卫星精密定轨的三频观测量IF组合法

随着全球卫星导航系统的发展,GNSS卫星发播多频观测量已成必然趋势。然而,目前IGS分析中心依然使用双频观测量的策略进行轨道、钟差等产品的解算,并没有顾及额外频点观测量对定轨产品带来的效益。本文使用两个双频无电离层组合（IF）作为观测模型,研究第三频点观测量对轨道、钟差及测站位置精度的改善。在观测方程中将卫星端的相位偏差分成时变和时不变分量,通过对两个IF组合的观测方程进行参数重组,推导了与IGS钟差产品基准一致的满秩观测模型。基于超宽巷、宽巷和窄巷双差模糊度构建策略,给出了三频观测量的模糊度固定方法。首先以12颗GPS Block IIF卫星为例,在两种测站布局情况下进行L1/L2 IF双频定轨（S1）、L1/L5 IF双频定轨（S2）、L1/L2和L1/L5两个IF组合的三频定轨（S3）试验。结果表明S3方案最优,测站均匀、不均匀情况下轨道结果S3相较S1分别改善10%以内、10%左右,钟差的RMS略有改善,STD分别改善6.4%、10.0%,而S3相较S2的改善幅度更小,改善百分比基本在5%以内。随后进行了BDS单系统定轨,并使用激光检核轨道,表明三频定轨较B1/B3定轨结果改善显著,但是较B1/B2方案结果改善微弱,可能的原因是天线相位中心误差改正值不准确。     

HY-2卫星星载DORIS和SLR的cm级综合精密定轨仿真研究

为了实现cm级HY-2卫星精密定轨,提出了基于DORIS和SLR的HY-2卫星综合定轨方法。模拟了DORIS信标站与SLR跟踪站的观测数据,确定了定轨方法和流程,探讨了分别赋予不同观测精度时各定轨精度,并分别分析了不同的信标站分布以及两种观测技术综合精密定轨中权对定轨精度的影响。实验表明,观测精度的高低直接影响着单一技术的定轨精度;优化信标站的分布,可明显提高定轨精度并节约计算时间;多种技术综合定轨时,合理分配各观测量的权可使定轨精度达到最佳;分别赋予DORIS和SLR观测量0.3mm/s和10mm的权,则使HY-2卫星定轨精度达到cm级。     

三频非组合模型的GPS/BDS/Galileo精密定轨

四大GNSS导航卫星系统发播三频及以上观测数据成为必然趋势.本文基于IGS钟差基准研究了三频非组合(UC)精密定轨模型及其模糊度固定方法.将载波相位硬件延迟分成时变和时不变参数,并进行参数重组,得到三频非组合定轨观测模型;类似精密定位中的超宽巷、宽巷、窄巷的分步模糊度固定策略,使用双差法推导了三频非组合模糊度固定方法....     

基于星载GPS的低轨卫星简化动力学定轨研究

利用GRACE卫星2015年1月1日至7日的星载GPS观测数据,基于卫星简化动力学定轨方法和事后批处理定轨模式,利用24小时弧段进行精密定轨。采用多种手段进行评价定轨精度,通过分析,观测值定轨残差稳定在7mm,与德国地学中心(GFZ)发布的事后精密轨道在径向、切向、法向的RMS值分别是3cm,2cm,3cm,利用SLR检核轨道精度优于4cm。结果表明,使用简化动力学定轨可实现低轨卫星的cm级高精度定轨。     

基于载波相位差分的多频多GNSS测速精度评估

基于载波相位历元间差分测速方法,建立了全球卫星导航系统（global navigation satellite system, GNSS）单点测速的数学模型,分析了其误差源,并结合实测数据对多GNSS系统各频点及其无电离层组合、不同系统组合的测速精度进行了对比分析。实验结果表明：不同系统不同频点的测速精度有所差异,BDS(BeiDou navigation satellite system)的B1I、B1C、B3I、B2a频点和Galileo(Galileo positioning system)的E1、E5a、E6、E5b、E5频点的测速精度相当,水平方向优于1.5 mm/s,高程方向优于3 mm/s;BDS的B2I和GPS的L1、L2、L5频点的测速精度相当,水平方向在1.5～2 mm/s,高程方向在3～4mm/s;GLONASS(globalnavigationsatellitesystem)的G1、G2频点测速精度最差,水平方向在3～4 mm/s,高程方向在5～5.5 mm/s;双频无电离层组合由于放大了观测值噪声,其测速精度低于单频。此外,多GNSS组合增加了可见卫星数,降低...     

