石膏矿岩水致老化效应试验

为研究石膏岩的水致老化效应,在室内模拟石膏矿采空区的水环境条件,包括不同空气湿度环境和饱和地下水环境。将石膏岩岩样置于其中,定期取出测定其力学性质指标,得到石膏岩老化的宏观力学表现,并结合核磁共振技术测定试验过程中石膏岩岩样内部的孔隙结构变化,分析石膏岩的水致老化机制。研究结果表明,水对石膏岩的老化效应具有显著的影响。老化程度随时间递增,石膏岩的单轴抗压强度、巴西抗拉强度和弹性模量与置于水环境中的时间基本呈负指数关系,泊松比则无明显变化规律;石膏岩老化程度和老化速率与水的状态密切相关。相对湿度越高,石膏岩的老化越显著,老化速率也更快,尤其是被液态水浸泡时,石膏岩的老化最显著,老化速率最快。水对石膏岩的老化过程是水的物理作用与化学作用的耦合,而化学作用是水致石膏岩老化的根本原因。石膏岩与水接触时,石膏的溶解、重结晶作用的不断进行改变着石膏岩的矿物组成结构,使其结构由紧密变得松散,孔隙率增大,力学性质不断弱化。该试验研究结果可为石膏矿开采的设计及采后空区的长期稳定性评估提供参考。     

Experimental and numerical studies of rock salt strain hardening

The work presented in this paper comes as part of a research program dealing with the thermomechanical behaviour of rock salt. It aims to study laboratory and in-situ long-term behaviour by means of creep tests with deviator and temperature changes. The laboratory results, using a triaxial multi-stages creep tests, highlighted the strain hardening character of rock salt. Furthermore, the in-situ results, using a borehole dilatometer multi-step creep test, have shown that the drilling is carried out in a weakly stressed pillar. The interpretation of the laboratory results, using the J.LEMAITRE law, did not indicate full agreement with all the test results. As a result a ‘double’ J.LEMAITRE model, which takes into account a double strain hardening variable, has been put forward. The validation of this model on the laboratory creep tests is very satisfactory. Furthermore, the activation energy seems satisfactory to represent the influence of the temperature. The in-situ behaviour modelling is clearly more complex than the modelization based on laboratory tests. In fact, it seems that if the rock salt behaviour is maintained by J.LEMAITRE law, it is necessary to vary with the stress, at least, one of the parameters assumed constant in the basic law.     

石膏矿岩三轴压缩蠕变特性试验研究

石膏矿开采多采用房柱法,其蠕变特性对采空区稳定性有重要影响。以荆花石膏矿为背景,利用RC-2000微机控制岩石三轴蠕变试验机,结合具体工程情况,对荆花石膏矿岩进行围压分别为0、2.5、5.0、7.5 MPa的蠕变试验。分析了所得的蠕变试验数据,选取合适的模型对试验曲线进行拟合,利用等时应力-应变曲线簇法求得在不同围压下的长期强度。分析可知,荆花石膏矿蠕变包含衰减蠕变和等速蠕变2个阶段,轴向应力较小时只出现衰减蠕变,轴向应变增大到一定程度时将出现衰减蠕变和等速蠕变2个阶段。选择西原模型对试验曲线进行拟合结果表明,西原模型能较好地描述石膏矿的蠕变力学特性,拟合相关系数R均大于0.9;在不同围压情况下长期强度与蠕变强度的比值为0.89～0.95,即围压对长期强度的影响不大。研究结论能为石膏矿采空区的稳定性分析提供依据。     

石膏原岩静水溶蚀时间-温度效应试验初步研究

文章对石膏原岩在静水溶蚀条件下的时间-温度效应进行了初步研究,并从微观角度对石膏岩溶蚀破坏机理进行分析。试验发现随着溶液温度的升高、溶蚀时间的延长,石膏岩溶蚀破坏加剧。具体表现为:石膏岩失重率随温度升高、时间延长而增大,溶蚀速率均值随温度升高而增大;溶液中Ca^2+浓度随温度升高、时间延长而增大,Ca^2+浓度增长速率均值随温度升高而增大。Fick扩散及溶胀应力是石膏岩溶蚀破坏的主要原因。静水溶蚀条件下,石膏原岩主要溶蚀破坏形式为:溶胀裂缝、柱状劈裂及片状剥离。     

