条形药包爆炸时岩体中应力波参数的计算分析

水利、铁道、冶金等工业部门,在基坑开挖、隧道掘进,矿山开采等作业中通常用圆柱状条形药包.此外,某些工程如洞库爆炸也可看成条形药包.显然,这类药包在岩体中爆炸时,应力波的传播和动应力的分布均不同于球形药包的爆炸而具有自己的特点.这些特点直接影响爆破破岩机理和对地下工程施加动荷载的特征,以及对它的动态稳定性的评价.     

BLASTING AND ITS MECHANICAL EFFECTS IN SOIL AND ROCK MEDIA

In this paper ,the following items are diseased evaluated and numerically related ;theory of blasting in soil and media .the classification and criteria of classification of soil and under dynamic loading ,the characteristics and the affecting zones of stress wave propagation and their relationship with properties of soil and rock ,and the failure zones resulted from contained blasting etc. Problems related to the effect of carity-ratio on stress –wave distribution characteristics along the charge axis under open-hole blasting and the major principal stress ,positive –phase duration ,wave length for open and clogged-hole blasting are preliminarily investigated.     

土岩介质中的爆破及其力学效应

爆炸物在土岩介质中激发引爆,爆炸波一瞬间就在土岩介质中传播.这种瞬时加荷引起土体或岩体变形、破坏和振动是爆破过程的普遍特征.这一过程受许多因素的影响:例如介质的物理力学特性,爆源的埋没深度,爆炸物的性质,爆炸体的大小和结构,起爆方式,爆破作用指数等等.     

Effect of Blast-Induced Vibration from New Railway Tunnel on Existing Adjacent Railway Tunnel in Xinjiang, China

The vibrations of existing service tunnels induced by blast-excavation of adjacent tunnels have attracted much attention from both academics and engineers during recent decades in China. The blasting vibration velocity (BVV) is the most widely used controlling index for in situ monitoring and safety assessment of existing lining structures. Although numerous in situ tests and simulations had been carried out to investigate blast-induced vibrations of existing tunnels due to excavation of new tunnels (mostly by bench excavation method), research on the overall dynamical response of existing service tunnels in terms of not only BVV but also stress/strain seemed limited for new tunnels excavated by the full-section blasting method. In this paper, the impacts of blast-induced vibrations from a new tunnel on an existing railway tunnel in Xinjiang, China were comprehensively investigated by using laboratory tests, in situ monitoring and numerical simulations. The measured data from laboratory tests and in situ monitoring were used to determine the parameters needed for numerical simulations, and were compared with the calculated results. Based on the results from in situ monitoring and numerical simulations, which were consistent with each other, the original blasting design and corresponding parameters were adjusted to reduce the maximum BVV, which proved to be effective and safe. The effect of both the static stress before blasting vibrations and the dynamic stress induced by blasting on the total stresses in the existing tunnel lining is also discussed. The methods and related results presented could be applied in projects with similar ground and distance between old and new tunnels if the new tunnel is to be excavated by the full-section blasting method.     

沙曲矿区地应力及采场地压的综合监测与分析

作为典型复合型顶板的矿山,沙曲矿区的工程地质条件受到多条构造带影响,采煤工作面顶底板均为不稳定性软岩,并含少量裂隙水。为了调查该矿区的地应力条件及地压规律,本文在沙曲矿区的主要开拓巷道中开展了6个地点的地应力测试,结果表明该矿区的地应力场比较均匀,属于准静水应力场。采用现场应力套孔解除和室内围压率测定的方法得到最大水平主应力数值在20.11～22.87(MPa)之间,侧压系数在2.25～2.85范围内,属较高应力;针对24101等工作面的大采高综采巷道进行了煤柱支承压力的现场监测,结果表明24101工作面的巷道煤柱应力分布特点可以分为塑性破坏区、峰值应力区和原岩应力区;同时,对南翼14204工作面顶板进行了离层监测和锚杆测力计载荷观测,结果进一步揭示了随着时间的推移,巷道顶板稳定性的衰减主要是由于离层数量的增加所造成的规律。该地应力及采场地压的综合监测及分析结果对沙曲矿区的支护设计和安全生产具有重要指导和实用价值。     

