东海陆架盆地与冲绳海槽盆地构造活动的差异性

东海陆架盆地和冲绳海槽盆地在区域地质构造上虽然同属下沉区,但它们的重力异常（其中包括布格异常、空间异常和均衡异常）、地貌特征、沉积环境、地壳类型、应力分布、构造活动、成因机制上均存在着本质的差别,从而揭示了两者决不是简单的“块体”下沉,而是两个性质完全不相同的构造单元。     

基于凝聚聚类算法的重力异常区域划分

重力异常平面图的区域划分是地球物理场及地质构造解释的重要参考,但对于大范围数据一直缺少自动化辅助划分方法.基于凝聚层次聚类算法,开展重力异常网格数据的自动化区域划分研究,以空间邻近性为限制条件,分析不同连接方法对模拟重力异常数据的聚类效果,最终选取以Ward法为连接方式的凝聚聚类法,对菲律宾海盆区域的简单布格重力异常数...     

Crustal analysis of the Ulleung Basin in the East Sea (Japan Sea) from enhanced gravity mapping

To facilitate geological analyses of the Ulleung Basin in the East Sea (Japan Sea) between Korea and Japan, shipborne and satellite altimetry-derived gravity data are combined to derive a regionally coherent anomaly field. The 2-min gridded satellite altimetry-based gravity predicted by Sandwell and Smith [Sandwell DT, Smith WHF (1997) J Geophys Res 102(B5):10,039–10,054] are used for making cross-over adjustments that reduce the errors between track segments and at the cross-over points of shipborne gravity profiles. Relative to the regionally more homogeneous satellite gravity anomalies, the longer wavelength components of the shipborne anomalies are significantly improved with minimal distortion of their shorter wavelength components. The resulting free-air gravity anomaly map yields a more coherent integration of short and long wavelength anomalies compared to that obtained from either the shipborne or satellite data sets separately. The derived free-air anomalies range over about 140 mGals or more in amplitude and regionally correspond with bathymetric undulations in the Ulleung Basin. The gravity lows and highs along the basin’s margin indicate the transition from continental to oceanic crust. However, in the northeastern and central Ulleung Basin, the negative regional correlation between the central gravity high and bathymetric low suggests the presence of shallow denser mantle beneath thinned oceanic crust. A series of gravity highs mark seamounts or volcanic terranes from the Korean Plateau to Oki Island. Gravity modeling suggests underplating by mafic igneous rocks of the northwestern margin of the Ulleung Basin and the transition between continental and oceanic crust. The crust of the central Ulleung Basin is about a 14–15 km thick with a 4–5 km thick sediment cover. It may also include a relatively weakly developed buried fossil spreading ridge with approximately 2 km of relief.     

重力水平梯度矢量法在琼东南盆地基底断裂划分上的应用

基底断裂与盆地是一对相互影响的伴生构造,断裂活动控制盆地内沉积填充和构造样式以及后期资源的分布。本文利用琼东南盆地2′×2′的自由空间重力异常,在进行地形校正、布格异常校正得到布格重力异常的基础上求得重力水平梯度矢量。尝试利用重力水平梯度矢量对基底断裂进行划分并取得良好效果:在盆地基底划分出48条断裂,并将其分为3个等级,其中一级断裂5条,二级断裂8条,三级断裂35条;将确定的断裂与其他地质、地球物理方法(地震剖面)确定的断裂进行比较,发现在主要格架上具有一致性;重力水平梯度矢量法与其他解释方法比较具有成本低廉、方法简单、结果直观的优点。     

Study on the distribution characteristics of faults and their control over petroliferous basins in the China seas and its adjacent areas

