四川盆地火成岩发育区地震波传播规律及成像方法

多口钻井证实四川盆地西南部地区发育火成岩,火成岩主要分布在龙潭组内部,火成岩发育区地震资料存在岩下地震同相轴连续性较差、反射能量弱等现象,火成岩下屏蔽效应机理不清、岩下地震反射井震标定能量相位差异大,明确火成岩区地震波传播规律是地震资料采集、处理解释的基础。这里从地震波反射透射基本原理出发,阐述了火成岩地层的反射透射能量及对下伏地层的屏蔽机理,利用波动方程地震模拟及偏移,分析了不同火成岩分布模型对下伏地层地震信号的屏蔽作用,采用低频补偿、逆时偏移等方法改善岩下成像质量。结果表明:火成岩发育会不同程度导致下伏地层地震透射能量的衰减,纵向多套火层岩发育时,下伏地层屏蔽效应明显,发育区地震表现为类似生物礁的外形隆起、内部杂乱反射特征,下部多次反射较多且能量较强。通过低频优势频带保护处理、利用全波场波动方程偏移成像等方式可以改善岩下地震成像质量。     

江陵凹陷北部高速玄武岩下二维广角地震初探

江汉油田江陵凹陷北部高速玄武岩发育,利用常规地震资料很难得到高速玄武岩下的地震反射。分析研究表明,广角地震有利于玄武岩下的地震成像。通过综合正演和实际地震数据完成了广角地震资料的处理,获得了江陵凹陷北部高速玄武岩下的反射地震信息。在开展广角地震波场的识别和利用研究过程中,从正演模型出发,探讨了在不同地质条件下高速层对地震波场的影响,并针对靶区资料讨论了如何识别广角地震信息。在上述基础上,通过对实际地震资料做精细的分析和处理,最终完成了高速玄武岩下地震资料的成像。     

影响薄互层地震反射波特征因素分析

通过对楔状模型,两层,多层介质等厚或不等厚模型和实际井中反射系数序列的频谱分析,和对用不同主频不同类型,不同衰减系数子波的合成记录剖面的波形分析以及合成记录的频谱分析,初步认为,薄互层的单层时间厚度,子结构厚度是决定反射波特征,频谱特征的基础,薄互层的互层数,入射子波是重要的影响因素;在目前的常规地震勘探中,薄互层地震反射波多以时间不可分辨的面貌出现,因此为了得到特定薄互层结构的可分辨的最佳图像,     

基于饱水页岩地震频段岩石物理测试的地震响应频散特征分析

页岩储层由于骨架和孔隙结构的微观非均质性,能够在地震频段内引起波诱导的孔隙流体流动相关的弹性频散和衰减,但声波测井和实验室超声实验测量频率段远超地震频段,不可避免产生测量速度和衰减差异。这里基于澳大利亚惠灵顿地区的页岩岩心在干燥和水饱和条件下地震频段的弹性和衰减测量结果,考虑频变反透射系数和衰减对地震波反射的影响,针对不同层厚的页岩储层开展地震响应计算,并利用Wigner-Ville分布时频分析技术讨论了页岩频散、衰减性质及层厚对其地震响应规律的作用。对于无明显速度频散和衰减的页岩储层,顶、底反射振幅的频变属性受调谐效应控制,主要呈现出低频异常和陷频特征;而对于速度频散和衰减强烈的储层,顶、底反射振幅的频变属性同时受到调谐效应与储层本身频散衰减性质的作用。干燥和含水页岩储层地震响应的频变性质差异有助于加深对含流体页岩地震响应特征的理解,而基于地震频段实测数据正演和时频分析技术,对于提高页岩的地震勘探精度和流体识别具有重要的作用。     

Estimation of compressional seismic wave attenuation of carbonate rocks in Abu Dhabi,United Arab Emirates