不耦合装药下爆炸应力波传播规律的试验研究

通过室外爆破试验,利用预埋研制的PVDF压力传感器对耦合及水不耦合延长药包装药爆破时爆炸应力波的中远场压力进行测量,拟合实测结果,得到4种不耦合系数下爆炸应力波峰值随传播距离衰减的指数关系式。分析试验结果可知： ①在试验所涉及的范围内,不耦合装药时爆破应力波峰值衰减幅度小于耦合装药（即K =1）时爆破应力波峰值衰减幅度,验证了水介质作为炸药爆轰产物与岩体间的弹性缓冲层作用,减少了粉碎孔壁岩体造成的能量耗散,增加了能量传递,加大了爆炸的作用范围;②当不耦合系数K = 3.29时,应力波峰值衰减指数表现出大于K =1.79及大于K =2.57时应力波峰值衰减指数的趋势,表明过大的不耦合系数造成了不耦合介质--水过多的能量耗散（在高温高压下水并不完全是弹性的）,削弱了不耦合装药爆破的优势;③在不耦合装药爆破中,存在最佳的不耦合系数,此时爆炸应力波峰值衰减最慢,爆炸能得到充分利用,达到最优的爆破效果。研究结果对不耦合装药爆破的设计及工程应用有一定的指导意义。     

条形药包在隧道爆破中产生的应力场的实测分析

基于条形药包的爆破特性,针对隧道爆破的装药形式,把隧道爆破简化成几个条形药包的微差爆破,在隧道爆破区域的径向应力波为柱形,隧道掘进的轴向应力波为几个并列半圆形。应力波强度分布很不均匀,爆破区域的径向应力强度最大,向爆区端部延伸径向应力强度逐渐减小。进入爆区端部后,应力强度减小更明显。随着与爆区轴线夹角的减小,端部应力强度再次减小,爆区端部轴线方向应力强度最小。     

高边坡结构可靠度的二次处理有限元分析

本文依据强度折减理论,利用MIDAS/GTS有限元软件,分析计算了高边坡结构的安全系数K,找到边坡滑裂带的位置。在此基础上,对有限元输入数据和输出结果进行二次处理,建立基本随机变量c,f与滑裂带中单元的最大(和最小)主应力1(和3)的拟合关系f1(和f3),将其代入高边坡结构的功能函数Z中,使Z由隐式形式变为显式。基于该显式表示的Z,利用Monte Carlo法计算滑裂带中所有失效单元的可靠指标1,并将其单元面积A1作为权重系数,经过加权平均得到边坡结构的整体可靠指标。上述方法使得结合有限元软件计算边坡结构的整体可靠度得以简化。经实例分析可知,本文提出的方法是合理可行的,可使边坡结构整体可靠性分析得以简化,也可为高边坡结构整体可靠性分析提供理论参考。     

深部采掘扰动区线性切顶防冲护巷技术

采掘扰动是诱发冲击地压灾害的重要因素,深部采掘扰动区域则受冲击与巷道变形的双重威胁,针对该技术难题,本文研究了线性密集切顶防冲护巷技术.基于关键层理论分析了倾斜煤层关键层倾向破断结构特点,表明关键块B的空间状态是控制正在开采的工作面与迎采巷道矿压显现的关键,给出了采掘扰动工况下的最佳关键块断裂线位置.基于COMSOL模...     

隧洞开挖重复爆炸荷载作用下围岩累积损伤特性

隧洞毫秒爆破开挖推进过程中,预留岩体在重复爆炸荷载作用下产生不可逆的损伤叠加。而现有的岩体爆破损伤数值模拟基本都是针对单孔装药和单段爆破,很少涉及实际工程中的重复爆炸。基于LS-DYNA程序的用户自定义材料接口,将统计损伤演化模型嵌入到弹塑性本构材料中,模拟圆形隧洞全断面毫秒爆破过程中重复爆炸荷载作用下的岩体累积损伤效应,并考虑地应力对岩体爆破损伤的影响。计算结果表明,围岩损伤范围和损伤程度随重复爆炸荷载次数而增加,在一个爆破进尺内,围岩损伤的临界峰值质点振动速度较单段爆破降低了12%;爆炸荷载作用下,围岩主要表现为拉损伤,围岩地应力对爆破张拉效应起到非常敏感的"抑制"作用,在2¹0 MPa应力水平时,围岩爆破累积损伤范围随着应力增加而明显减小,围岩损伤的临界峰值质点振动速度增加24%10 MPa应力水平时,围岩爆破累积损伤范围随着应力增加而明显减小,围岩损伤的临界峰值质点振动速度增加24%⁵7%。     

Microseism Induced by Transient Release of In Situ Stress During Deep Rock Mass Excavation by Blasting