GNSS卫星精密定轨综述:现状、挑战与机遇

GNSS卫星精密轨道是高精度GNSS应用的基础与前提,GNSS卫星精密定轨技术也一直都是卫星导航领域的研究重点与热点。本文首先介绍了GNSS星座与跟踪数据概况,梳理了精密定轨函数模型、动力学模型及随机模型构建过程中的关键问题,归纳了低轨星载观测和星间链路观测等多源数据增强GNSS精密定轨的研究进展;然后,从应用的角度总结了当前GNSS精密轨道产品的基本状态,并进行了精度评估;最后,讨论了GNSS精密定轨在大网快速解算、多层次观测数据融合、太阳光压模型精化及高精度实时定轨等方面所面临的挑战,并展望了低轨星座、光钟、激光链路等新技术给GNSS精密定轨带来的机遇。     

基于SLR的北斗卫星精密轨道确定

卫星轨道的精密确定是利用GNSS进行高精度导航和定位的前提。我国北斗二代卫星导航系统正处于建设阶段,在精密定轨方面还存在着尚未完全组网、观测数据较少、跟踪站局限于国内等不足。北斗卫星在对地一侧都安装了激光后向反射器,可以实施卫星激光测距。本文研究了利用SLR观测数据进行北斗卫星精密定轨的算法,并通过编程进行了实验。实验结果表明,利用SLR进行定轨的精度可以达到米级。     

星地SLR和星间链路的BDS-3卫星精密定轨EI北大核心CSCD

目前,BDS-3卫星上已全部搭载星间链路设备,可利用星间双向测量数据分离卫星相对钟差和相对几何距离解耦卫星轨道和钟差,再把星间距离作为观测量结合地面测量数据进行星地星间联合定轨。人卫激光测距(SLR)技术不受载波相位模糊度、钟差等因素的影响,数据处理过程相对于GNSS技术的数据处理更简单,可以作为一种独立于GNSS观测技术的测量手段。所有BDS卫星上已搭载激光角反射器,因此本文利用2020年1月北斗星间链路数据及少量SLR数据对11颗BDS-3卫星(MEO/IGSO/GEO)进行联合精密定轨试验。分析结果表明,基于SLR和星间链路的3类轨道类型的BDS-3卫星定轨精度相当,轨道精度径向为4.2 cm,三维精度为30.2 cm;卫星轨道预报12 h和24 h MEO卫星三维精度约40.0 cm,IGSO三维精度优于60.0 cm;GEO卫星三维精度约1.0 m。在精密定轨的同时解算地球自转参数(ERP),由于激光数据量少,极移精度约3.0 mas,日长变化精度为0.35 ms。利用少量SLR观测数据和星间链路测量数据联合可以实现导航卫星的高精度定轨,如果能够对BDS卫星加强激光观测,有助于提升轨道精度,为BDS自主可控空间基准参数解算提供参考。     

BDS-3多频非差非组合精密定轨精度分析

针对北斗三号卫星导航系统(BDS-3)五频点观测数据和非差非组合精密定轨理论，介绍了非差非组合观测模型和参数估计方法，提出了利用K均值聚类算法(K-means)进行测站选取的策略，分析并讨论了非差非组合方法的优势.通过K-means和人工经验选取两种测站选取方案，分别使用BDS-3五频，B1C+B2a、B1I+B3I三种频率选择方式，利用30个观测站，对BDS-3中轨道地球卫星(MEO)和倾斜地球同步轨道卫星(IGSO)进行精密定轨处理.结果表明：当接收B1C+B2a频点观测数据测站不足时，非差非组合方法可以通过利用五频观测数据增加观测数据数量、优化测站布局，提高定轨精度，与B1C+B2a频率组合相比，五频定轨结果切向(A)、法向(C)、径向(R)和三维(3D)方向均方根(RMS)月均值分别提升0.003 m、0.004 m、0.003 m和0.007m;K-means算法选取的测站与人工经验选取相比，分布更加合理，定轨精度更高，三种频率选择方案MEO卫星3D RMS月均值精度分别提升0.009 m、0.017 m和0.009 m.     