加锚岩体流变特性及锚固控制机制分析

通过室内蠕变试验和理论分析,对加锚改善岩石流变力学特性进行了研究,并探讨了锚固控制岩石流变的力学机制。采用RLJW-2000型流变试验机,对红砂岩及其加锚试件进行分级加载（100 h以上）单轴压缩试验,结果表明,加锚后岩石的流变应力阀值提高了20%～30%? c,且不同应力水平流变量均能得到一定控制,加锚使试件的长期强度增加了5%～10%? c。此外,基于整体协调变形原理,建立了加锚体流变本构方程,推导出了一维B-K模型解答,算例分析表明,锚杆密度越大,对岩石流变控制效果越好,得出锚杆等效刚度是约束岩石流变的主导因素,但从技术经济角度考虑,锚杆支护密度与岩石流变参数之间存在一个合理的匹配区间。研究结果对长期使用的岩体工程锚固支护设计提供了理论依据。     

黏土岩水力耦合特性试验研究

对于高放废物地质处置工程,地质屏障系统是放射性有害物质进入环境的最后一道屏障,也是一条重要防线。黏土岩由于其低渗透性、渗透损伤自修复以及较强的吸附能力等特性,被认为是一种合理的高放废物处置地质屏障。结合比利时正开展的黏土岩高放废物地质处置相关研究课题,通过一系列室内试验研究黏土岩的水力耦合机制及长期蠕变特性。三轴压缩试验表明,黏土岩压缩强度、超孔隙水压力与围压正相关。渗透试验表明,黏土岩渗透性呈现显著的各向异性特征,围压增大使黏土岩渗透性显著降低。蠕变试验表明,黏土岩蠕变变形、蠕变变形速率与载荷密切相关,即：载荷越大,黏土岩蠕变变形越显著,蠕变变形速率达到稳定所需的时间越长,且相应的稳态蠕变速率越大;根据应力阈值和等时曲线法初步确定该黏土岩长期强度在1.0～1.2 MPa。研究结果将为我国未来黏土岩高放废物处置库的选址和安全性评估提供重要科学依据。     

Deformation Behavior of Chalk Studied Close to In Situ Reservoir Conditions

A laboratory test program, which simulated reservoir conditions of pressure and temperature, was conducted on outcrop and reservoir chalk samples of various porosities. All the samples experienced a stress path following uniaxial strain condition K ₀ that led to compaction failure, i.e. pore collapse. The experiments were loaded by depletion of pore pressure conducted under load controlled conditions. This depletion phase was followed by a creep period, where time-dependent deformation was monitored. The intention of creating such reservoir condition in these laboratory experiments was to gain knowledge of the nature of chalk compaction. Chalk is an important reservoir rock for the oil and gas industry with unique storage capability with porosities up toward 50%. However, this rock is also very weak which has resulted in significant reservoir compaction and in turn severe seabed subsidence and casing failure. Mapping of the mechanical behavior of chalk in terms of deformation is thus decisive for a proper understanding of these reservoirs. The results of this study show that chalk is indeed a rate-dependent material under laboratory loading conditions as time effects were revealed as the loading rate was varied. However, the results raise uncertainty about the importance of rate dependency for chalk under completely drained conditions. Further, such high-porosity chalk suffers for substantial plastic strains and obvious strain hardening. Indeed, a relation between deformation/porosity and hardening is proposed by the introduction of real-time modulus values. Time-dependent deformation, also called creep was influenced by the depletion phase, as consolidation or transient creep influenced the deformation response for as much as 175 h after a change in load. This indicates that transient creep is dependent on the stress history. However, observations suggest the existence of a universal mechanism for steady state creep, governed by neither the initial porosity nor the stress history or chalk type, which thus seems to be an independent strain contributor. Finally, time dependence is found on the K ₀ development for chalk tested at typically laboratory rates, which has been discussed as a reflection of the nature of the grain re-arrangement during failure and plastic deformation. Ultimately, such time dependence of the K ₀ may contribute to the understanding of stress path data deduced from field data.     