The subsurface geology of Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates is primarily composed of carbonate rocks. Such media are known to be highly heterogeneous. Very few studies have attempted to estimate attenuation in carbonate rocks. In Abu Dhabi no attenuation profile has been published. This study provides the first seismic wave attenuation profiles in Abu Dhabi using dense array of VSP data. We estimated three attenuation profiles: the apparent, the scattering, and the intrinsic attenuations. The apparent attenuation profile was computed using amplitude decay and spectral-ratio methods. The scattering attenuation profile was estimated using a generalized reflection–transmission matrix forward model. It is usually estimated from the sonic log, but to be more consistent with the apparent attenuation, we succeeded in this paper to estimate it from the VSP data. We subtracted the scattering attenuation from the apparent attenuation to deduce the intrinsic attenuation. The results of the study indicate that the scattering attenuation is significant compared to the published studies that are mainly based on clastic rocks. The high scattering attenuation can reach up to 0.02. It can be explained by the strong heterogeneity of the carbonate rocks. This study demonstrates that the Simsima and Rus Formations have considerable scattering and intrinsic attenuations. These formations are considered aquifers in Abu Dhabi; we therefore interpreted this high intrinsic attenuation zones to be due to the heterogeneity and to the fluids contained in these formations. The Umm-Er-Radhuma Formation is a more homogenous formation with limited aquifer potential. Hence, scattering and intrinsic attenuations of the Umm-Er-Radhuma Formation are low.     

Datum Level and NMO Corrections to Shallow Seismic Reflection Data on Rugged Topography

The application of the seismic reflection method is often limited in complex terrain areas.The problem is the incorrect correction of time-shift caused by topography. To apply normal moveout(NMO) correction to reflection data correctly, static corrections are necessary to be applied in advance for the compensation of the time distortions of topography and the time-delays from near-surface weathered layers. For environment and engineering investigation, weathered layers are our targets so that the static correction mainly serves the adjustment of time-shift due to an undulating surface. In practice,seismic reflected raypaths are assumed to be almost vertical through the near-surface layers because they have much lower velocities than layers below. This assumption is typically acceptable in most cases since it results in little residual error for small elevation changes and small offsets in reflection events. Although static algorithms based on choosing a floating datum related to common midpoint gathers or residual surface-consistent functions are available and effective, errors caused by the assumption of vertical raypaths often generate pseudo indications of structures. This paper presents the comparison of applying corrections based on the vertical raypaths and bias (non-vertical) raypaths. It also provides an approach of combining elevation and NMO corrections. The advantages of the approach are demonstrated by a synthetic example of multi-coverage seismic reflection surveys on rough topography.     

适用于造山带深地震反射资料的动校正方法

介绍并分析了目前所使用的各动校正方法及其优缺点。针对各方法的不足,在前人提出的高程动校正基础上实现了一种地表基准动校正方法,该方法同时考虑了地形起伏和近地表速度变化两种因素。通过理论分析和实际验证,该方法在校正畸变的双曲线方面优于常规NMD方法,可以改善造山带中因地形起伏较大造成的动校不准、影响叠加效果等问题。     

庐-枞金属矿集区深地震反射剖面解释结果——揭露地壳精细结构,追踪成矿深部过程

深地震反射剖面揭示了庐枞矿集区全地壳的精细结构,在研究火山岩盆地的深部构造、探讨成矿深部过程等方面取得了新认识。从长江至大别山下,Moho由30km左右加深至33km左右,罗河矿下方Moho错断大约3km。庐枞火山岩盆地是一个沿着罗河断裂向东发育的"耳状"非对称盆地,并不存在另外一半隐伏在红层之下的盆地。罗河铁矿对应Moho错断处,处在构造的转换带上。罗河断裂之下存在近于透明的弱反射区域,可能是地幔流体和岩浆上涌、喷发的通道。郯庐断裂、罗河-缺口断裂、长江断裂是庐枞地区的三个重要断裂。郯庐断裂带为不对称花束状构造,近于直立,切穿地壳。小岭矿与龙桥矿可能产出在一个隆起的火成岩体的两翼。     