Swarm系列卫星非差运动学厘米级精密定轨

采用2015年5月24日—30日的Swarm星载GPS双频观测数据,基于Melbourne-Wübbena(MW)和消电离层线性组合,在精密单点定位技术的基础上,采用批处理最小二乘估计法对不同轨道高度的Swarm系列卫星进行非差运动学精密定轨。利用星载GPS相位观测值残差、与欧空局发布的简化动力学轨道对比,以及SLR检核3种方法对Swarm系列卫星非差运动学定轨结果进行精度评估。结果表明:①Swarm系列卫星星载GPS相位观测值残差RMS为6~7 mm;②与欧空局发布的简化动力学轨道进行求差,径向、切向及法向轨道差值RMS为2~4 cm;③与欧空局发布的运动学轨道进行求差,径向、切向及法向轨道差值RMS为1~2 cm;④SLR检核结果表明Swarm-A/B/C卫星轨道精度为3~4 cm。因此,采用非差运动学定轨方法与本文提供的定轨策略进行Swarm系列卫星精密定轨是切实可行的,定轨精度为厘米级。     

Galileo双频/三频SPP定位精度分析

针对Galileo系统双频与三频组合三频单点定位（SPP）精度分析问题,本文基于MGEX跟踪站Galileo多频实测数据,分析了Galileo系统双频与三频组合SPP定位精度.发现Galileo系统E1/E5a和E1/E5b双频组合SPP定位精度较高,而E5a/E5b和E1/E6双频组合SPP定位精度过差,不适合进行定位,三频SPP定位精度较双频组合有明显提升,X和Y方向定位精度优于0.8 m,Z方向精度优于2.3 m,可为今后Galileo系统多频组合定位研究提供一定参考.      

Assessment of GPS + Galileo and multi-frequency Galileo single-epoch precise positioning with network corrections

Several processing strategies that use dual-frequency GPS-only solution, multi-frequency Galileo-only solution, and finally tightly combined dual-frequency GPS + Galileo solution were tested and analyzed for their applicability to single-epoch long-range precise positioning. In particular, a multi-system GPS + Galileo solution was compared to GPS double-frequency solution as well as to Galileo double-, triple-, and quadruple-frequency solutions. Also, the performance of the strategies was analyzed under clear-sky and obstructed satellite visibility in both single-baseline and multi-baseline modes. The results indicate that tightly combined GPS + Galileo instantaneous positioning has a clear advantage over single-system solutions and provides an accurate and reliable solution. It was also confirmed that application of multi-frequency observations in case of Galileo system has an advantage over a dual-frequency solution.     

GPS/BDS/Galileo三频精密单点定位模型及性能分析

在精细考虑伪距和载波相位硬件偏差时变特性的基础上,导出了更为严谨的非差非组合观测方程,并给出了非组合模式下两类GNSS偏差的数学表达形式.基于此,本文详细研究了3种常用的三频精密单点定位(PPP),即无电离层两两组合IF1213、单个无电离层组合IF123与非组合UC123函数模型的独立参数化方法,系统分析了3种PPP...     

Validation of Galileo orbits using SLR with a focus on satellites launched into incorrect orbital planes

The space segment of the European Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Galileo consists of In-Orbit Validation (IOV) and Full Operational Capability (FOC) spacecraft. The first pair of FOC satellites was launched into an incorrect, highly eccentric orbital plane with a lower than nominal inclination angle. All Galileo satellites are equipped with satellite laser ranging (SLR) retroreflectors which allow, for example, for the assessment of the orbit quality or for the SLR–GNSS co-location in space. The number of SLR observations to Galileo satellites has been continuously increasing thanks to a series of intensive campaigns devoted to SLR tracking of GNSS satellites initiated by the International Laser Ranging Service. This paper assesses systematic effects and quality of Galileo orbits using SLR data with a main focus on Galileo satellites launched into incorrect orbits. We compare the SLR observations with respect to microwave-based Galileo orbits generated by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) in the framework of the International GNSS Service Multi-GNSS Experiment for the period 2014.0–2016.5. We analyze the SLR signature effect, which is characterized by the dependency of SLR residuals with respect to various incidence angles of laser beams for stations equipped with single-photon and multi-photon detectors. Surprisingly, the CODE orbit quality of satellites in the incorrect orbital planes is not worse than that of nominal FOC and IOV orbits. The RMS of SLR residuals is even lower by 5.0 and 1.5 mm for satellites in the incorrect orbital planes than for FOC and IOV satellites, respectively. The mean SLR offsets equal \(-44.9, -35.0\), and \(-22.4\) mm for IOV, FOC, and satellites in the incorrect orbital plane. Finally, we found that the empirical orbit models, which were originally designed for precise orbit determination of GNSS satellites in circular orbits, provide fully appropriate results also for highly eccentric orbits with variable linear and angular velocities.     

