水硅酸盐矿物中含有微量水这一事实,为了解上地幔中水的分布,水在地幔中的动力学、地球化学过程所起的作用提供了重要基础数据。     

Diffusion metasomatism in silica-undersaturated sapphirine-bearing granulite from Rumdoodle Peak, Framnes Mountains, east Antarctica

At Rumdoodle Peak, near Mawson Base, east Antarctica, an enclave of metasedimentary granulite is enclosed in the Mawson Charnockite, an extensive c. 960 Ma intrusion. The enclave contains a disrupted layer of black spinel-orthopyroxene-phlogopite gneiss, which was truncated by a quartz-rich vein. A reaction band that developed between these units is composed of a sequence of mineral zones that contain spinel, orthopyroxene, sapphirine, cordierite and plagioclase. The sequence of mineral zones approximately matches that predicted by a model of closed system diffusion metasomatism, involving the exchange of Si for Fe and Mg. The reaction bands differ from the model in the presence of micro-scale disequilibrium textures, that include “double coronas” composed of cordierite surrounding sapphirine and sapphirine surrounding spinel. The growth of the reaction band was controlled by diffusion along intergranular pathways, with local equilibrium maintained adjacent to grain boundaries. The presence of corona textures is a result of slow reaction rates, due to limited diffusive exchange of Si and Al across mineral grains. Received: 15 January 1998 / Accepted: 7 September 1998     

新疆和田玉和俄罗斯贝加尔湖地区软玉的岩石学特征研究

通过对新疆和田玉以及俄罗斯贝加尔湖地区软玉的化学成分、矿物组成、结构构造等方面的研究和对比,从岩石学的角度较系统地总结了两者的异同点,指出两者主要成分和主要矿物组成是近似的,但主要结构有区别,因而在外观上也有一定的差别,这对于两者的开发和利用有重要的实际意义.     

2008—2018年中国冰川变化分析

调查冰川资源的分布与变化,对区域乃至全球的自然环境与经济社会发展都具有十分重要的意义.基于315景Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像,结合中国第二次冰川编目数据与Google Earth软件,通过人工目视解译等方法调查了2018年中国冰川的分布与变化.结果表明:中国现存冰川53238条,总面积为(47174.21±19...     

湖南大根垄钨多金属矿地电提取法机理

笔者以湖南大根垄钨多金属矿为试验研究区,以20 m点距在已知矿体上方取土壤样,并按照24 h提取时间、1 000 mL HNO₃提取液、50 cm电极间距等工作条件进行了地电提取试验。结果表明,地电提取前后土壤中的元素含量变化不大,被提取到的金属元素应属土壤金属总量的一部分。次生晕与地电提取的异常形态对比发现:Co、Ni较清晰,W次之,Cr无异常;元素的异常特征主要取决于土壤中该元素的活性形式所占比例。综合分析认为地电提取异常与矿体的相对位置有关:矿体的下坡位置以及控矿断裂附近容易形成异常,距离原生矿体太近则会对异常有明显干扰。在本矿区,矿体风化程度越高对Co、Ni的地电提取异常越有利;其异常宽度一般比次生晕窄。     

泌阳凹陷南部陡坡带地震资料的炮域波动方程叠前深度偏移

泌阳凹陷南部陡坡带是河南油田的重点勘探老区,其构造产状不仅陡,断层也多,叠后时间偏移难以得到较好的地震成像效果,基于Kirchhoff积分偏移方法具有运算速度快、效率高的特点,以及炮域波动方程方法能保持地震波的动力学特征,应用Kirchhoff积分偏移方法进行了偏移速度分析,建立了精细的速度模型.然后基于该模型在深度域进行了剩余速度分析以及层析成像,进一步提高了速度模型的精度. 通过分析偏移孔径、去假频参数以及延拓步长等成像处理参数对成像效果的影响,确定出最佳偏移处理参数,最后利用炮域波动方程方法对工区的三维地震数据进行了叠前偏移成像.成像结果表明,该方法能够使该区陡坡带反射层位得到较好的偏移,信噪比和横向分辨率都得到提高.     

