δ13C和δ15N指示不同生态类型湖泊无机氮及有机质来源

为了探讨不同生态类型湖泊(天然湖泊、城市湖泊)中无机氮和有机质来源,分别采集湖泊中水体、表层沉积物、水生植物、底栖动物进行碳、氮同位素特征分析.结果表明:蚌湖水体δ15N-NH4均值为-1.8‰±1.0‰,δ15N-NO3-均值为-0.5‰±1.7‰,说明蚌湖水体氮表现为雨水和农业肥料氮污染;象湖δ15 N-NH4+均值为6.8‰±8.6‰,其中养殖废水和管道排污口δ15N-NH4+值分别为13.5‰和25.4‰,表现出污水氮同位素特征,象湖δ15 N-NO3-均值为-2.9‰±4.2‰,是氨的硝化作用引起的氮同位素分馏所致.蚌湖表层沉积物、水生植物δ15N差别不大,分别为6.6‰±0.3‰、7.1‰±0.7‰,水生植物δ13C均值为-27.5‰±0.3‰,比沉积物δ13C偏负3‰.有机C/N为9.4±0.5,比沉积物C/N明显偏高6,反映水生植物是蚌湖有机质的主要来源.象湖表层沉积物δ15N、δ13C及有机C/N分布范围大,δ15N在3.6‰～8.3‰之间,均值为5.9‰±1.6‰,δ13C在-27.1‰～-24.7‰之间,均值为-26.0‰±1.0‰,有机C/N在2.6 ～10.8之间,均值为6.2±2.7,表明城市湖泊沉积有机质来源复杂.2个湖泊蚌类δ15N组成与各自湖泊表层沉积物δ15N组成相对应.     

鄱阳湖候鸟栖息地湖泊悬浮有机质的碳氮分布及来源分析——以大湖池和沙湖为例

以江西鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区的2个湖泊——大湖池和沙湖为研究对象,分析不同季节和水位悬浮有机质的碳氮稳定同位素（δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N）及碳氮比值（C/N）的变化特征,甄别悬浮有机质的来源.结果表明：在不同水位条件下,悬浮有机质的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均存在差异显著性.沙湖5月水位上涨时,悬浮有机质δ¹³C最正,均值为-26.4‰±0.9‰,10月退水后,δ¹³C最负,均值为-31.2‰±1.1‰.悬浮有机质δ¹⁵N值在5月和8月较低（范围为3.5‰~5.5‰）,10月也相对较低,均值为6.1‰±0.6‰,而12月相对较高（7.3‰~10.8‰）.悬浮有机质C/N值在10月最低,均值为6.5±0.6,小于7,与其他各月的C/N有显著差异,而其他各月C/N在7.8~8.7之间,不存在显著差异.大湖池悬浮有机质δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N各月的变化趋势与沙湖类似,并且两个湖泊在相同月份的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N或C/N均不存在显著差异,但大湖池的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N比沙湖的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均值略偏正0.1‰~0.5‰,C/N比沙湖的C/N略偏低0~0.4.有机δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N结合C/N示踪表明,大湖池和沙湖的悬浮有机质在5月水位上涨和8月丰水期主要来源于河流运输的土壤有机质,表层沉积物对5月悬浮有机质也有一定贡献（16%）,水生浮叶植物对8月悬浮有机质有一定贡献（25%）;10月秋季退水后悬浮有机质主要来源于藻类（77%）,表层沉积物有一定贡献（23%）;12、3和4月冬、春季枯水期悬浮有机质主要来源于表层沉积物,候鸟粪便对12月悬浮有机质有较大贡献（40%）,湿地植物碎屑对3和4月有较大贡献（47%和51%）.     