Initial assessment of the COMPASS/BeiDou-3: new-generation navigation signals

The successful launch of five new-generation experimental satellites of the China’s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, namely BeiDou I1-S, I2-S, M1-S, M2-S, and M3-S, marks a significant step in expanding BeiDou into a navigation system with global coverage. In addition to B1I (1561.098 MHz) and B3I (1269.520 MHz) signals, the new-generation BeiDou-3 experimental satellites are also capable of transmitting several new navigation signals in space, namely B1C at 1575.42 MHz, B2a at 1176.45 MHz, and B2b at 1207.14 MHz. For the first time, we present an initial characterization and performance assessment for these new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites and their signals. The L1/L2/L5 signals from GPS Block IIF satellites, E1/E5a/E5b signals from Galileo satellites, and B1I/B2I/B3I signals from BeiDou-2 satellites are also evaluated for comparison. The characteristics of the B1C, B1I, B2a, B2b, and B3I signals are evaluated in terms of observed carrier-to-noise density ratio, pseudorange multipath and noise, triple-frequency carrier-phase ionosphere-free and geometry-free combination, and double-differenced carrier-phase and code residuals. The results demonstrate that the observational quality of the new-generation BeiDou-3 signals is comparable to that of GPS L1/L2/L5 and Galileo E1/E5a/E5b signals. However, the analysis of code multipath shows that the elevation-dependent code biases, which have been previously identified to exist in the code observations of the BeiDou-2 satellites, seem to be not obvious for all the available signals of the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites. This will significantly benefit precise applications that resolve wide-lane ambiguity based on Hatch–Melbourne–Wübbena linear combinations and other applications such as single-frequency precise point positioning (PPP) based on the ionosphere-free code–carrier combinations. Furthermore, with regard to the triple-frequency carrier-phase ionosphere-free and geometry-free combination, it is found that different from the BeiDou-2 and GPS Block IIF satellites, no apparent bias variations could be observed in all the new-generation BeiDou-3 experimental satellites, which shows a good consistency of the new-generation BeiDou-3 signals. The absence of such triple-frequency biases simplifies the potential processing of multi-frequency PPP using observations from the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites. Finally, the precise relative positioning results indicate that the additional observations from the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites can improve ambiguity resolution performance with respect to BeiDou-2 only positioning, which indicates that observations from the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites can contribute to precise relative positioning.     

Ambiguity resolution for triple-frequency geometry-free and ionosphere-free combination tested with real data

The recent GPS Block IIF satellites SVN62 and SVN63 and the Galileo satellites GIOVE-A, GIOVE-B, PFM and FM2 already send signals on more than two frequencies, and more GNSS satellites will provide tracking data on at least three frequencies in the near future. In this paper, a simplified general method for ambiguity resolution minimizing the noise level for the triple-frequency geometry-free (GF) and ionosphere-free (IF) linear combinations is presented, where differently scaled code noise on the three frequencies was introduced. For the third of three required linear combinations, the most demanding one in triple-frequency ambiguity resolution, we developed a general method using the ambiguity-corrected phase observations without any constraints to search for the optimal GF and IF linear combination. We analytically demonstrate that the noise level of this third linear combination only depends on the three frequencies. The investigation concerning this frequency-dependent noise factor was performed for GPS, Galileo and Compass frequency triplets. We verified the theoretical derivations with real triple-frequency GPS and Galileo data from the Multi-GNSS Experiment (M–GEX) of the International GNSS Service (IGS). The data of about 30 M–GEX stations around the world over 11 days from 29 April 2012 to 9 May 2012 were used for the test. For the third linear combinaton using Galileo E1, E5b and E5a, which is expected to have the worst performance among all the GNSS frequency triplets in our investigation, the formal errors of the estimated ambiguities are in most cases below 0.2 cycles after 400 observation epochs. If more GPS satellites sending signals on three frequencies or more stations tracking Galileo E6 signal are available in the future, an improvement by a factor of two to three can be expected.     