Experimental creep tests and prediction of long-term creep behavior of grouting material

Rock reinforcement systems, such as resin-grouted rock bolts, display complex creep behavior because both grouting materials and bolts show time-dependent behavior. In this paper, only the time-dependent behavior of grouting material was investigated, in which creep tests of grouting material was conducted in triaxial compression apparatus at room temperature. The test specimens were provided from the Araldite epoxy resin used in rock reinforcement. We attempt to predict long-term creep parameter using triaxial creep tests and to define time-dependent characteristics of the bounding material. In short-term creep tests, three different axial and confining stress levels were applied in steps to each specimen. The transient creep for all the stress levels were described by power function which fit properly to time–strain curves. The maximum difference between the proposed model and experimental long-term creep strain was less than 7.1 %. It was observed that the creep rate of a grouting material specimen directly depends on the deviator of stress (i.e., σ₁–σ₃).     

万福煤矿不同含水率砂岩蠕变力学特性试验研究

为研究深部巷道围岩在地下水作用下的长期蠕变力学特性,采用自主研制的深部软岩五联流变试验系统,开展不同含水率(0%、0.8%、1.6%、2.4%、3.3%)下砂岩吸水软化单轴压缩试验及单轴蠕变试验。通过试验结果研究表明：砂岩的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量和蠕变破坏应力与含水率呈指数下降关系,蠕变破坏应力与单轴抗压强度的比值在0.76～0.84之间;砂岩衰减蠕变阶段时间随着含水率的增加而减少,随应力水平的增加而增加。径向应变比轴向应变先进入稳态蠕变阶段,破坏应力下径向应变的加速蠕变阶段开始时间要先于轴向应变;基于稳态蠕变速率曲线确定了砂岩的长期强度,径向稳态蠕变速率确定的值略小于轴向,长期强度与含水率之间满足负指数关系;将蠕变试验中径向应变与轴向应变之比定义为μ_c,提出了基于μ_c值的岩石长期强度确定方法且μ_c值与含水率无关,对于本次砂岩样品可以认为μ_c值大于0.3时样品会在一定时间内发生加速蠕变破坏;随着含水率的增加,样品破坏形态由单斜面剪切破坏逐渐演变至X状共轭斜面剪切破坏。研究结果为地下水作用下巷道长期稳...     

Laboratory Investigations of the Hydro-Mechanical–Chemical Coupling Behaviour of Sandstone in CO2 Storage in Aquifers

This paper is devoted to experimental investigations of the hydro-mechanical–chemical coupling behaviour of sandstone in the context of CO₂ storage in aquifers. We focused on the evolution of creep strain, the transport properties and the elastic modulus of sandstone under the effect of CO₂–brine or CO₂ alone. A summary of previous laboratory results is first presented, including mechanical, poromechanical and hydro-mechanical–chemical coupling properties. Tests were then performed to investigate the evolution of the creep strain and permeability during the injection of CO₂–brine or CO₂ alone. After the injection of CO₂–brine or CO₂ alone, an instantaneous volumetric dilatancy was observed due to the decrease in the effective confining stress. However, CO₂ alone had a significant influence on the creep strain and permeability compared to the small influence of CO₂–brine. This phenomenon can be attributed to the acceleration of the CO₂–brine–rock reaction by the generation of carbonic acid induced by the dissolution of CO₂ into the brine. The original indentation tests on samples after the CO₂–brine–rock reaction were also performed and indicated that the elastic modulus decreased with an increasing reaction time. The present laboratory results can advance our knowledge of the hydro-mechanical–chemical coupling behaviour of sandstone in CO₂ storage in aquifers.     

超大断面炭质千枚岩隧道新型支护结构长期稳定性研究

针对兰渝铁路两水隧道岩质软、跨度大的特点,采用加厚初喷、二衬和双层型钢拱架的新型支护方式。通过对现场岩样的室内三轴蠕变试验,研究炭质千枚岩蠕变特性。试验结果表明,伯格斯蠕变模型能比较准确地描述其长期流变行为。运用大型岩土工程分析软件FLAC3D,结合现场新型支护方式,模拟隧道建成后DK357+976处围岩的流变力学行为,分析隧道在运营过程中围岩的变形和支护结构的受力情况。结果表明：在隧道100 a的使用期限内,二次衬砌能有效地减小围岩蠕变变形,支护结构中仅拱顶初喷在后期产生破坏,现场支护方式可以保证隧道的长期稳定性。     

An elasto-viscoplastic model for soft rock around tunnels considering overconsolidation and structure effects

When evaluating the long-term stability of existing tunnels, the creep behavior of soft rock around the tunnel should be properly considered. It is also important to understand the failure mechanism of soft rock when designing the mitigation and remediation of the failure around a tunnel. In this paper, an elasto-viscoplastic model is first modified so that the overconsolidation effect and the structure effect of soft rock can be considered. Then, the performance of the modified model is confirmed with drained triaxial compression tests and creep tests on a manmade rock produced with gypsum and diatom clay. Based on the modified model, finite element analyses are conducted to simulate the model tests of an existing tunnel constructed within manmade rock. Two kinds of model tests are simulated: one is loading failure test and the other creep failure test. The good agreement between the numerical results and the test data validates the performance of the modified constitutive model and the applicability of the corresponding FEM for evaluating the creep failure behavior of an existed tunnel constructed in soft rock.     