As one of the main controlling factors of oil and gas accumulation, faults are closely related to the distribution of oil and gas reservoirs. Studying how faults control petroliferous basins is particularly important. In this work, we investigated the plane positions of major faults in the China seas and its adjacent areas using the normalized vertical derivative of the total horizontal derivative (NVDR-THDR) of the Bouguer gravity anomaly, the fusion results of gravity and magnetic anomalies, and the residual Bouguer gravity anomaly. The apparent depths of major faults in the China seas and its adjacent areas were inverted using the Tilt-Euler method based on the Bouguer gravity anomaly. The results show that the strikes of the faults in the China seas and its adjacent areas are mainly NE and NW, followed by EW, and near-SN. Among them, the lengths of most ultra-crustal faults are in the range of 1 000–3 000 km, and their apparent depths lie between 10 km and 40 km. The lengths of crustal faults lie between 300 km and 1 000 km, and their apparent depths are between 0 km and 20 km. According to the plane positions and apparent depths of the faults, we put forward the concept of fault influence factor for the first time. Based on this factor, the key areas for oil and gas exploration were found as follows: the east of South North China Basin in the intracontinental rift basins; the southeast region of East China Sea Shelf Basin, the Taixinan and Qiongdongnan basins in the continental margin rift basins; Zhongjiannan Basin in the strike-slip pull-apart basins; the Liyue, Beikang, and the Nanweixi basins in the rifted continental basins. This work provides valuable insights into oil and gas exploration, mineral resource exploration, and deep geological structure research in the China seas and its adjacent areas.     

6′x 10′ Free air gravity anomalies of Europe including marine areas

A set of 103 997 free air gravity anomalies in 6′x 10′ blocks has been compiled covering Europe including the Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, Baltic Sea and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean. Concerning sea areas, this data set is based on a collection of point free air gravity anomalies. Anomalies for land areas have been compiled resp. computed from free air gravity anomaly maps or Bouguer anomaly maps and partly from supplied mean values of convenient small block size. Remaining gaps have been interpolated by means of least squares prediction filtering. The precision of the compiled mean free air gravity anomalies is estimated to ±7 mgal, verified by a comparison of independent gravity anomaly sets.     

A Survey of the Southwest Indian Ridge Axis Between Atlantis II Fracture Zone and the Indian Ocean Triple Junction: Regional Setting and Large Scale Segmentation

The study of very low-spreading ridges has become essential to ourunderstanding of the mid-oceanic ridge processes. The Southwest Indian Ridge(SWIR) , a major plate boundary of the world oceans, separating Africa fromAntarctica for more than 100 Ma, has such an ultra slow-spreadingrate. Its other characteristic is the fast lengthening of its axis at bothBouvet and Rodrigues triple junctions. A survey was carried out in thespring of 1993 to complete a multibeam bathymetric coverage of the axisbetween Atlantis II Fracture Zone (57° E) and the Rodrigues triplejunction (70° E). After a review of what is known about the geometry,structure and evolution of the SWIR, we present an analysis of the newalong-axis bathymetric data together with previously acquiredacross-axis profiles. Only three transform faults, represented byAtlantis II FZ, Novara FZ, and Melville FZ, offset this more than 1000 kmlong section of the SWIR, showing that the offsets are more generallyaccommodated by ridge obliquity and non-transform discontinuities. From comparison of the axial geometry, bathymetry, mantle Bouguer anomaly and central magnetic anomaly, three large sections (east of Melville FZ, between Melville FZ and about 65°30 E, and from there to the Rodrigues triple junction) can be distinguished. The central member, east of Melville FZ, does not resemble any other known mid-oceanic ridge section: the classical signs of the accretion (mantle Bouguer anomaly, central magnetic anomaly) are only observed over three very narrow and shallow axis sections. We also apply image processing techniques to the satellite gravity anomaly map of Smith and Sandwell (1995) to determine the off-axis characteristics of the Southwest Indian Ridge domain, more especially the location of the triple junction and discontinuities traces. We conclude that the large-scale segmentation of the axis has been inherited from the evolution of the Rodrigues triple junction.     

南黄海布格重力异常的小波多尺度分析

采用二维小波变换与多尺度分解技术,对南黄海布格重力异常进行了分解,得到了自地表至莫霍面深度范围的不同尺度的密度体所产生的重力异常,从而获取不同切割深度的断裂构造、沉积基底及莫霍面所产生的重力异常。结果表明：该区断裂相互交错、切割深度不一,有明显的多期活动的迹象;小波变换的四阶异常细节主要由沉积基底面起伏所引起的,而小波变换四阶异常逼近主要反映了该区莫霍面起伏特征。     

Giant Megamullion in the Parece Vela Backarc Basin

We present results of high-resolution bathymetric studies of the extinct intermediate-spreading Parece Vela Basin in the northwestern Pacific, where we have identified an extremely large mullion structure, here termed a giant megamullion. We find that the giant megamullion is nearly an order of magnitude larger than the similar structures in the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge (`megamullions'). The giant megamullion has slightly elevated mantle Bouguer anomaly, and yields serpentinized peridotites and gabbros, suggesting that they are exposing oceanic crust and upper mantle. An off-axis rugged `chaotic terrain' was also identified in the Parece Vela Basin. The terrain consists of isolated and elevated blocks capped by corrugated axis-normal lineations, and associated deeps. We thus interpret it as analogues to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge megamullions. We propose that amagmatic tectonics producing the giant megamullion and the chaotic terrain occupied a significant part in crustal construction in the Parece Vela Basin evolution.     