During deep rock mass excavation with the method of drill and blast, accompanying the secession of rock fragments and the formation of a new free surface, in situ stress on this boundary is suddenly released within several milliseconds, which is termed the transient release of in situ stress. In this process, enormous strain energy around the excavation face is instantly released in the form of kinetic energy and it inevitably induces microseismic events in surrounding rock masses. Thus, blasting excavation-induced microseismic vibrations in high-stress rock masses are attributed to the combined action of explosion and the transient release of in situ stress. The intensity of stress release-induced microseisms, which depends mainly on the magnitude of the in situ stress and the dimension of the excavation face, is comparable to that of explosion-induced vibrations. With the methods of time–energy density analysis, amplitude spectrum analysis, and finite impulse response (FIR) digital filter, microseismic vibrations induced by the transient release of in situ stress were identified and separated from recorded microseismic signals during a blast of deep rock masses in the Pubugou Hydropower Station. The results show that the low-frequency component in the microseismic records results mainly from the transient release of in situ stress, while the high-frequency component originates primarily from explosion. In addition, a numerical simulation was conducted to demonstrate the occurrence of microseismic events by the transient release of in situ stress, and the results seem to have confirmed fairly well the separated vibrations from microseismic records.     

The analysis of ground vibrations induced by bench blasting at Akyol quarry and practical blasting charts

Ground vibrations arising from excavation with blasting is one of the fundamental problems in the mining industry. Therefore, the prediction of ground vibration components plays an important role in the minimization of environmental complaints. In this study, 582 events were recorded during limestone production at a quarry (Akyol Quarry) during a period of time. The blasting parameters of these shots were also carefully recorded. During the statistical analysis of the collected data, three predictor equations proposed by the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM), Ambraseys–Hendron and Langefors–Kihlstrom were used to establish a relationship between peak particle velocity and scaled distance described by these prediction equations. As a result of this analysis, the most powerful relationship was determined and proposed to be used in this site. And also, this equation was used in the derivation of the practical blasting charts specific to this site as a practical way of predicting the peak particle velocity and maximum charge amount per delay for future blasting.     

损伤条件下深部岩体巷道光面爆破参数研究

岩体条件复杂多变,为了提高光面爆破的适应性、改善光面爆破效果,对损伤条件下深部岩体巷道光面爆破参数进行研究。通过对深部岩体巷道光爆层原岩应力场、光面爆破机制和振动损伤特征进行分析,基于爆炸应力波和爆生气体综合作用理论,考虑高原岩应力和岩石损伤影响,提出了损伤条件下深部岩体巷道光面爆破参数确定的计算方法。研究表明, （1）高原岩应力相当于提高了岩石的抗拉强度,不利于炮孔初始裂纹的形成及贯通,宜减小周边眼间距;（2）岩石损伤后,其他条件不变,光面爆破的炮孔间距和抵抗线值可适当加大;（3）高原岩应力和损伤条件下,光面爆破的炮孔间距较小时,容易造成爆后围岩损伤,降低围岩的稳定性能,因此,提高爆破效果的同时应及时加强支护,以确保施工安全和围岩稳定;（4）本文提出的光面爆破参数计算公式,经现场爆破验证效果良好,适用于复杂多变的岩体环境。     

混凝土含水裂隙中爆炸压力传播的模型试验研究

爆炸作用下含水裂隙中水压力的分布及传播特征对分析含水裂隙岩体初始裂纹扩展机制具有重要意义。通过含水裂隙的混凝土室内爆炸试验,测量了爆炸时含水裂隙中的水压力,分析了含水裂隙中水压力的荷载特性及传播特征,并研究了裂隙张开宽度及爆炸药量对水压力荷载的影响。试验研究结果表明：爆炸作用下含水裂隙中水压力时程分布呈多峰波动分布,水压力来源包括爆源通过水介质直接传递的荷载及通过混凝土间接传递的荷载,且在不同裂隙长度,荷载峰值主要来源不同;相同装药条件下,含水裂隙中水压力随距爆源距离增大而迅速衰减,裂隙中同一位置水压力大小与裂隙张开宽度呈负相关;混凝土室内爆炸试验含水裂隙中水击波所带能量频谱主要集中在7.8～62.5 kHz,是一种高频信号。随距爆源距离的增加,能量分布向低频集中;水击波频带能量分布特征受爆炸药量及裂隙张开宽度的影响。当量为4.5 g TNT（三硝基苯）乳化炸药装药相比 8.1 g TNT乳化炸药装药爆炸时水击波高频信息更丰富;相同爆炸药量时,随混凝土中含水裂隙张开宽度的增加,水击波频带能量分布峰值呈现向中间频带移动的趋势。     

基于智能岩性识别的爆破岩体三维实体模型建立

随着智能钻机的研发和使用,能够准确地获得爆破钻孔的岩性数据.通过建立炮孔数据库对智能识别的炮孔数据进行存储和管理;以炮孔岩性数据为样本,使用距离平方反比法对爆破区域范围内的实体单元进行插值,生成爆破岩体三维实体模型;使用爆破区域范围多边形和采场三角网先后对岩体三维实体模型进行裁切,得到裁切后的爆破岩体三维实体模型.使用...     