碳氮稳定同位素示踪鄱阳湖流域蚌湖丰水期的氮污染

鄱阳湖边缘深水区是鄱阳湖水位上涨时扩散而成的低洼湖区,通过对其一典型边缘湖泊——蚌湖丰水期的氮浓度和同位素特征值的检测,分析这类洪泛湖泊在水位最高时期水体颗粒有机质及无机氮的氮同位素变化特征,并识别氮污染来源及转化途径.结果表明:6月悬浮颗粒有机质碳氮同位素值(δ~(13)C:-26.7‰~-23.7‰,δ~(15)N:2.6‰~6.2‰)介于土壤有机质(δ~(13)C:-25.21‰±0.52‰,δ~(15)N:3.79‰±0.37‰)和水生植物的碳氮同位素值(δ~(13)C:-28.8‰~-24.9‰,δ~(15)N:5.3‰~8.2‰)之间.7月相比于6月,降低的δ~(13)C(-27.6‰~-23.2‰)和升高的δ~(15)N(4.3‰~7.7‰)表明暴雨冲刷带来更多的周边陆地碎屑输入.无机氮在6月以铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)为主要形态,7月以硝态氮(NO_3~--N)为主要形态.6月δ~(15)NH_4~+较负的特征值(-18.6‰±5.2‰)表明铵态氮主要来源于雨水,硝态氮(δ~(15)NO_3~-:1.4‰±3.0‰)主要来源于农业化肥和雨水.7月相比于6月,铵态氮和硝态氮的浓度和同位素值都大幅升高(分别升高了0.3和2倍,6‰和3‰),是暴雨冲刷陆地使农业化肥、城镇生活废水和畜禽养殖废水输入的结果.水生植物的δ~(15)N在7月(8.8‰±1.1‰)相比于6月(6.6‰±1.1‰)也升高了较多,是由于水生植物吸收了更高δ~(15)N废水无机氮的结果.通过颗粒有机质和无机氮的δ~(15)N分析可知,湖区水体氮的矿化作用和硝化作用较强,藻类对湖泊的内源氮贡献较弱,沿河湖的畜禽养殖在暴雨时对水域污染的威胁较大.本研究提供了洪泛湖泊氮污染治理的科学依据.     

东北地区典型湖沼沉积物溶解态有机质组成特征及来源解析：以库里泡为例

溶解态有机质(DOM)是湖泊沉积物的重要组分,解析DOM的组成和来源对于深入理解湖泊有机质生物地球化学循环及控制水体富营养化具有重要意义。 本研究于2021年5月和8月采集了大庆市库里泡表层及柱状沉积物、泡内水生物(浮游藻类、挺水植物和沉水植物)、岸边土壤、陆生C3和C4植物、禽畜粪便以及城镇污水等样品,分析了样品DOM的稳定同位素(δ¹³C 和 δ¹⁵N)组成及三维荧光光谱特征,并利用IsoSource软件计算了不同来源样品对沉积物DOM的贡献率。结果显示:(1)库里泡内表层沉积物DOM的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N组成存在季节性差异,5月δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均值分别为-25.54‰和9.02‰,8月分别为-26.81‰和8.40‰。(2)库里泡内柱状沉积物DOM的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N组成在垂直方向存在差异,表层(0~3 cm)δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均值分别为-26.58‰和9.04‰,深层(3~30 cm)均值分别为-25.40‰和10.61‰。(3)表层沉积物DOM的三维荧光组分存在季节性差异。5月以类腐殖质荧光组分为主,占比为87.89%,HIX和BIX分别为6.27和0.67;8月蛋白类荧光组分占比为49.58%,HIX和BIX指数均值分别为1.72和0.87。(4)5月表层沉积物DOM外源输入占比为61%,以土壤(21.40%)和城镇污水(18.08%)为主;而8月内源贡献占比稍高(55.10%),且以挺水植物为主(48.68%)。(5)柱状沉积物(0~30 cm)不同深度DOM来源组成相近,主要为城镇污水、沉水植物/藻和挺水植物,贡献率均值分别为42.13%、25.07%和18.53%。整体上,库里泡沉积物DOM来源主要受到流域内人类活动及气候特征的影响,本文研究结果有利于加深对我国东北地区湖泊沉积物有机质迁移转化及累积规律的认识。     