Geotectonic imaging of the north-western European continent and shelf

Gridding and merging of onshore gravity and topography information from the British National Gravity and Topography Data Bank with offshore free-air gravity anomalies derived from SEASAT altimeter data and bathymetry from the National Geophysical Data Center (USA) has allowed, for the first time, the production of digital images for the north-western European continent and shelf (48°–62° lat., 348°-010° long.). Further, using image processing techniques, the images have been selectively filtered (using artificial illumination) to enhance both Caledonian and Variscan trends. As a large amount of terrestrially-acquired offshore gravity data already exists within the North Sea region, it has been possible to test the accuracy of the SEASAT derived free-air gravity anomaly data. Hence its use in geological and geophysical interpretations, by comparing the two. We conclude that while the derived (SEASAT) gravity trends are essentially correct, significant error may exist in the amplitude determination, especially where anomaly wavelengths are short and oceanographic components in the altimeter data are significant. The potential value of ‘geotectonic images’ is as an aid in recognising trends and relationships between geological and/or tectonic domains that are not generally apparent in the more conventional representations of these data (e.g. profile and contour maps). We offer interpretations for both the local free-air/Bouguer gravity anomalies in terms of the known geology of the British Isles and offshore regions, and the regional gravity anomalies in terms of the thermal and mechanical response of the north-western European lithosphere during Variscan compression (continental collision and thrust-sheet migration) and Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic rifting events (sedimentary basin formation).     

小波分析与解析延拓方法相结合研究东海深部构造

东海是环太平洋活动构造带的重要组成部分,是探讨西太平洋边缘及边缘海形成演化的重要窗口。向上延拓主要用来削弱局部异常,突出深部异常,小波分析是重磁场位场分解的有效工具,不仅能提取深部异常,还能更好地将区域异常和局部异常分离。本文利用东海及邻域最新的布格重力异常数据资料,将小波分析与解析延拓方法相结合,分析对比向上延拓20 km的布格重力异常结果与小波分析4阶逼近布格重力异常结果,结合东海及邻域莫霍面的深度,对重力场及莫霍面深度进行初步研究。其中小波4阶逼近结果代表莫霍面形态,小波4阶细节结果代表东海及邻域凹陷凸起形态。     

Basement-involved faults and deep structures in the West Philippine Basin: constrains from gravity field

To reveal the basement-involved faults and deep structures of the West Philippine Basin (WPB), the gravitational responses caused by these faults are observed and analyzed based on the latest spherical gravity model: WGM2012 Model. By mapping the free-air and Bouguer gravity anomalies, several main faults and some other linear structures are located and observed in the WPB. Then, by conducting a 2D discrete multi-scale wavelet decomposition, the Bouguer anomalies are decomposed into the first- to eighth-order detail and approximation fields (the first- to eighth-order Details and Approximations). The first- to third-order Details reflect detailed and localized geological information of the crust at different depths, and of which the higher-order reflects gravity field of the deeper depth. The first- to fourth-order Approximations represent the regional gravity fields at different depths of the crust, respectively. The fourth-order Approximation represents the regional gravity fluctuation caused by the density inhomogeneity of Moho interface. Therefore, taking the fourth-order Approximation as input, and adopting Parker-Oldenburg interactive inversion, We calculated the depth of Moho interface in the WPB. Results show that the Moho interface depth in the WPB ranges approximately from 8 to 12 km, indicating that there is typical oceanic crust in the basin. In the Urdaneta Plateau and the Benham Rise, the Moho interface depths are about 14 and 16 km, respectively, which provides a piece of evidence to support that the Banham Rise could be a transitional crust caused by a large igneous province. The second-order vertical derivative and the horizontal derivatives in direction 0° and 90° are computed based on the data of the third-order Detail, and most of the basement-involved faults and structures in the WPB, such as the Central Basin Fault Zone, the Gagua Ridge, the Luzon-Okinawa Fault Zone, and the Mindanao Fault Zone are interpreted by the gravity derivatives.     