不耦合装药爆破对硬岩应力场影响的数值分析

爆破地震勘探石油是一种重要的方法,但爆破地震效应与爆破参数、地质条件等密切相关。采用动力有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA,对柱状炸药与药孔壁之间为空气或其他介质以及空隙间距变化时碳酸盐岩岩石中爆炸应力波的传播规律和爆炸地震波能量的衰减特性进行了数值模拟研究,得到了不耦合装药爆炸时岩石应力、振动速度的衰减规律以及与不耦合系数、间隙介质的关系,分析了不耦合效应对爆炸地震波能量的影响。研究表明,不耦合或耦合不好时会使岩体中爆炸应力波的强度大大降低;耦合状态对岩体应力及速度的衰减系数和衰减指数影响较大;在空隙中注水或灌满泥浆会改善它们的耦合关系,增大下传的爆破能量。所得成果可为我国西南地区优选适合碳酸盐地层地震勘探的激发因素提供技术途径和方法。     

立井冻土掘进爆破技术的研究与应用

崩落爆破通常承担整个立井冻土掘进爆破40 %～60 %的破土量。宽孔距崩落爆破能够增加自由面的有效利用、增强自由面应力波的反射拉伸作用和消除或减小冻土中的应力降低区。在理论分析的基础上进行冻土爆破漏斗模型试验,综合考虑爆破漏斗体积和爆破后两炮眼间最大凸量,初步认为炮眼密集系数 =1.5左右时较为合理。结合立井崩落炮眼成圈弧形布置和冻土所受夹制作用相对较大的特点,建议应在此基础上适当降低立井冻土崩落爆破炮眼密集系数,这在进一步的工程实践中得到了验证。     

磁性场源深度成像 在雅鲁藏布江航磁异常带解释中的应用

在介绍磁性场源深度成像方法原理的基础上,通过理论模型试验给出场源深度计算的精度,并应用此方法计算出引起雅鲁藏布江航磁异常的磁性体深度,为进一步探讨雅鲁藏布江航磁异常带的性质提供了新的依据。     

垂直荷载下地基平均附加应力系数公式推导

按照《建筑地基基础设计规范》（以下简称《规范》）进行地基沉降计算,要使用地基平均附加应力系数。目前,该参数一般都是通过查表内插获得,虽然方便,但结果会因人而异。笔者利用积分法导出常见基础下地基平均附加应力系数计算公式,并编制了Excel计算表。通过对比,矩形基础角点及圆形基础中点均布荷载下的数据（以下简称“公式数据”）与《规范》及相关书籍中的数据（以下简称“表列数据”）完全一致,而矩形基础三角形荷载下的公式数据与表列数据有些误差,本文对这些误差也进行了分析。虽然未见到条形基础的表列数据,但实际工程中条形基础仍大量存在,因此,本文也给出了其推导公式。以上公式可极大地方便工程技术人员在实际工作中的运用。     

穿层爆破在南桐矿瓦斯抽放中的应用与数值模拟

穿层抽放是一些高突矿井常用的瓦斯治理手段,在穿层抽放时采用爆破技术已被证明具有良好的抽放效果。以重庆市南桐矿穿层爆破为背景,建立了穿层深孔爆破数学模型;利用数值计算和现场实测抽放数据相结合的方法,分别研究了各爆破孔、控制孔动应力的变化以及爆破应力场强度与抽放效果的关系。研究结果表明,穿层抽放的特点决定了爆破孔与抽放孔的布孔方式。由于炮孔斜穿煤层,煤层各断面动应力场分布极不均匀,药包中心控制孔所受动应力为控制孔中最大。在南桐矿薄煤层试验条件下,药包长度为3.2 m的爆破孔平均破坏半径为0.57 m,较其他两排炮孔大20%以上。炮孔中药包长度是影响瓦斯抽放量的重要因素。爆破孔的平均单孔抽放量较控制孔高55%,爆破钻场较非爆破钻场平均单孔流量大49%。