乌梁素海悬浮颗粒物和沉积物有机碳同位素特征及来源

悬浮颗粒物和沉积物是湖泊有机污染物的主要承载物质,其稳定同位素研究对有效识别有机质污染导致的湖泊富营养化具有重要意义.本研究选取乌梁素海为研究区,于2019年4月（融冰期）、7月（夏灌期）和10月（秋灌期）对湖区及入湖渠道的表层沉积物和悬浮颗粒物中有机碳的δ¹³C、C/N比及总有机碳（TOC、POC）和总氮（TON、PON）含量进行测定分析,联合采用δ¹³C、C/N及同位素多元混合模型研究湖泊有机碳来源及其贡献率.结果表明,乌梁素海悬浮颗粒物有机碳δ¹³C_POC的变化范围为-23.29‰~-29.75‰,呈现10月>4月>7月、入湖渠道>湖区的趋势,悬浮颗粒物POC/PON比变化范围为4.10~21.35,呈现出4月<7月<10月的时间变化,悬浮颗粒有机质主要来源于浮游植物（51.59%）、入湖渠道泥沙（34.60%）和大型水生植物（13.76%）.沉积物有机碳δ¹³C_TOC变化范围为-27.58‰~-22.68‰,呈现4月<10月<7月的变化,沉积物TOC/TON比变化范围为3.06~23.77,时空变化明显,沉积物有机质则主要源于入湖渠道挟带的泥沙,贡献达72.79%以上,而浮游植物与大型水生植物的贡献率相差较小,分别为11.85%和15.36%.本研究可以初步判定受入湖渠道影响的富营养化湖泊中悬浮颗粒物和沉积物有机碳来源,为改善湖泊有机污染和研究有机碳来源提供更多理解.     

利用C，N稳定同位素分析法鉴别家猪与野猪的初步尝试

采用动物考古学和分子生物学的研究方法探索家猪的起源已取得丰硕的成果,但如何科学鉴别驯化初期的家猪,至目前为止一直缺乏有效的研究思路和方法．与野猪的食物主要源自自然环境相比,家猪的食物则更容易受人类饲喂活动的影响,故此,理论上,探索猪群间的食物结构差异,了解人类的饲喂活动对猪食物的影响,可望科学地辨别家猪与野猪．对山东后李文化时期（约8500～7500年前）小荆山遗址的人骨以及月庄遗址的动物骨进行了C,N稳定同位素分析,探索猪群食谱差异,并通过与先民以及其他动物的同位素数值比较,尝试科学地鉴别家猪与野猪．先民的δ^13 C（平均值-17．8‰±0．3‰和δ^15 N（平均值9．0‰±0．6‰）表明,先民虽已开始从事粟作农业,但粟作农业在人类的生活方式中尚不占主导地位（因为粟类植物是一种典型的C4植物）,先民还主要以采集、狩猎或驯养家畜为生．牛的δ^13 C值（-16．1‰）和δ^15 N值（6．9‰）,表明其食物主要以C3类植物为主,兼具少许C4类植物．与牛相比,鱼的δ^13 C值（-24．9‰）更低而和δ^15 N值（8．8‰）更高,显示出欧亚大陆淡水鱼的同位素特征．依据δ^13 C值和δ^15 N值的不同,猪可分为3组：A组,由两头猪组成,具有低的δ^13 C值（-18．1‰,-20．0‰）和δ^15 N值（4．7‰,6．0‰）;B组,仅有一头猪,具有最高的δ^13 C值（-10．6‰）和居中的δ^15 N值（6．4‰）;C组,仅有一头猪,其δ^13 C值（-19．0‰）较小而δ^15 N值（9．1‰）最高．现代或古代野猪骨的C,N稳定同位素分析研究已经表明,野猪主要以C3类植物为主,其δ^15 N值更接近于食草类动物而远离食肉类动物．通过与小荆山遗址先民、野猪及河南西坡遗址（仰韶文化,6000—5500年前）和康家遗址（龙山文化,4500～4000年前）家猪同?     

Cascadia边缘与天然气水合物共生沉积物中有机质碳、氮同位素组成及意义

Hydrate Ridge南高点ODP204航次5个站位54个沉积物样品中有机碳C, N同位素组成及C/N比值表明沉积物中的有机质主要来自海洋. 对1245B孔的系统分析表明天然气水合物的发育改变了沉积物中有机碳和氮同位素的成岩演化轨迹, 水合物发育处δ¹⁵N值和C/N比值同时变低, 且δ¹³C值相对较重; 在水合物稳定带内δ¹⁵N值的亏损将近2‰. 水合物发育处沉积物中氮含量的增加和δ¹⁵N值的亏损, 推断可能与天然气水合物发育处沉积物中细菌(包括古细菌)的固氮作用有关. 沉积物中有机质中碳、氮同位素的分布与沉积环境的变化同步响应, 同时亦反映流体活动的变化.     