A new approach to the structural features of the Aegean Sea: Cellular neural network

In this study, structural features in the Aegean Sea were investigated by application of Cellular Neural Network (CNN) and Cross-Correlation methods to the gravity anomaly map. CNN is a stochastic image processing technique, which is based on template optimization using neighbourhood relationships of pixels, and probabilistic properties of two-Dimensional (2-D) input data. The performance of CNN can be evaluated by various interesting real applications in geophysics such as edge detection, data enhancement and separation of regional/residual potential anomaly maps. In this study, CNN is used in edge detection of geological bodies closer to the surface, which are masked by other structures with various depths and dimensions. CNN was first tested for (prismatic) synthetic examples and satisfactory results were obtained. Subsequently, CNN/Cross-Correlation maps and bathymetric features were evaluated together to obtain a new structural map for most of the Aegean Sea. In our structural map, the locations of the faults and basins are generally in accordance with the previous maps from restricted areas based on seismic data. In the southern and southeastern parts of the Aegean Sea, E–W trending faults cut NE–SW trending basins and faults, similar to on-shore Western Anatolia. Also, in the western, central and northern parts of the Aegean Sea, all of these structures are truncated by NE-trending faults.     

北黄海盆地北缘断裂带及其特征

根据最新调查获得的北黄海盆地海洋重力、海洋与航空磁力和多道地震资料,结合以往周边地区的资料,编制了北黄海空间重力异常图、布格重力异常图、磁力异常图。在重磁基础图件的基础上,通过解析延拓、任意方向导数计算、离散小波变换等处理,结合地震和地质资料,对北黄海北缘断裂带进行了综合分析。确定了北黄海北缘断裂带的存在,并对该断裂带的延伸长度、切割深度和性质进行了分析,指出北黄海北缘断裂带是辽东隆起与北黄海盆地的界线,断裂带两侧具有明显不同的地球物理场特征;而且断裂带具有多期活动的特点,对北黄海盆地的形成演化具有重要的控制作用。     

Crossover analysis of geophysical data in Bay of Bengal

Geophysical data (magnetic, gravity, and bathymetric) collected by international and national agencies along intersecting track lines in the Bay of Bengal show discrepancies that are analyzed and adjusted by crossover techniques. The original magnetic anomaly map over this region exhibits high gradients over the entire region, which do not fit with the known geological framework. The corrected map is devoid of artifacts, and the contours became smooth, which can be utilized for meaningful geological interpretation. The corrected free-air gravity map indicates improvements from the original in resolution with clear isolated anomalies in high track density areas. Corrected bathymetry does not show much improvement. Received: 29 May 1998 / Revision received: 23 February 1999     

Relation between Gravity Field Feature and Tectonics and Earthquakes in Taiwan and Its Adjacent Seas

Short wave gravity anomaly is correlated to sea floor topography in the gravity field of Taiwan and its adjacent seas. Gravity values of 200 × 10-5ms-2 at Yushang and -160 × 10-5ms-2 at Liuqiu sea trench are respectively the maximum and minimum gravity values in this area.Bouguer gravity anomaly reflects not only Moho interface undulation, but also fault distribution.The inflexion of gradient belt of Bouguer gravity anomaly is a spot liable to earthquakes. Middlelong wave geoid is the best data to invert crustal thickness. We calculate crustal thickness by using geoid data, and the maximum value is 38km; the minimum value is 12km in Taiwan and its adjacent seas.     

台湾及其邻海的重力特征与构造、地震的关系

分析认为，在台湾及其邻海的重力场中，具有短波长特征的空间重力异常受地形与海深所制约．玉山的200×10     

雅浦-马里亚纳海沟附近海域的精细地貌特征研究

利用西太平洋地区的雅浦-马里亚纳海沟附近海域的多波束水深数据,获得了9.8°N—13.2°N、132.2°E—145°E矩形区域内的高精度水深地形图。通过对精细地貌进行研究发现,马里亚纳海沟南部的洋坡上发育有大范围的地垒、地堑型地貌,雅浦海沟北部存在明显的分段性特征,菲律宾海盆和帕里西维拉海盆内存在不同展布方向的大规模脊-槽地貌。研究结果表明此处复杂的地形地貌特征主要受板块运动的控制。最后结合已有研究成果,对该区域的地形地貌进行了分类。