基于多t-x域联合的多震源地震数据混叠噪声分离方法

随着多震源同时激发采集方法在地震油气勘探领域的应用逐年增加,许多学者对其关键技术多震源地震数据混叠噪声分离进行了研究,就目前为止,仍需开展保真度更高的方法研究。基于以下设想:对多震源地震数据做正常时差校正(NMO),可以加强反射信号的线性分布程度(尤其在共中心点CMP道集内),并扩大反射信号和混叠噪声的分布差异;单域分离混叠噪声,仅针对混叠噪声和反射信号的某一分布特性差异进行分离,多t-x域联合分离可综合利用各t-x域内混叠噪声和反射信号在各域内的分布差异,其分离效果更好。首先,通过对多震源数据CMP道集做NMO以强化反射信号的线性程度、扩大随机分布混叠噪声的离散程度,利用中值滤波分离大部分混叠噪声,再在其他t-x域内(如共炮点CSG道集、共检波点CRG道集和共偏移距COG道集等)根据残余混叠噪声分布特征利用随机噪声衰减等方法进一步分离,并在整个分离处理中使用保幅处理方法。提出的多t-x域联合分离混叠噪声方法,经理论数据验证,相较于单域分离方法可以有效且保真分离多震源数据中的混叠噪声,并对其他噪声和横波有一定的压制作用;实际数据应用效果表明,该方法比单域方法分离效果较好,叠后成像效果品质较高。多t-x域联合分离混叠噪声方法,能够稳定、可靠和保真地分离多震源地震数据中的混叠噪声。      

The effects of out-of-plane seismic energy on reflections in crustal-scale 2D seismic sections

Crustal-scale seismic surveys mostly collect data along single profiles, and the data processing has an underlying assumption that the data have imaged two-dimension (2D) structure striking at right angles to the seismic profile. However, even small amounts of out-of-plane topography on a reflector can result in reflections that do not map the reflector shape accurately. Out-of-plane energy will migrate within the plane of the section to an apparent depth (represented as two-way-time, TWT) that is greater than the depth of the reflection point out of the plane of the section. It will fall within the plane of the section at depths less than, equal to or greater than the intersection of the reflector with the plane of the section, depending on both the amount of out-of-plane topographic relief on the reflector, and the offset of the topographic relief from the plane of the section. Reflectors that are a single surface can therefore be manifested in the seismic section as a band of several reflections, rather than a single reflection. More complex reflectors, such as shear zones that have a finite thickness because they are made up of several to many anastomosing layers of altered and anisotropic rock embedded in protolith, will appear as laterally short reflections within a laterally continuous reflection band. Other examples of such reflectors would be the Moho in some places, and rock with compositional layering. With increasing out-of-plane topographic relief on the reflector, the top of the reflection band for both single- and multi-layer reflectors will be a poor indicator of the top of the reflector in the Earth. The bottom of the reflection band will always be a poor indicator of the bottom of the reflector. Because out-of-plane energy can arrive at TWTs that are different from those of the reflector in the plane of the section, out-of-plane energy has the potential to interfere constructively or destructively with the in-plane energy. In synthetic data calculated for a simple model assuming one layer and topographic relief of 250 m over wavelengths of 4–5 km, similar to that imaged in a real sub-horizontal detachment, amplitudes ranged up to 2.6 times the expected amplitude for the layer. A model with anastomosing layers built to resemble a thick shear zone rather than a discrete fault surface allowed tuning between layers. The effects of out-of-plane energy when combined with the effects of tuning caused amplitudes up to 3.1 times those expected. Larger amplitudes could be achieved if a suitable model was contrived. The results indicate that care must be taken when calculating impedance contrasts using real data. The highest amplitude reflections are likely to yield overestimates of the true impedance contrast.     

大炮检距优化6次NMO校正

常规2次NMO动校是假定炮检距与深度比值小，并且射线为直线。计算的旅行时精度随着炮检距与深度比值的增加而大大降低，NMO校正能通过高次(4次、6次)项逼近得到改善。因此，在大炮检距情况下，若直接忽略高次项，则计算旅行时会产生很大误差。所以在大炮检距条件下进行2次NMO近似不利于速度分析、AVO研究和CMP道集动校叠加。笔者引入了一个更精确的旅行时近似计算，称为优化6次NMO动校方程式，因为截断误差较小，故其精确度高于泰勒6次展开式。通过模型和实际数据的试验，证明大炮检距优化6次NMO方程精度高，更具有实际应用意义。     

含透射衰减的地震反射信号褶积模型在波阻抗反演中的应用

研究了地震波在层状地质模型内透射衰减对地震反射信号振幅的影响,给出了含透射衰减的褶积模型,为基于模型的波阻抗反演提供了一种新的正演方法.采用含透射衰减的褶积模型做正演运算,能够校正地层透射对波阻抗反演结果的影响,尤其能够消除地层的屏蔽现象.实际的资料处理表明含透射衰减的褶积模型有较好的应用价值.     