鄱阳湖流域饶河鱼类稳定同位素比值和营养级的空间变化

由于水文特征的变化和栖息生境的异质性,河流食物网结构存在着一定的空间变化.认识人类活动对河流食物网结构空间变化的影响能够为河流生态系统的科学管理提供有效指导.利用稳定同位素分析技术,测定枯水季节饶河不同地区初级生产者和鱼类的碳、氮稳定同位素比值(δ13C和δ15N),比较饶河下游鄱阳和中游海口河段4种常见鱼类的δ13C、δ15N值和营养级,并分析导致不同河段食物网结构差异的原因.结果表明,鄱阳与海口两个地区鱼类的δ13C值无显著差异,但δ15N值差异显著.鱼类的δ13C值变化范围在鄱阳河段大于海口河段,鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)和贝氏(Hemiculter bleekeri)在鄱阳河段的δ15N值要显著高于海口河段,而黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)和鲫(Carassius auratus)的δ15N值在鄱阳河段却表现更低.另一方面,除黄颡鱼外,鳜、贝氏和鲫在鄱阳河段的营养级均显著高于其在海口河段的营养级.研究认为,由于颗粒有机物和附着藻类的δ13C值在鄱阳与海口河段没有显著差异,因而导致鱼类的δ13C值也没有明显变化.不同生境下初级食物源δ15N值的差异及人为扰动的程度可能是影响饶河不同河段鱼类的δ15N值存在明显差异的主要原因.     

上海-南极洋面大气N2O的δ^15N与δ^18O时空变化特征

在中国第22次南极科学考察期间,采用Tedlar气袋采集了“雪龙号”考察船航线上洋面大气样品以及东南极米洛半岛近地面大气样品（采样时间分别为地方时上午10：00和夜间22：00）,在室内通过带有全自动预GC浓缩接口（PreCon）的Thermo Finnigan MAT-253同位素质谱仪,对这些大气样品中N20的同位素组成进行了高精度地测量;并分析了其δ^15N与δ^18O空间变化规律．上海-南极洋面大气N2O的δ^15N与δ^18O平均分别为（7．21±0．50）‰和（44．52±0．52）‰．由30°N往南极随着纬度的变化,δ^15N（6．05‰～7．88‰）呈线性增加趋势,增加率为0．01‰/纬度,δ^18O（43．05‰～48．78‰）则呈现较大的波动;且δ^15N气温、N2O浓度呈负相关,而与δ^18O呈弱的正相关．东南极米洛半岛近地面大气N2O的δ^15N与δ^18O夏季变化趋势相一致,且二者呈显著正相关,而与N2O浓度呈显著负相关;不同地点大气N2O的δ^15N与δ^18O平均分别为（7．46±0.39）％。和（44．6±0．45）‰,略高于洋面大气N2O的δ^15N与δ^18O;而显著高于北半球低纬度大气N2O的δ^15N与δ^18O值．分析讨论了引起地面大气N2O的δ^15N与δ^18O空间变化的主导因素．提供了全球大区域洋面大气N2O的同位素资料,有助于定量评估全球与区域大气N2O的净收支．     

贵州草海湖泊系统碳循环简单模式

本文分析了贵州草海湖泊系统中的主要含碳物质－湖水DIC、表层沉积物有机质、水生植物的稳定碳同位素组成,其δ^13C值分别为：－3．70‰至－10．60‰,－20．90‰至－21．60％,－16．10‰至－17．40,通过质量平衡计算,建立了草海区域碳循环的简单模式,结果表明：对于草海这样一个水生植物茂盛的浅水富氧湖而言,光合一呼吸作用和有机质的降解对整个湖泊体系的稳定碳同位素组成具有决定性的作用。     

Distribution and sources of sedimentary organic matter in a tropical estuary,south west coast of India (Cochin estuary): A baseline study

Surface sediments samples were collected from 9 stations of the Cochin estuary during the monsoon, post-monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons and were analyzed for grain size, total organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN) and stable isotopic ratios of carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) to identify major sources of organic matter in surface sediments. Sediment grain size is found to be the key factor influencing the organic matter accumulation in surface sediments. The δ¹³C values ranges from ?27.5‰ to ?21.7‰ in surface sediments with a gradual increase from inner part of the estuary to the seaward side that suggest an increasing contribution of marine autogenous organic matter towards the seaward side. The δ¹⁵N value varies between 3.1‰ and 6.7‰ and it exhibits complex spatial and seasonal distributions in the study area. It is found that the dynamic cycling of nitrogen through various biogeochemical and organic matter degradation processes modifies the OC/TN ratios and δ¹⁵N to a considerable degree. The fraction of terrestrial organic matter in the total organic matter pool ranges from 13% to 74% in the surface sediments as estimated by δ¹³C based two end member mixing model.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus budget in coastal and marine cage aquaculture and impacts of effluent loading on ecosystem: review and analysis towards model development