BeiDou B2/Galileo E5b短基线紧组合相对定位模型及性能评估

随着GPS和GLONASS系统的现代化以及Galileo和BeiDou卫星导航系统的建设,GNSS正朝多频多系统的方向发展。本文对BeiDou B2/Galileo E5b短基线紧组合相对定位的模型与算法进行了研究,详细推导了BeiDou B2/Galileo E5b短基线紧组合相对定位的模型与算法,并对其定位性能进行了分析。重点分析了BeiDou B2与Galileo E5b频点的接收机间差分系统间偏差的长期稳定性,结果表明:基线两端的接收机类型(包括固件版本)相同时,差分系统间偏差接近于0;基线两端的接收机类型不同时,差分系统间偏差较大,但具有长期稳定性,因此能够事先标定并作为改正数用于后续的定位中。最后基于BeiDou B2/Galileo E5b单频单历元相对定位试验对系统间紧组合模型的定位效果进行了比较验证。结果表明,相对于传统的松组合模型,使用改正系统间偏差的紧组合模型能够显著提高模糊度固定的成功率,尤其是在遮挡比较严重、单系统可观测到的卫星数较少的情况下,模糊度固定成功率可以提高10%~25%。     

北斗三频数据的两个无电离层组合轨道钟差估计及其应用

本文针对全球连续监测评估系统（iGMAS）和国际多系统GNSS试验计划（MGEX）两个观测网接收到不同频率北斗卫星数据的情况,提出了一种北斗卫星（BDS）3个频率（B1I、B2I、B3I）的两种无电离层组合（B1/B3和B1/B2）数据精密定轨（POD）和钟差估计（CE）方法。该方法可以统一处理上述两个观测网收到的北斗二代（BDS-2）,北斗三代试验系统（BDS-3e）和北斗三代全球系统（BDS-3g）3个频率的观测数据,并在一次程序运行中对所有北斗卫星进行联合处理,可有效提高一次运行的数据使用率,从而提高参数估计精度。采集了多天iGMAS、MGEX的GPS和BDS数据进行试验。结果表明,对BDS-3e+BDS-2+GPS联合定轨时,采用三频两组合方法后由于增强了观测几何,BDS轨道重叠RMS为15.9 cm,比传统双频法定轨精度提高11.3%。新方法引入了与卫星端3个频率相关的码偏差,该量多天估计结果稳定,证明了模型和方法可靠。将新方法用于BDS-3g+BDS-3e+BDS-2+GPS联合定轨,6颗BDS-3g的MEO卫星轨道重叠RMS为14.5 cm,钟差重叠RMS为0.43 ns,与BDS-3e的15.1 cm和0.49 ns相当。开展了北斗卫星精密单点定位（PPP）试验,结果显示增加了BDS-3g的6颗MEO的精密轨道和钟差后,测站定位精度水平为39.6 mm,天顶为37.8 mm,比仅用BDS-2和BDS-3e卫星定位精度提高了11.1%。     

GBM快速轨道产品及非差模糊度固定对其精度的改进

GNSS是实时定位导航最重要的方法,精密卫星轨道钟差产品是GNSS高精度服务的前提。国际GNSS服务中心(IGS)及其分析中心长期致力于GNSS数据处理的研究及高精度轨道和钟差产品的提供。GFZ作为分析中心之一,提供GBM多系统快速产品。本文基于2015—2021年GBM提供的精密轨道产品,阐述了数据处理策略,分析了轨道的精度,介绍了非差模糊度固定的原理和对精密定轨的影响。结果表明:GBM快速产品中的GPS轨道精度与IGS后处理精密轨道相比的精度约为11~13 mm,轨道6 h预报精度约为6 cm;GLONASS预报精度约为12 cm,Galileo在该时期的精度均值为10 cm,但是在2016年底以后精度提升到5 cm左右;北斗系统的中轨卫星(medium earth orbit,MEO)在2020年以后预报精度约为10 cm;北斗的静止轨道卫星(geostationary earth orbit,GEO)卫星和QZSS卫星的预报精度在米级;卫星激光测距检核表明,Galileo、GLONASS、BDS-3 MEO卫星轨道精度分别为23、41、47 mm;此外,采用150 d观测值的试验结果表明,采用非差模糊度固定能显著改善MEO卫星轨道精度,对GPS、GLONASS、Galileo、BDS-2和BDS-3的MEO卫星的6 h时预报精度改善率分别为9%~15%、15%~18%、11%~13%、6%~17%和14%~25%。