Amplitude Variation with Offset Responses Modeling Study of Walkaway Vertical Seismic Profile Data at CO2 Geological Storage Site, Ketzin, Germany

An important component of any CO2 sequestration project is seismic monitoring for tracking changes in subsurface physical properties, such as velocity and density. Different reservoirs have different amplitude variation with offset (AVO) responses, which can define underground conditions. In the present paper we investigate walkaway vertical seismic profile (VSP) AVO response to CO2 injection at the Ketzin site, the first European onshore CO2 sequestration pilot study dealing with research on geological storage of CO2. First, we performed rock physics analysis to evaluate the effect of injected CO2 on seismic velocity using the Biot-Gassmann equation. On the basis of this model, the seismic response for different CO2 injection saturation was studied using ray tracing modeling. We then created synthetic walkaway VSP data, which we then processed. In contrast, synthetic seismic traces were created from borehole data. Finally, we found that the amplitude of CO2 injected sand layer with different gas saturations were increased with the offset when compared with the original brine target layer. This is the typical class III AVO anomaly for gas sand layer. The AVO responses matched the synthetic seismic traces very well. Therefore, walkaway VSP AVO response can monitor CO2 distribution in the Ketzin area.     

Gabor地表一致性反褶积算法研究与应用

目前普遍应用的地表一致性反褶积可在假设地震子波平稳的条件下对地震记录在共炮点、共检波点、共偏移距和共中心点4个域进行谱分解,但没有考虑实际地下介质的衰减影响。为更真实地反映地下介质的反射特征,对地震数据做Gabor地表一致性反褶积。该方法是在时频域内对地震数据进行反褶积,能够同时消除子波激发、接收效应和地层衰减影响,并利用偏移距和共中心点信息参数化反褶积算子的Q函数组分,在炮检域及共中心点域估算震源激发、检波器接收和地层衰减效应。该方法在庐枞矿集区地震资料处理中与其他地表一致性反褶积相比,抗噪性强,具有相位调整、薄层反射增强的特点,并克服了空间上同一层波组不同时窗内频率补偿过头或不均匀现象,提高了地震信号的分辨率。     

粘弹性介质地震波传播特征及反射特征研究

理想弹性介质并不能解决许多复杂的实际问题。在实际介质中,地震波的传播过程存在吸收作用,使地震波能量发生了损耗、频带变窄、相位延迟、频率降低,尤其是高频部份。这种特性可以用传播矢量和衰减矢量来表示,衰减矢量越大,介质的吸收越强。这里通过引入广义平面波、纵横波品质因子以及衰减角,利用应力应变关系和连续性条件,推导了粘弹性介质精确的Zoeppritz方程,并通过求解精确的Zoeppritz方程,分析了粘弹性介质中传播矢量、衰减矢量、纵波反射系数、转换波反射系数与频率、衰减角、入射角、品质因子、速度等物理量之间的关系,详细地了解了粘弹性介质中地震波传播特征及反射特征,为粘弹性介质中储层预测问题的研究提供了理论基础。     