Being an essentially open system, cages are usually characterized by a high degree of interaction with environment and cage systems are highly likely to produce large bulk of wastes that are released directly into the environment. Therefore, large-scale cage aquaculture development has been put into question and concerns have been raised that cage aquaculture produces large bulk of wastes that are rich in organic matter and nutrients and are released into coastal and nearshore environment. Recent information on cage aquaculture nutrient budget is scarce and most published reports are dated. This paper reviews cage aquaculture nutrient budget and nutrient loadings and propose a model for nutrient (nitrogen, N and phosphorus, P) budget in a hypothetical cage aquaculture farm with values of feed loss, FCR (feed conversion ratio) and nutrient contents in feed and fish taken from published literature in order to calculate the amount (kg) of N and P produced and released to the environment for each ton of fish produced. The paper proposes, in addition, a critically analyzed nutrient budget based on the dry matter conversion rate instead of the usual feed conversion rate. The conceptual model shows that 132.5 kg N and 25.0 kg P are released to the environment for each ton of fish produced; these values are as high as 462.5 kg N and 80.0 kg P when calculated on the basis of dry matter conversion rate instead of usual feed conversion rate. Thus, the annual global N and P loadings from cage aquaculture (10,000 tons fish and 3000 tons dry matter) are 1325 tons N and 250 tons P and 1387.5 tons N and 240.0 tons P based on usual feed conversion rate and dry matter conversion rate respectively. The paper also proposes, by analyzing the existing data, an FCR-based regression model for predicting nutrient loadings for a given diet. Finally, attempt was made to calculate the annual global loading and release of N and P from cage aquaculture to the coastal and marine environment, the potential impacts of nutrient loading on the ecosystem were discussed and critical points to be considered for minimizing nutrient output in cage aquaculture were suggested.     

Fluid mixing as the mechanism of formation of the Dajing Cu-Sn-Ag-Pb-Zn ore deposit,Inner Mongolia ——Fluid inclusion and stable isotope evidence

Since the 1990s, interest in the magmatic fluids and their relation to mineralization has been re-aroused[1—6]. Studies on stable isotopes of low-sulfidation deposits commonly show the predominance of meteoric water[7]. Paradoxically, the evidence for me…     

Investigating the distribution and sources of organic matter in surface sediment of Coombabah Lake (Australia) using elemental,isotopic and fatty acid biomarkers

Extensive physical and biological measurements were made of the surface sediments within the shallow, semi-urbanised Coombabah Lake in southern Moreton Bay, Australia. Sediment bulk parameters (C/N ratios, δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) and fatty acid biomarkers were used to determine distributions and sources of organic matter in the intertidal sediments. The determination of organic matter sources within coastal and estuarine settings is important in understanding the roles of organic matter as energy and nutrient sources. Spatial variability of biomarker values within the sediments were interpreted by thematic maps employing the Krigging algorithm. Grain size analysis indicated the lake was dominated by mud (<63 μm) in the southern (landward) and sand (>63 μm) in the northern (seaward) lake regions, respectively. Surface sediment organic C and N values ranged from 0.12% to 1.76% and 0.01% to 0.12% dry weight, respectively, and C/N ratios averaged 16.3±3.19%. Sedimentary δ¹³C values ranged from −26.1‰ to −20.9‰, with an average value of −23.9±1.0‰. Sedimentary δ¹⁵N values ranged from +1.7‰ to +4.8‰, with an average value of +2.8±0.8‰. Bulk sediment parameters suggested that sedimentary organic matter is provided predominantly by allochthonous sources in the form of fringing mangroves. Thirty-nine individual fatty acids were identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The mean contributions of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), saturated fatty acids (SAFAs) and bacterial fatty acids (BAFAs) were, respectively, 13.9±11.4%, 7.6±4.1%, 53.6±8.6% and 18.2±4.6% of the identified fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), with BAFAs occurring in all sampled sediments. Fatty acid compositions varied throughout lake sediments, which indicated spatial differences in autochthonous and allochthonous organic matter sources, including terrestrial and planktonic (i.e. zooplankton, diatoms and other algal species) sources. The contribution of organic matter from shoreline mangroves was confirmed by the presence of LCFAs and 18:2ω6 and 18:3ω3, which are markers for mangroves in this ecosystem. BAFAs were identified in increased proportions in sediments adjacent to urban developments and dominated by mud. Grain size was identified as a dominant factor in the fatty acid compositions and contributing values to FAME pool. Spatial patterns of C/N ratios, δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values, and fatty acid biomarker contributions illustrated that there is a greater contribution of autochthonous and labile organic matter to the sedimentary organic matter pool in the northern (marine entrance) sediments compared to the more allochthonous sourced organic matter of the southern region of the lake. This study details the distribution and sources of organic matter within Coombabah Lake and illustrates the usefulness of a multiple biomarker approach in discriminating organic matter sources within estuarine environments.     