三轴应力下水对粉砂质泥岩蠕变力学特性影响作用试验研究

采用岩石流变试验机,在三轴应力下分别对干燥与饱水两种含水状态的粉砂质泥岩开展室内蠕变力学试验。分析了水对粉砂质泥岩蠕变量、蠕变长期强度的影响作用。依据岩石的蠕变性质,选取Burgers蠕变模型对其进行描述,得出两种含水状态下岩石的蠕变模型参数。对比干燥与饱水含水状态下岩石的Burgers蠕变模型参数,分析得出了水影响Burgers蠕变模型参数的基本规律。结果表明:（1）相同应力水平下,水对粉砂质泥岩的瞬时应变特性影响较小,而对岩石的蠕应变特性影响相对较大;（2）饱水试样的蠕变长期强度是干燥试样的39.3%,由于水的作用,粉砂质泥岩的蠕变长期强度大幅降低,在工程中应考虑由于水的影响作用而导致的岩石长期强度降低问题;（3）水对Burgers蠕变模型各参数的影响作用从大到小依次为:η₁、G₁、G₂和η₂,即水对Burgers模型中串联的元件力学特性影响较大,而对并联的元件力学特性影响相对较小;（4）由于水的影响作用,粉砂质泥岩达到稳定蠕变阶段所需的时间显著增加,岩石的稳态蠕变速率显著增大;（5）由于水的影响作用,导致粉砂质泥岩的蠕变力学特性发生显著改变。因此,在重大岩石工程中应重视水对岩石时效变形的影响作用。     

The influence of environmental conditions on weathering of porous rocks by gypsum: a non-destructive study using acoustic emissions

Gypsum is one of the most universally distributed salts in weathered materials but little is known about the influence of environmental conditions on the damage generated by gypsum in stones. To quantify the damage induced by gypsum crystallization acoustic emission techniques are employed to record the elastic energy released during salt crystallization cycles in a limestone. Different environmental conditions have been established during the cooling and drying periods in traditional salt crystallization cycles. During drying two different temperatures (50 and 25 °C) and relative humidity (low, 25 % at 50 °C and 65 % at 25 °C, and high, 99 %) have been applied. The acoustic emission signals are filtered by a frequency analysis in order to eliminate signals corresponding to external noise or artifacts. Our experimental results show that acoustic emission activity is higher under high relative humidity conditions than under low relative humidity conditions, and also higher when drying at 50 °C than at room temperature. Microscopic observations on the weathered samples indicated that under high relative humidity conditions and at room temperature, gypsum crystallizes not on the sample surface, like in the other samples, but deeper in the inner part of the sample, in good agreement with previously published data. We show that using acoustic emissions as usually done in rock mechanics is also very useful in the study of stone decay and weathering processes in the laboratory.     

相对湿度作用下的石膏矿护顶层突变破坏机制分析

依据室内试验所得的石膏岩的基本力学性质随着大气中相对湿度变化的规律,并结合石膏矿采空区的破坏特征,将护顶层简化为铅直方向受均布荷载q作用的三铰拱分析模型,建立了相对湿度作用下的石膏矿采空区护顶层的尖点突变模型,研究了相对湿度作用下护顶层突发破坏的失稳机制。试验结果表明：石膏岩的力学性质在采空区中环境湿度的作用下,其强度和变形参数会大大降低。分析和工程计算结果表明：随着采空区中环境湿度的增加,支撑体系越不稳定,越容易跨越分叉集而发生突发失稳破坏;相空间的控制参数a随着采空区中环境湿度的增加,其代数值是逐渐增大的（绝对值减小,由负值向0变化）,而控制参数b逐渐增大,系统突发失稳控制参数（a,b）的变化路径为向东北方向变化,该路径是系统较为容易发生突发失稳的路径。     