反射地震在冀中坳陷保定凹陷精细地质结构探测中的应用

保定凹陷位于渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷西缘,其西侧以太行山山前断裂为界与太行山隆起相邻,查明凹陷内深部构造和精细地质结构,对油气勘探和深部热储调查评价有着重要的意义,同时对太行山山前断裂的发育特征的研究也有一定的帮助。反射地震勘探在深部地质结构探测中具有高精度、高分辨率的优势,因此,在保定凹陷构造单元及其外围开展了深反射地震测量,采用炸药震源激发、长排列多道接收、高覆盖次数的工作方法,获得了高品质的原始地震记录。通过静校正、叠前噪声压制、反褶积和偏移叠加等高精度成像数据处理方法技术,得到能清晰反映测区深部地质结构和构造特征的反射地震剖面。地震剖面清楚地查明了凹陷内断裂构造特征,以此划分了内部次级构造单元。根据地震剖面上识别的角度不整合面,划分了基底构造层、断陷期构造层和凹陷期构造层,并据此探讨了3个构造层的构造演化过程。     

百58井区地震数据高分辨率成像与断裂带构造特征

准噶尔盆地西北缘百口泉地区百58井区是一个被多条断裂切割的复杂断块区,地层倾角变化大;现有的三维地震资料成果剖面上地震波组连续性差,断裂带附近资料成像模糊,地层接触关系不清楚,很难进行精细构造解释。为获得研究区沉积盖层精细结构,在详细分析原始地震资料特点和存在问题的基础上,有针对性地采用叠前多域去噪和非线性叠前时间偏移等多种处理技术,对已有的三维地震资料进行了高分辨率精细成像处理。新的成果剖面揭示出该区百－乌断裂带发育特征、空间展布及平面组合关系。根据地层厚度、构造特征、地震反射波组特征等,划分该区地层为二叠系、三叠系、侏罗系－白垩系三大构造层,以三大构造层不同的构造特征为依据确定了研究区分为西部推覆构造带、中部断阶构造带和东部斜坡构造带3个构造单元。     

近地表地震映像剖面静校正探析

由于自然或入文扰动,近地表第四系覆盖层在横、纵向上存在局部低速带,地震映像剖面上有效初至波旅行时增加,当利用钻孔取芯所获得的波速v解释时,会使异常深度增加,从而使剖面失去了利用v提取异常相对深度的背景,容易在资料解释过程中产生误判.文中首先利用射线追踪法模拟出不同偏移距、不同目的层深度、不同地表低速带的地震映像剖面时间场,然后利用直达波初至进行静校正,结果表明:偏移距越大,静校正后目的反射层同相轴的拉伸畸变越严重;在偏移距不变的情况下,目的层深度对静校正时间量几乎无影响;当偏移距与目的层深度不变时,低速体与下覆介质速度差异越大,过剩的静校正量越大.利用互相关法对地震映像剖面进行静校正,校正后的剖面异常与钻探结果相吻合,二者相互印证,证实了利用直达波旅行时差静态校正地震映像剖面的可行性及适用性.     

垦71区块井间地震资料处理研究与应用

由于避开了地表低降速带和风化层的影响,井间地震能够采集到高频地震信号,经过资料处理可以得到较高分辨率的速度和上行反射波成像剖面.2004~2005年,胜利油田在垦71 区块实施了8对井间地震资料采集.针对原始资料特点,研究了以层析成像、管波衰减、VSP-CDP技术和有限角度叠加成像等关键处理技术,较好地完成了该区块的井间地震资料处理.初步分析解释表明,井间地震可以识别低序级断层、小幅度构造和薄储层.     

Estimation of biogenic silica contents in marine sediments using seismic and well log data: Sediment Drift 7, Antarctica

Petrophysical properties (wet bulk density, porosity, P-wave velocity) are used to predict biogenic silica contents along a seismic reflection profile that ties two well sites, 1095 and 1096, drilled by Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 178 on sediment drifts on the Pacific continental margin of the Antarctic Peninsula. The biogenic silica contents along the seismic reflection profile were estimated on the basis of three hypotheses about petrophysical properties distributions in the two boreholes and statistical relationships between biogenic silica and other petrophysical properties, which were established on various sediment layers within the boreholes. Our study demonstrates the possibility to reliably predict the distribution of biogenic silica in the sub-seabed sediments if seismic data processed with amplitude preservation are used and statistical relations are considered. We conclude that the statistical extrapolation of biogenic silica content along seismic reflection profiles tied to borehole data is an efficient tool to quantify the amounts of silica undergoing crystalline transformation, which may have strong implications for submarine slope destabilisation.