云南4个湖泊浮游生物碳、氮稳定同位素的季节变化及其影响因子

浮游生物是湖泊食物网的重要组成,其碳、氮稳定同位素能够反映元素地球化学循环和食物来源的波动,是了解水域生态系统结构变化的重要手段之一.本文选取云南4个不同类型湖泊,开展浮游生物碳、氮稳定同位素组成(δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N)的季节变化与湖泊对比研究.大型深水湖泊(抚仙湖和阳宗海)中,浮游植物δ¹³C值在夏、秋季(-20.34‰±1.98‰)显著高于冬、春季(-28.00‰±2.51‰),反映夏秋季藻类生长速率较高、HCO3-无机碳源利用增多等的影响.而小型浅水湖泊(长桥海和大屯海)中浮游植物δ¹³C值在夏季最高(-21.24‰±0.88‰),可能与雨季流域输入增强、陆源有机质占比增加有关.4个湖泊浮游生物δ¹⁵N值具有一致的变化特征,春季显著高于其他季节.分析表明,云南地区雨季以面源污染为主向旱季以点源污染为主的转变,导致氮素营养盐季节性来源差异,并通过生物吸收作用影响了浮游生物δ¹⁵N值的季节变化.在浮游动物与浮游植物的稳定同位素差值(即富集度)方面,营养水平高的小型浅水湖泊中δ¹³C富集度为1.61‰±0.90‰、δ¹⁵N富集度为2.71‰±1.22‰,显著小于营养水平低的大型深水湖泊(分别为2.60‰±0.98‰和4.19‰±1.25‰),表明随着湖泊营养水平的增加,浮游动物更多地以浮游植物为食,导致有机碳在不同营养级之间的传输过程中具有更强的耦合作用,且相邻营养级之间具有更低的δ¹⁵N富集度特征.     

Stable isotope evidence for the environmental impact of a land-based fish farm in the western Mediterranean

Isotopic examination (delta(13)C and delta(15)N) of organic matter sources and consumers was used to assess the impact and trace the dispersal of wastewater from a land-based fish farm in western Mediterranean. The results provide evidence of the non-negligible effect of aquaculture facilities on the natural stable isotopic composition of organisms. Aquaculture waste entered the food web, altering the natural isotopic composition of organic matter sources at the base and the upper trophic levels. Nitrogen-rich fish waste mainly affected delta(15)N values, while delta(13)C showed less alteration. Waste seemed to disperse widely enough to affect the isotopic composition at the study site about 500 m from the outfall, while sites at 1 and 2 km from the outfall showed values that were similar to each other and different from those of the impacted site. The impact was detected at different ecosystem levels, although primary producers were more affected by fish farm waste taking up aquaculture-derived nutrients.     

Application of food waste based diets in polyculture of low trophic level fish: Effects on fish growth,water quality and plankton density

Food waste was collected from local hotels and fish feed pellets were produced for a 6 months long field feeding trial. Three types of fish feed pellets (control diet: Jinfeng® 613 formulated feed, contains mainly fish meal, plant product and fish oil; Diet A: food waste based diet without meat and 53% cereal; Diet B: food waste based diet with 25% meat and 28% cereal) were used in polyculture fish ponds to investigate the growth of fish (grass carp, bighead and mud carp), changes in water quality and plankton density. No significant differences in the levels of nitrogen and phosphorous compounds of water body were observed between 3 fish ponds after the half-year feeding trial, while pond receiving Diet A had the highest density of plankton. The food waste combination of Diet B seems to be a better formulation in terms of the overall performance on fish growth.     