西藏松多榴辉岩的矿物原位微量元素地球化学研究

对松多榴辉岩中单矿物进行的LA-ICP-MS原位微区微量元素分析研究结果表明,石榴石主要富集中、重稀土元素和Y,同时具有高丰度的Sc、V、Cr和Co等元素;绿辉石中的微量元素以中稀土元素、Sr、Sc、V、Cr、Co、Ni和Ti为主,含有一定量的Zr、Hf等。石榴石、绿辉石、角闪石和绿帘石中均显示轻稀土元素亏损的特点,表明在退变质过程中没有发生明显的富轻稀土元素的外来流体交代作用,因而其微量元素矿物地球化学的某些特点不同于苏鲁地区的榴辉岩。石榴石变斑晶中某些元素(如Ti、Zr)的分带性暗示了榴辉岩在紧随峰期变质之后的折返过程中发生了降压增温过程。榴辉岩主要变质矿物中微量元素的分配显然受到矿物主量元素的分配所控制,如MgO在石榴石和绿辉石之间的分配对Ni、Co、Ti分配的控制以及CaO的分配对Sr、Y、REE分配的控制等。退变质过程中矿物的形成或分解以及物理化学条件的改变都可以引起矿物间微量元素的重新分配。由绿辉石退变质而形成的角闪石,较之原先的绿辉石,其微量元素配分曲线总体特征会发生变化,但元素总体丰度相近,某些元素特点相似,又反映了绿辉石和角闪石之间的成生联系。金红石是Ti、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf的主要赋存矿物,而与之共生的绿帘石所表现出来的高场强元素的亏损特征表明了金红石的存在所带来的影响。     

Arsenic contamination in groundwater from parts of Ambagarh-Chowki block, Chhattisgarh, India: source and release mechanism

Arsenic contamination in tube-well water in Ambagarh-Chowki block, central India, is restricted to local areas confined within the N-S trending Dongargarh rift zone. Affected areas are preferentially located in acid volcanics, close to shear zones and also in granites. Dug-wells even in severely contaminated areas generally have As concentration ≤10 μg/l. But in Kaurikasa area, several tube-wells and dug-wells are severely polluted. Weathered rocks and soils are also enriched in As from severely contaminated areas. As preferentially occurs in iron-enriched soil and similarly altered biotite, chlorite in granite. As sorbed in hydrated iron oxide (HFO) that preferably occurs in acid-leachable fraction and possibly as coatings on kaolinite, illite and goethite in soil or as coatings and along cleavage traces on weathered biotite and chlorite. Reductive dissolution of HFO released sorbed As to groundwater and enriched it in Fe. Pyrite in volcanic and shear zone rocks, although locally As-bearing is a minor source of As in groundwater.     

新疆阿尔泰库吉尔特伟晶岩海蓝宝石矿物化学研究

海蓝宝石属绿柱石族矿物,产出于花岗伟晶岩中,其结晶过程可贯穿于伟晶质岩浆演化的不同阶段,同时也是岩浆熔体和流体包裹体的重要宿主矿物。库吉尔特伟晶岩是新疆阿尔泰可可托海地区众多伟晶岩脉中产出高质量海蓝宝石的LCT型伟晶岩。本文对库吉尔特伟晶岩中产出的海蓝宝石进行了主、微量元素和流体包裹体研究。流体包裹体岩相学显示,在海蓝宝石中熔体/熔体-流体包裹体(MI/M-FI)和流体包裹体(FI)分布呈现一定的规律, MI/M-FI主要集中在晶体的根部至中部,而FI则富集在边缘区域,说明该海蓝宝石的结晶过程经历了较为完整的伟晶岩岩浆演化阶段。测温结果显示,M-FI的均一温度>550℃,FI的均一温度范围为220~400℃,盐度介于0~14%之间,密度为0.6~0.9 g/cm²,流体属于中-高温、中-低盐度的H₂O-NaCl-CO₂体系。在结晶学和流体包裹体岩相学基础上确定出海蓝宝石晶体代表岩浆-热液过渡阶段和岩浆期后热液阶段的部位,进行电子探针(EPMA)和激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱分析(LA-ICP-MS),结果显示海蓝宝石为Fe元素主导致色,在海蓝宝石生长过程中Fe²⁺以Na⁺+Fe²⁺→Al³⁺的通道-八面体替代模式进入矿物晶格使其呈现蓝色。在伟晶岩演化早-中期,海蓝宝石中碱金属(Li、Na、K、Cs)与过渡族金属元素(Fe、Mg、Mn)含量变化稳定,进入晚期这些金属元素含量陡增。结合该地区板块运动长期处于挤压俯冲环境,推测库吉尔特伟晶岩岩浆演化过程处于非封闭的状态,晚期仍然有深部岩浆房富集Fe、Mg、Mn的流体呈脉动式注入,导致原始热液流体成分发生波动。     