孔隙水压力对锯齿状结构面剪切蠕变特性的影响

为探究孔隙水压对岩体结构面剪切蠕变特性的影响,自主研制了结构面一体化制作模具和多功能剪切流变仪,开展了孔隙水压力下锯齿状结构面的剪切蠕变试验,分析了孔隙水压对结构面蠕变变形、蠕变速率和长期强度的影响。试验结果表明：不同孔隙水压力下的结构面先后经历了瞬时变形阶段、减速蠕变阶段和稳定蠕变阶段,并且孔隙水压力的增大促进了结构面非线性特征的发展;随着孔隙水压力的增大,结构面瞬时位移、蠕变位移和稳态蠕变速率逐渐增大,而蠕变时长、破坏应力和长期强度均呈现明显降低的趋势。根据试验结果,考虑孔隙水压力对模型参数的影响,将蠕变模型中的瞬时剪切模量、黏性剪切模量以及黏性系数替换为孔隙水压力的函数,构建了能够反映孔隙水压力影响的结构面蠕变模型,并对模型参数进行辨识,将试验曲线和理论模型曲线进行对比,验证了模型的正确性和适用性。研究成果对富水区岩体长期稳定性分析提供一定的理论指导。     

A Velocity-Based Approach to Visco-Elastic Flow of Rock

In structural geology, viscous creep is generally recognized as the major deformation mechanism in the folding of rock layers through geological time scales of hundreds of thousands of years. Moreover, since deformation of rock salt by creep takes already place on relatively small time scales—weeks to months, say—creep is a relevant phenomenon when studying salt mining, notably the convergence of mine cavities and the land subsidence caused by it. While creep is the dominant process on relatively long time scales, elasticity plays a dominant role in processes that take place on relatively short time scales. The elastic response to a stress is a displacement; the shape of the rock is deformed instantaneously with respect to its initial shape. However, the viscous response of a rock to a stress is a relatively low velocity in the order of millimeters per months or years, say. In this paper we consider the two deformation phenomena creep and elasticity. In general, elasticity is a compressible phenomenon, while creep is incompressible. Here we approximate creep by the introduction of a negligibly small amount of compressibility, which makes creep velocity calculations similar to conventional elastic displacement calculations. Using this procedure, a standard finite element package for elasticity can be applied to viscous problems, also in combination with elasticity. The method has been demonstrated to upscaling of creep viscosities.     

FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF A DEEP SEA CLAY IN LONG-TERM LABORATORY CREEP TESTS

A new finite element program is introduced and its predictive capabilities are compared to results from two long-term, drained laboratory creep tests on a deep sea clay. The constitutive behaviour is based on Cam clay critical state plasticity theory with creep and time-dependent hardening. Creep is computed using either Singh–Mitchell's three-dimensional equation or Taylor's secondary compression relationship. The experimental creep data include a triaxial specimen subjected to two deviatoric stress increments and a one-dimensional consolidation specimen subjected to three vertical stress increments. In addition, the pore pressure behaviour following an increase in stress is examined in the triaxial sample. Predictions compare favourably to test data, which provide confidence for applying the chosen constitutive model and numerical formulation to solve seabed-related problems on the continental slope that are of interest to geologists, the oil industry and the navy, among others.     

深层膏质泥岩蠕变特性及非线性蠕变模型研究

泥岩作为油气储层常见复杂介质,在深部高温、高压环境下蠕变力学特性异常复杂,是引起套管损伤破坏的重要因素。以深部油气藏工程含膏质泥岩为研究对象,首先开展了高温为130 ℃、高围压为30 MPa、不同偏应力水平下多试样、单级加载三轴蠕变试验。该泥岩呈显著的时效力学特性,蠕变应力阀值较低,应力和持时对蠕变特性存在显著影响,低应力、长时间作用下泥岩亦呈现明显的稳态蠕变和加速蠕变破坏,且加速蠕变起始时间随应力增加呈指数降低关系。其次探讨了泥岩加速蠕变和强度损伤特性,提出了蠕变损伤起始时间概念,认为泥岩内部蠕变损伤变量可用指数函数予以描述。最后,基于蠕变损伤变量和起始时间,构建考虑泥岩加速蠕变的非线性改进Burgers蠕变模型,对蠕变参数开展辨识和分析,所选模型可准确地对深层膏质泥岩蠕变特性进行描述。研究成果旨在为深部泥岩油气藏套管工程长期稳定分析及安全评价提供可靠的依据。