Numerical modelling of organic waste dispersion from fjord located fish farms

In this study, a three-dimensional particle tracking model coupled to a terrain following ocean model is used to investigate the dispersion and the deposition of fish farm particulate matter (uneaten food and fish faeces) on the seabed due to tidal currents. The particle tracking model uses the computed local flow field for advection of the particles and random movement to simulate the turbulent diffusion. Each particle is given a settling velocity which may be drawn from a probability distribution according to settling velocity measurements of faecal and feed pellets. The results show that the maximum concentration of organic waste for fast sinking particles is found under the fish cage and continue monotonically decreasing away from the cage area. The maximum can split into two maximum peaks located at both sides of the centre of the fish cage area in the current direction. This process depends on the sinking time (time needed for a particle to settle at the bottom), the tidal velocity and the fish cage size. If the sinking time is close to a multiple of the tidal period, the maximum concentration point will be under the fish cage irrespective of the tide strength. This is due to the nature of the tidal current first propagating the particles away and then bringing them back when the tide reverses. Increasing the cage size increases the likelihood for a maximum waste accumulation beneath the fish farm, and larger farms usually means larger biomasses which can make the local pollution even more severe. The model is validated by using an analytical model which uses an exact harmonic representation of the tidal current, and the results show an excellent agreement. This study shows that the coupled ocean and particle model can be used in more realistic applications to help estimating the local environmental impact due to fish farms.     

Nitrogen stable isotope ratio in the manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, reflects eutrophication levels in tidal flats

Understanding the effects of anthropogenic eutrophication on coastal fisheries may help in the enhancement of fishery production by effective utilization of sewage effluents, as well as in the consequent reduction of eutrophication. In this study, it was revealed that the nitrogen stable isotope ratio (δ¹⁵N) in the soft tissues of the manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, can be used as an indicator of anthropogenic eutrophication levels in tidal flat environments by investigation of δ¹⁵N in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), particulate organic matter (POM), sedimentary organic matter (SOM) and soft tissues of the clam in five tidal flats in Japan with different levels of DIN concentration. In addition, it was found that the acid insoluble fraction of the shell organic matrix, conchiolin, can be used as a proxy for the soft tissues in δ¹⁵N analyses. This will contribute in easier storage handling and the expansion of chances for sample acquisition.     

Composition and flux of suspended organic matter in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) — impact of the Three Gorges Dam and the role of tributaries and channel erosion

To investigate the sources of particulate organic matter (POM) and the impact of Three Gorges Dam (TGD), two large lakes and erosion processes on determining the composition and flux of POM in low water discharge periods along the middle and lower Changjiang, suspended particulate samples were collected along the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) in January 2008. Organic geochemistry of bulk sediment (particulate organic carbon, organic carbon to nitrogen molar ratio (C/N), stable carbon isotope (δ¹³C) and grain size) and biomarker of bulk sediment (lignin phenols) were measured to trace the sources of POM. The range of C/N ratios (6.4–8.9), δ¹³C (?24.3‰ – ?26.2‰) and lignin phenols concentration Λ8 (0.45 mg/100 mg OC‐2.00 mg/100 mg OC) of POM suggested that POM originated from the mixture of soil, plant tissue and autochthonous organic matter (OM) during the dry season. POM from lakes contained a higher portion of terrestrial OM than the mainstream, which was related to sand mining and hydropower erosion processes. A three end‐member model based on δ¹³C and Λ8 was performed. The results indicated that soil contributed approximately 50% of OM to the POM, which is the dominant OM source in most stations. POM composition was affected by total suspended matter (TSM) and grain size composition, and the direct OM input from two lakes and channel erosion induced OM. The lower TSM concentration in January 2008 was mainly caused by seasonal variations; the impact from the TGD in the dry season was relatively small. A box model indicated that more than 90% of the terrestrial OM transported by the Changjiang in January 2008 was from the middle and lower drainage basins. Channel erosion induced OM, and contributions from Poyang Lake were the major terrestrial OM sources in the dry season. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.