Geochemistry of Ore-bearing Lamprophyre from the Cu-Ni Deposit in Dhi Samir, Yemen

Magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposits are generally associated with mafic-ultramafic rocks and it has not been reported that lamprophyre is one of the surrounding rocks of Cu-Ni sulfide deposits. The Dhi Samir deposit in Yemen, however, is a rare example of Cu-Ni deposits which are hosted in lamprophyre dikes. In this paper, comprehensive research is made on petrology, petrochemistry and isotope geochemistry for Cu-Ni-bearing rocks in the Dhi Samir area and the results show that dark rocks related to Cu-Ni orebodies are sodium-weak potassium and belong to calc-alkaline series lamprophyre, especially camptonite, characterized by enriched alkali, iron and titanium. In these rocks large-ion-lithophile elements are obviously concentrated, while high field strength elements slightly depleted, showing clear negative anomalies of Ta and Nb, and weak deficiency of Ti. The SREE is very high (225.67-290.05 ppm) and the REE partition curves are flat and right-inclined, featuring a LREE-enriched pattern with low negative Eu anomalies. Study of magmatic source areas indicates that the rocks have low (87Sr/86Sr) and high εNd(t), and the magmas were probably derived from the enriched mantle I (EM-I) end-member. Based on the LA-ICPMS on zircon U-Pb isotope dating, the lamprophyre in the Dhi Samir mining area has an age of 602±2.6 Ma, indicating that the rock was formed in the late Proterozoic and in an intraplate setting due to magmatism of an extensional environment in the post-Pan-Africa orogeny.     

西藏拉萨地块中—新生代火山岩中多硅白云母捕虏晶特征及其地质意义

在西藏班戈县德庆区纳木错西岸则弄群火山岩剖面中一段流纹质熔结凝灰岩岩石,西藏堆龙德庆县门堆乡帕那组火山岩剖面三段流纹质晶屑玻屑凝灰岩,以及西藏林周县强嘎乡帕那组火山岩剖面二段流纹质熔结凝灰岩中,发现了多硅白云母捕虏晶。多硅白云母捕虏晶的矿物成分分析结果显示其Si阳离子数为3.294~3.485,Al阳离子数为2.024~2.419,属于比较典型的高压/超高压岩石中常见的白云母。这一特征暗示早白垩世与始新世拉萨地块南北下地壳应该存在高压变质岩或发生过强烈构造挤压导致的高压变质作用。     

Rutile inclusions in garnet from a dissolution‐reprecipitation mechanism

Metamorphic garnet commonly contains needle‐like rutile inclusions as well as equant rutile inclusions that surround quartz inclusions and range in size from submicrometer to nanometer. Although the origin of these equant rutile inclusions, that is, exsolution or non‐exsolution, has important implications for petrological and tectonic processes, the crystallographic characteristics of these inclusions have rarely been studied because of the small sizes and analytical difficulties involved. Here, we report the crystallographic characteristics pertinent to the genetic origin of minute equant rutile inclusions in cloudy, nearly spherically shaped garnet domains with Ti‐depleted compositions surrounding quartz inclusions in ultrahigh‐pressure garnet from several diamondiferous Erzgebirge quartzofeldspathic gneissic rock samples. TEM analyses show that the equant rutile crystals in cloudy garnet domains are partially bounded by the low‐energy {100}_rt ± {110}_rt ± {101}_rt facets and have rather random crystallographic orientation relationships (CORs) with the garnet host, with preferential alignment of low‐energy lattice planes, for example, {100}_rt//{112}_grt, for some rutile crystals. Although the rather random CORs are unlikely to be attributed to solid‐state exsolution subjected to the stringent topotactic garnet lattice constraints, the characteristic subhedral {100}_rt ± {110}_rt ± {101}_rt crystal forms of rutile can be rationalized by a metasomatic dissolution‐reprecipitation mechanism via a fluid phase. In this scenario, the quartz+fluid inclusions in garnet were first subjected to decompression microcracking during rock exhumation, followed by dissolution of Ti‐bearing garnet matrix at the crack tips or along the crack surfaces and subsequent reprecipitation of rutile, apatite, gahnite, akdalaite, and Ti‐depleted garnet. The rapid coalescence between rutile and garnet crystals in fluid or direct attachment of rutile crystals onto the dissolving crack surfaces would then yield the rather random CORs as reported here. These results, along with previous work on rutile needles, indicate rather diverse genesis of rutile inclusions in various crystal forms, thus shedding light on the controversial exsolution origin for other inclusion suite/microstructure in minerals.     

油藏储层中不同赋存状态烃类地球化学特征:Ⅰ链烷烃--以鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组为例

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地西峰油田三叠系延长组六个油砂样品中游离烃、封闭烃、碳酸盐胶结物烃、束缚烃和石英颗粒包裹体烃的分步分离和抽提,并对每类烃的不同馏分进行GC-MS分析。根据所分析样品的成岩作用序列,结合样品的结构特征,表明这一方法是可行的。通过对不同赋存状态链烷烃的研究表明,研究区正构烷烃峰型为单峰型,碳数分布广,具较弱的奇碳优势。烃类的母质类型显示为Ⅰ-Ⅱ型干酪根,形成于开阔水体条件下还原的淡水湖相环境。Pr/Ph比值、CPI值,在不同赋存状态烃中差异比较明显,大体上从游离烃、封闭烃、胶结物烃、束缚烃到包裹体烃有减小的趋势。结合其族组分特征,反映了油气演化的阶段性及其成藏期次和油藏微观的不均一性。     

山西省河曲县铺沟铝土矿中勃姆石的矿物学特征及其成因探讨

本文对山西省河曲县铺沟铝土矿中的勃姆石进行了偏光显微镜、X射线粉末衍射、红外光谱、扫描电镜鉴定,研究了其矿物学特征。勃姆石晶体形态呈菱形、柳叶状及鳞片状。X射线衍射特征峰有:d020=6.109,d120=3.160,d=051=1.863,d200=1.848,d220=1.769,d080=1.529;晶胞参数为a0=3.690,b0=12.162,c0=2.866;红外光谱反映的特征谱带是3300cm-1和3078cm-1。文章还对其成因进行了探讨,认为主要是由胶体晶化及高岭石脱硅转变而来。     

碧溪岭石榴石橄榄岩的橄榄石中针状磁铁矿出溶体成分的不均匀性

运用电子探针Map图分析技术在碧溪岭石榴石橄榄岩的橄榄石中发现了磁铁矿针状出溶体成分不均匀的现象，即同一岩石样品的橄榄石中针状出溶体既有前人发现的含钛一铬磁铁矿，也有本文发现的含铬钛磁铁矿和磁铁矿两种针状出溶体。研究认为，针状出溶体成分出现的差异可能是由于Ti和Cr在原始的β-橄榄石相中分布不均匀所致，这种出溶体的出现暗示这些橄榄石可能是由地幔特有的尖晶石结构相转变而成，为确定这些橄榄岩的来源深度和大陆俯冲过程提供了有意义的信息。     

从“构造热事件”分析阜新盆地多能源矿产共存成藏

阜新盆地煤、煤层气、石油、致密砂岩气、地热等多种能源矿产的分布和成藏受到盆地构造热演化的控制。纵向上，煤和煤层气主要集中在盆地上部地层，石油和致密砂岩气主要集中在盆地中部地层，地热主要集中在盆地底部地层。平面上，石油位于盆地中部和中南部，致密砂岩气位于盆地中部的东梁构造带，煤炭全盆地均有分布，主要可采煤层位于盆地中部，煤层气位于盆地中部，地热位于盆地中部的东梁构造带。盆地构造热演化与能源矿产的时空配置表明，盆地的构造热演化控制了盆地能源矿产的成藏，煤是多能源矿产重要的物质来源，盆地多能源矿产成藏顺序依次为：煤→石油→致密砂岩气→煤层气→地热。综合以上特征，阜新盆地多能源矿产的联合勘探开发应以东梁构造带、清河门—艾友构造带、王营—刘家构造带为主要勘探区域进行。